Prewar historians had been exhilarated at the speed with which they had professionalized the historical venture, and were confident that a bountiful harvest would result. Building on the foundation they had laid, the new profession would achieve greater and greater status and authority. It would, like the natural scientific disciplines which were its model, establish rigorous norms of mutual criticism based on universalistic standards. A professionalized, scientific, history would rapidly construct the cumulative and convergent edifice of historical truth which figured so frequently in their rhetoric. For older historians the less attractive features of professional scholarship, principally its narrow pedantry, were temporary, attributable to the newness of the venture. Jameson, who had acknowledged that the turn of the century was an era of “second class work,” thought that the first world war would usher in “an age of generalization, of synthesis, of history more largely governed and informed by general ideas.”