Between 1903 and 1905, the young Zionist Organization was embroiled in the deepest, most divisive – and soon to be formative – debate it had known to date. In the summer of 1903, Theodor Herzl had presented the delegates to the Sixth Zionist Congress with a British offer for Jewish settlement in East Africa – what would soon come to be known as the “Uganda Affair.” This prospect for Jewish settlement somewhere other than Palestine, the historic Land of Israel, the Zion that had given Zionism its name, raised core questions about the goals, meanings, and purposes of Zionism itself.