Mother Courage and Her Children was written in 1938 and 1939 at a particularly difficult time for 'progressive' or 'radical' writers, especially those with affinities with the avant-garde of previous decades. Politically, in the face of rampant Nazism and fascism, Stalin had decreed that Communists must work for a 'popular front' of anti-fascist forces, which seemed to require artists to seek new forms of 'popular culture'. But in Soviet Russia, there was no such 'popular front', and the slightest deviation from the increasingly tortuous 'Party line' was being viciously stamped on. The Great Terror and the Show Trials silenced all dissent at home and left foreign well-wishers baffled.

Meanwhile, the Party's artistic line caused fearsome debate to rage about the nature of progressive, especially Communist, literature, and Brecht found his own ideas frequently denigrated and his work dismissed in circles where he ought to have felt welcome. The debate centred on notions of 'reality', and the writers' relationship to it.