Increasing agricultural and industrial output, burgeoning trade volumes, proliferation of new products, adoption of novel processes, extension of proto-industry, shifts in occupational structure, rising population and urbanization levels: multiple benchmarks demonstrate that, pace neo-Malthusians, early modern European economies were capable of growth and – albeit unevenly, unsteadily, and diversely – often achieved it. Intensive methods contributed: more systematic application of commercial, agrarian, and manufacturing best practices; adoption of more productive equipment; more efficient layout of property or closer integration of workshops; heightened specialization and division of labor.