Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Transcription Conventions
- 1 What are speech communities?
- 2 Representing speech communities
- 3 Constructing speech communities
- 4 The African American speech community
- 5 Youth communities: the Hiphop Nation
- 6 Voice and empowerment in gender and sexuality
- 7 Online speech communities
- 8 Language in and out of the classroom
- 9 Performance and play in speech communities
- 10 Power, ideology and prejudice
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2014
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Transcription Conventions
- 1 What are speech communities?
- 2 Representing speech communities
- 3 Constructing speech communities
- 4 The African American speech community
- 5 Youth communities: the Hiphop Nation
- 6 Voice and empowerment in gender and sexuality
- 7 Online speech communities
- 8 Language in and out of the classroom
- 9 Performance and play in speech communities
- 10 Power, ideology and prejudice
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Speech Communities , pp. 158 - 185Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
(2012). Jokes and the Linguistic Mind. New York: Routledge.
(1974). Black Talking on the Streets. In and (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking (pp. 240–262). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1975). Negotiating Respects: Patterns of Presentation among Black Women. Journal of American Folklore, 88: 58–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1983). After Africa: Extracts from the British Travel Accounts and Journals of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Concerning the Slaves, Their Manners and Customs in the British West Indies. Hartford: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. (2000). Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
and (1990). Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
(ed.). (1993). Up South: Stories, Studies and Letters of African American Migrations. New York: The New Press.
(1998). Register Shifting and Dialect Resources in Instructional Discourse. In and (eds.), Kids Talk: Strategic Language Use in Later Childhood (pp. 151–169). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, and (2007). Dialects in Schools and Communities. 2nd. edn. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
(2011). Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. 1st edn. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (ed.). (1997). Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures. New York and London: Routledge.
(2011a). Hip Hop and the Politics of Ill-Literacy. In and (eds.), A Companion to the Anthropology of Education (pp. 232–246). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2011b). Global Ill-Literacies: Hiphop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Literacy. Review of Research in Education 35(1): 120–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2012). Articulate While Black: Barack Obama, Language, and Race in the US. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, and (2008). Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language. 1st edn. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
, and (2011). Moving the Crowd, “Crowding” the Emcee: The Coproduction and Contestation of Black Normativity in Freestyle Rap Battles. Discourse & Society 22(4): 422–439. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002). An Idea of Community and its Discontents: Towards a More Reflexive Sense of Belonging in Multicultural Britain. Ethnic and Racial Studies 25(4): 607–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
(1989). Roots of Jamaican Culture. London: Pluto Press.
(1972). Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes toward an Investigation). In L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
(1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, New York: Verso.Google Scholar
and (2002). On the Recontextualization of Hip-Hop in European Speech Communities: A Contrastive Analysis of Rap Lyrics. Philologie im Netz 19: 1–42.Google Scholar
(1978). Language and Politics in South Africa. Studies in African Languages 9(2): 211–221.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2002). The Anthropology of Media. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
(2013). Cruising through Uncertainty: Cell Phones and the Politics of Display and Disguise in Inhambane, Mozambique. American Ethnologist 40(1): 88–101.Google Scholar
(2001). Blue Nippon: Authenticating Jazz in Japan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1961). Philosophical Papers. Oxford University Press.
(1962). How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
(1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays ( and , trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
(1986). Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(1986). James Baldwin's National Press Club Speech (December 10). Available online at: ).
(1973). Language Abilities of Black Americans. In (ed.), Comparative Studies of Blacks and Whites in the United States (pp. 125–183). New York: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2006). The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture. London: Pluto Press.
(1981). Design and Implementation of Language Arts Programs for Speakers of Nonstandard English: Perspectives for a National Neighborhood Literacy Program. In (ed.), The Linguistic Needs of Linguistically Different Children (pp. 17–43). Los Alamitos, CA: South West Regional Laboratory (SWRL).Google Scholar
(1983a). A Survey of Afro-American English. Annual Review of Anthropology 12: 335–354.Google Scholar
(1983b). Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure and Survival. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
(1988). Discourse Function for “Come” in Black English Vernacular. Texas Linguistics Forum 31: 42–49.Google Scholar
(1992). Hypocorrection: Mistakes in Production of Vernacular African American English as a Second Dialect. Language Community 12(3/4): 317–326.Google Scholar
(ed.). (1992). Folklore, Cultural Performances, and Popular Entertainments: A Communications-Centered Handbook. New York: Oxford University Press.
(2004). A World of Others’ Words: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Intertextuality. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRef
and (1990). Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 59–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001). Back in Style: Reworking Audience Design. In and (eds.), pp. 139–169.
(1997). Shadow of the Other: Intersubjectivity and Gender in Psychoanalysis. 1st edn. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2004). Music Scenes: Local, Translocal and Virtual. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
(2012). Imagination Communities: Hiphop's Creative Labor. Paper presented at the Hiphop and Globalization Conference, Harvard University. Cambridge, MA: Hiphop Archive.
and (1966). Teaching Disadvantaged Children in the Preschool. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
and (1982). Long Memory: The Black Experience in America. Oxford University Press.
(1999). Le rap: une esthétique hors la loi. Paris: Editions Autrement.
(2000). On Cultural Choice. In and (eds.), The Turn to Ethics (pp. 181–200). New York, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
and (1988). The Sociology of Education. In (ed.), Handbook of Sociology (pp. 449–471). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
(2009). Community: The Structure of Belonging. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar
and (1972). Social Meaning in Linguistic Structures: Code Switching in Northern Norway. and (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics, pp. 407–434.Google Scholar
(1935). Language. London: Allen & Unwin.
(2009). “People Say I Speak Proper, but Girl, I'm Ghetto!”: Regional Dialect Use and Adaptation by African American Women in Pennsylvania's Lower Susquehanna Valley. In Lanehart (ed.), pp. 165–183.Google Scholar
and (1996). Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context. American Sociological Review 61: 951–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1969 [1939]). Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel. New York: Atheneum.
(1991 [1977]). Language and Symbolic Power. ( and , trans., , ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
and (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books.
(2004). The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language. New York: Arcade.
(1986). Learning How to Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2009). Genre, Intertextuality and Social Power. In (ed.), Linguistic Anthropology, pp. 214–244.Google Scholar
and (2004). Stories in the Time of Cholera: Racial Profiling during a Medical Nightmare. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(1994). How Did Jews Become White Folks? In and (eds.), Race. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
(ed.). (1985). Tapping Potential: English and Language Arts for the Black Learner. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
and (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2006). “Keeping it Real” in a Different Hood: (African) Americanization and Hip Hop in Germany. In and (eds.), The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture (pp. 137–150). London: Pluto.Google Scholar
(1971). The Slave Plantation: Background to Present Conditions of Urban Blacks. In and (eds.), Race Change and Urban Society (pp. 257–284). Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
(1996). Black Feminist Theory and African American Women's Linguistic Practice. In , and (eds.), Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice (pp. 267–290). London, New York: Longman.Google Scholar
(1999). Language and Identity Practices in a Community of Nerd Girls. Language in Society 28(2): 203–223.Google Scholar
(2009). From Stance to Style: Gender, Interaction, and Indexicality in Mexican Immigrant Youth Slang. In (ed.), Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 146–170). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (eds.). (1995). Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge.
and (2004). Language and Identity. In (ed.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology (pp. 369–394). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
(1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1993). Bodies that Matter on the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.
(1999). On Speech, Race, and Melancholia. Theory, Race, Culture, and Society 16(2): 163–74.Google Scholar
(2008). The Future of (the) “Race”: Identity, Discourse, and the Rise of the Computer-Mediated Public Spheres. In (ed.), Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media (pp. 15–38). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
(2000). City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(2007). The Myth of Mars and Venus: Do Men and Women Really Speak Different Languages?Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
and (1989). Some Problems in the Sociolinguistic Explanation of Sex Differences. In and (eds.), pp. 13–26.
(1987). Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2008). Laughing Fit to Kill: Black Humor in the Fictions of Slavery. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
and (2008). In Darkness We Meet: A Conversation with Junot Diaz. World Literature Today 82(2): 12–17.Google Scholar
(2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation. New York: St Martin's Press.Google Scholar
(2000). Killin’ Them Softly. HBO.
and (1998). It's Not Only Rock & Roll: Popular Music in the Lives of Adolescents. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
(Ed.).(1998). Language and Gender: A Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
and (eds.). (1989). Women in Their Speech Communities. London: Longman.
(1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1995). What is Cool? Understanding Black Manhood in America. New York Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
(1998). The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties: Authorship, Appropriation, and the Law. Durham, NC.CrossRef
(ed.). (1992). Language Loyalties: A Source Book on the Official English Controversy. University of Chicago Press.
(1991). Black Communications: Breaking down the Barriers. Chicago: African American Images.
and (eds.). (2007). The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture, and Communication Online. Oxford University Press.CrossRef
(1998). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
(2006 [1967]). The English Language is My Enemy. In and (eds.), Life Lit by Some Large Vision: Selected Speeches and Writings by Ossie Davis (Foreword by Ruby Dee) (pp. 9–18). New York: Aria Books.Google Scholar
(1997). Structure and Ideology: The Shaping of Black Public Opinion. Chicago: Department of Political Science, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
(2001). Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
(1982). Margins of Philosophy. University of Chicago Press.
(1996). Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies (, ed.) Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
, and (eds.). (1968). Social Class, Race, and Psychological Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
(1900). The School and Society. University of Chicago Press.
(2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
(1994). Fictive Kin, Paper Sons, and Compradrazgo: Women of Color and the Struggle for Family Survival. In and (eds.), Women of Color in US Society (pp. 149–170). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
(1972). Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.
(1978). Bidialectal Education: Black English and Standard English in the United States. In and (eds.), Case Studies in Bilingual Education (pp. 293–311). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
and (1945). Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
(1975 [1920]). Dark Water: Voices from within the Veil. Millwood, NY: Krauss International.Google Scholar
(2002). Black, Blanc, Beur: Rap Music and Hip-hop Culture in the Francophone World. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
(1986). The Audience as Co-Author: An Introduction. Text – Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse 6(3): 239–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993). Truth and Intentionality: An Ethnographic Critique. Culture Anthropology 8(2): 214–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(Ed.).(2004). A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
(Ed.). (2009). Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
(2011). Ethnopragmatics and Beyond: Intentionality and Agency across Languages and Cultures. In , and (eds.), Hybrids, Differences, Visions: On the Study of Culture (pp. 151–168). Aurora, CO: The Davies Group.Google Scholar
and (2011). Language Socialization and Verbal Improvisation. In , and (eds.), Handbook of Language Socialization. Malden, MA: Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1986). The Audience as Co-Author: An Introduction. Text Special Issue 6(3): 239–347.Google Scholar
(1961 [1925]). Moral Education. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
(2009). This is the Life. Film.
(2000). Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2001). Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge University Press.
and (1989). The Wedding Songs of British Gujarati Women. In Coates and Cameron (eds.), pp. 158–174.Google Scholar
(2002). Race, Sex, and Nerds: From Black Geeks to Asian American Hipsters. Social Text 71 20(2): 49–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007). The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Retrieved from
(2010). “Black and White”: Language Ideologies in Computer Game Discourse. In Milani and Johnson (eds.), pp. 202–222.Google Scholar
(1993). My Soul is My Own: Oral Narratives of African American Women in Professions. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1996). From the Inside Out: Survival and Continuity in African American Women's Oral Narratives. In and (eds.), Unrelated Kin: Race and Gender in Women's Personal Narratives (pp. 169–182). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
. (2002). The Revolution Will Be Digitized: Afrocentricity and the Digital Public Sphere. Social Text 71 20(2): 125–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2008). The Power of Play: The Portrayal and Performance of Race in Video Games. In The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning (pp. 141–164). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
(1967). Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
(2012). “N**gas in Paris”: A Winning Campaign Ad or Offensive “Ethnic” Marketing? CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2013 from .
(1972). Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Arlington, VA: Centre for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
(1985). Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
(2009). Managing African Portugal: The Citizen–Migrant Distinction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972). Verbal and Bodily Rituals of Greeting and Parting. In (ed.), The Interpretation of Ritual: Essays in Honor of A.I. Richards (pp. 1–38). London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
, , , and (1996). Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton University Press.
(2007). Kobushi Agero (Pump Ya Fist): Blackness, Race and Politics in Japanese Hiphop. Gainesville: University of Florida.Google Scholar
(1976). Dropping Remarks and the Barbadian Audience. American Ethnologist 3(2): 227–242.Google Scholar
(1981). Language Policy: Past, Present, and Future. In and (eds.), Language in the USA (pp. 516–526). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2010). Representations of Blackness by White Women: Linguistic Practice in the Community versus the Media. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 16(2): 56–65.Google Scholar
(1980). Runnin' Down Some Lines: The Language and Culture of Black Teenagers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006). Empire of Dirt: The Aesthetics and Rituals of British Indie Music. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
(2002). The 'Hood Comes First: Race, Space, and Place in Rap and Hip-Hop. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2004). That's the Joint! The Hip-Hop Studies Reader. New York: Routledge.
(1989). “It's Cookin' Now”: A Performance Analysis of a Black Teacher in an Urban Community College. Language in Society 18(1): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). “Are you with me?” Power and Solidarity in the Discourse of African American Women. In and (eds.), Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self (pp. 329–350). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
(1992). Punchline. July. The Source 20.
and (1988). From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: McGraw-Hill.
(1991). Between Speech and Silence: The Problematics of Research on Language and Gender. In (ed.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Post Modern Era (pp. 175–203). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
and (2007). A Speech Community Model of Bilingual Education: Educating Latino Newcomers in the US. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 10(1): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). Playing the Dozens: Folklore as Strategies for Living. Quarterly Journal of Speech 68: 41–47.Google Scholar
and (2002). Language Socialization: Reproduction and Continuity, Transformation and Change. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31: 339–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.
(2013a). How Many Slaves Came to America? Fact vs. Fiction. The Root. Retrieved March 23, 2013 from .
(2013b). Middle Passage: Slaves Weren't Just Forced across the Atlantic. The Root. Retrieved March 23, 2013 from .
(1996). Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses. London: Taylor and Francis.
(1983). Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthroplogy. New York: Basic Books.
(2010). Breaking up is Hard to Do: Media Switching and Media Ideologies. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20(2): 389–405.Google Scholar
(1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(1994). After the Love Has Gone: Biopolitics and Etho-poetics in the Black Public Sphere. Public Culture 7: 49–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Let's Flip the Script: An African American Discourse on Language, Literature and Learning. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
(1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar
(1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
(1982). Interaction Ritual – Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Pantheon, 1982.Google Scholar
(2003). Laughter out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. Berkeley: University of California Press.
(1988). Cooperation and Competition across Girls’ Play Activities. In and (eds.), Gender and Discourse: The Power of Talk (pp. 55–94). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
(1990). He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
(2003). The Relevance of Ethnicity, Class, and Gender in Children's Peer Negotiations. In and (eds.), pp. 229–251.CrossRef
(2006). The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1966). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks ( and , eds.) New York: International Press.Google Scholar
(2002). African American English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2009). Rhetorical Markers in Girls' Developing African American Language Use. In , pp. 91–109.
(1975). Logic and Conversation. In and (eds.), Syntax and Semantics, Volume III: Speech Acts. New York:Academic Press.Google Scholar
(ed.). (1990). Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1968). The Speech Community. In and (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (pp. 381–386). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
(1972). Introduction. In & (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication (pp. 1–25). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Inc.Google Scholar
. (1992). Contextualization and Understanding. In and (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon (pp. 229–252). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
and (1982). Introduction: Language and the Communication of Social Identity. In (ed.), Language and Social Identity (pp. 1–21).Google Scholar
and (1972). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.Google Scholar
(2013). Ain't Nothin’ Goin’ on but the Rent. Polydor. Retrieved from
, and (2000). The Crisis in Latino Education: The Norming of America. In , and (eds.), Charting New Terrains in Chicano(a) and Latina(o) Education (pp. 213–232). Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
(1989). Language and Social Class. In (ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Volume IV: Language: The Socio-cultural Context (pp. 37–63). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1993). Drylongso: A Self-Portrait of Black America. New York: The New Press.
(1991). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (, trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
(1992). Further Reflections on the Public Sphere. In (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (pp. 421–461).Google Scholar
(1996a). Introduction: Who Needs Identity? In and (eds.), pp. 1–17.
(1996b). The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power. In , , and (eds.), pp. 185–227.
(1997). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity. In and (eds.), Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives (pp. 173–187). University of Minneapolis Press.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (1996). Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.
, , and (eds.). (1996). Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies. Oxford: Blackwell.
(1973). Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
(1978). Language as Social Semiotic – The Social Interaction of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
(2001). Indexicality. In (ed.), Key Terms in Language and Culture (pp. 119–121). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
(2010). Toward a Theory of Critical Computing: The Case of Social Identity Representation in Digital Media Applications. CTheory.net. Retrieved from .
(2010). Toward a Theory of Critical Computing: The Case of Social Identity Representation in Digital Media Applications. CTheory.net. Retrieved from .
(1996). Finding Sojourner's Truth: Race, Gender and the Institution of Property. Cardozo Law Review 18: 309–409.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2003). The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader. London: Routledge.
(2011). Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(2010). Kiff my zikmu: Symbolic Dimensions of Arabic, English and Verlan in French Rap Texts. In (ed.), pp. 44–66.
(1976). Environmental Effects on White Students in Black Schools. Unpublished manuscript, Philadelphia.
(1966). Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norway. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2012). Words at Work and Play: Three Decades in Family and Community Life. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1993). Code-Switching and the Politics of Language. In and (eds.), pp. 158–174.
(2008). Language and the Nation-State: Challenges to Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): pp. 504–524.
(1995). Ethnicity and Gender Issues in Language. In (ed.), Bringing Cultural Diversity to Feminist Psychology: Theory, Research and Practice (pp. 361–396). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). Gender and Power in Online Communication. In and (eds.), Sociopolitical Porspectives on Language Policy and Planning in the USA (pp. 1–16). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
(2006). The Politics of Performative Resignification: Translating Judith Butler's Theoretical Discourse and its Potential for a Sociology of Education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 27(4): 439–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993). Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(2000). Read My Article: Language Ideology and the Over-Determination of “Promising” in American Presidential Politics. In (ed.), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities (pp. 259–292). Santa Fe: SAR Press.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2005). The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell.
(1993). Ice Cube Culture: A Shared Passion for Speaking Truth. Spin April.
and (2001). Centering Ourselves: African American Feminist and Womanist Studies of Discourse. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
. (n.d.). The Root. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from
(2013). Fresh off the Boat: A Memoir. New York: Spiegel & Grau.
(2001). African American Female Speech Communities: Varieties of Talk. Westport: Bergin & Garvey.Google Scholar
(1999). Sociopolitical Perspectives on Language Policy, Politics and Praxis. In and (eds.), Sociopolitical Perspectives on Language Policy and Planning – the USA (pp. 1–16). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993). Dr. Hutcherson's Guide to Mother Jokes. Source 4: 52.
(1964). Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper and Row.
(1972). On Communicative Competence. In and (eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269–293). Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
(1974a). Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
(1974b). Ways of Speaking. In and (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking (pp. 433–451). Cambridge University Press.
. (1996). Bow Down. Lench/Priority.
(2002). Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of Japanese Women's Language. American Ethnologist 29(2): 392–422.Google Scholar
(2006). Vicarious Language: Gender and Linguistic Modernity in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(1974). Strategies of Status Manipulation in Wolof Greeting. In and (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking (pp. 167–191). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1989). When Talk Isn't Cheap: Language and Political Economy. American Ethnologist May 16(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993). Insult and Responsibility: Verbal Abuse in a Wolof Village. In and (eds.), Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse (pp. 105–135). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2001). “Style” as Distinctiveness: The Culture and Ideology of Linguistic Distinctiveness. In and (eds.), pp. 21–43.
and (2000). Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation. In (ed.), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities (pp. 35–84). Santa Fe: SAR Press.Google Scholar
(2004 [1974]). Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim Like Me: African-American Narrative Poetry from the Oral Tradition. London: Routledge.
(1974). Language Identity of the Colombian Vaupés Indians. In and (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking (pp. 50–64). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1983). The Fish People: Linguistic Exogamy and Tukanoan Identity in Northwest Amazonia. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). Preserving Indian Culture: Shaman Schools and Ethno-Education in the Vaupés, Colombia. Cultural Anthropology 10(3): 302–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001). Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
(1997). Is There an Authentic African American Speech Community: Carla Revisited. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers 4(1).Google Scholar
(2006). From the Kitchen to the Parlor: Language and African American Women's Hair Care. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1960). Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics. In (ed.), Style in Language (pp. 398–429). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
(2010, July 22). The Gospel of Hip Hop According to KRS ONE, Part III – Spellings & Definitions of Hip Hop. AMOEBLOG. Retrieved from .
and (1989). The Schooling of Black Americans. In and (eds.), A Common Destiny (pp. 329–390). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
(1969). How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? Harvard Educational Review 39(1): 1–123.Google Scholar
(1982). Oxherding Tales. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
and (1981). Black Migration in America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
(1999). Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(1988). Towards a Native Anthroplogy. In (ed.), Anthroplogy for the Nineties (pp. 30–41). New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
and (2009). Enquoting Voices, Accomplishing Talk: Uses of be + like in Instant Messaging. Language and Communication 29(1): 77–113.Google Scholar
and (2010). Participation Cues: Coordinating Activity and Collaboration in Complex Online Gaming Worlds. Language in Society 39(03): 331–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Kickin' Reality, Kickin' Ballistics: Gangsta Rap and Postindustrial Los Angeles. In (ed.), pp. 117–158.
(1997). Yo' Mama's dysfunctional! – Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
(2010). IFPI Digital Music Report 2010: Music How, When, Where You Want It. (Recording). IFPI Digital Music.
(2077). Men, Masculinities and Language. Language and Linguistic Compass 1(6): 653–673.Google Scholar
and (1998). Language Style as Identity Construction: A Footing and Framing Approach. Paper presented at the NWAVE 27.
(1929). Fujin no kotobano tokucho ni tsuite (On the Characteristics of Women's Language). Kokugo Kyoiku 14(3): 66–75.Google Scholar
(2005). What's Hardcore? (Recording.) On The Dusty Foot Philosopher: BMG Music.
(ed.). (1972). Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
(1983). The Boundary between Play and Nonplay in Black Verbal Dueling. Language and Society 12(3): 329–337.Google Scholar
(1986). Strategic Ambiguity in Black Speech Genres: Cross-Cultural Interference in Participant–Observation Research. Text 6(2): 153–170.Google Scholar
(1990). Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. London: Routledge.
(2000). (Re)Visions of Race: Contemporary Race Theory and the Cultural Politics of Racial Crossover in Documentary Theatre. Theatre Journal 52: 81–107.Google Scholar
. (2005). Introduction. In (ed.), pp. xi–xii.
(2000). Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
(1993). Language, History and Identity: Ethnolinguistic Studies of the Arizona Tewa. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
(2004). Language Ideologies. In (ed.), pp. 496–517. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
. (2009). The Gospel of Hip Hop: First Instrument. Brooklyn, NY: PowerHouse Books.
(2003). Language and Desire. In and (eds.), The Handbook of Language and Gender (pp. 119–141). Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2009). No. In Duranti (ed.), 1997, pp. 493–503.
(1969). Contraction and Deletion and Inherent Variability of the English Copula. Language 45: 715–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972a). Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
(1980). Is There a Creole Speech Community? In and (eds.), Theoretical Orientations in Creole Study (pp. 369–388). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(1982). Objectivity and Commitment in Linguistic Science: The Case of the Black English Trial in Ann Arbor. Language in Society 11: 165–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Co-existent Systems in African-American Vernacular English. In , , and (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History and Use (pp. 110–153). London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(2001). The Anatomy of Style-Shifting. In and (eds.), pp. 85–108.
(2008). Unendangered Dialects, Endangered People. In and (eds.), Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties (pp. 219–238). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
(2012). Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
and (1986). De facto Segregation in Black and White Vernaculars. In (ed.), Diversity and Diachrony (pp. 1–24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
, , and (1968). A Study of the Non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, Volume I (US Regional Survey Final Report, Cooperative Research Project 3288). Philadelphia: US Regional Survey.Google Scholar
, and (1972). A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress. Philadelphia: US Regional Survey.Google Scholar
(2004). Author's Introduction: Language and Woman's Place Revisited. In (ed.), Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries (pp. 15–38). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, and (eds.). (1997). Situated Lives: Gender and Culture in Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
(2002). Sista, Speak!: Black Women Kinfolk Talk About Language and Literacy. Austin: University of Texas Press.
(ed.). (2009a). African American Women's Language: Discourse, Education and Identity. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
(2009b). Sista, Speak! Black Women Kinfolk Talk about Language and Literacy. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
(1984). Beat Street. (Movie.)
and (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2013). Report: Mobile Phones Transform Lives in Africa. VOA. Retrieved March 27, 2013, from .
(1997). Talking Heads: Language, Metalanguage, and the Semiotics of Subjectivity. Durham, NC: Duke University of Press.CrossRef
(1991). The Production of Space (, trans; first published as La production de l'espace [1974]. Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
and (1985). Acts of Identity: Creole-Based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
(2002). Contextualizing “Contextualization Cues.” In , and (eds.), Language and Interaction: Discussions with John Gumperz (pp. 31–39). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
(1992). Context Contests: Debatable Truth Statements on Tanna (Vanuatu). In and (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon (pp. 101–124). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1997). English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1994). Dangerous Crossroads: Popular Music, Postmodernism and the Poetics of Place. London, New York: Verso.Google Scholar
(1998). Multilingualism and Language Policy in South Africa. In and (eds.), Multilingualism in a Multicultural Context: Case Studies on South Africa and Western Europe (pp. 15–36). Tilburg University Press.Google Scholar
(1994). Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African-American Slang. New York: Penguin Books.
(2003). From Misinvention to Disinvention of Language: Multilingualism and the South African Constitution. In , , and (eds.), Black Linguistics: Language, Society and Politics in Africa and the Americas (pp. 132–152). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1996). The Scapegoat Generation: America's War on Adolescents. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.Google Scholar
(1999). Framing Youth: 10 Myths about the Next Generation. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.Google Scholar
(2010). How Black People Use Twitter. Slate. Retrieved August 10, 2010 from
(1989). Farewell – We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
(2009). “No Dogs or Mexicans Allowed”: Discourses of Racism and Ideology in Pahrump, Nevada. Explorations in Anthropology 9(1): 91–105.Google Scholar
and (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambrige, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(1999). Race, Protest, and Public Space: Contextualizing Lefebvre in the US City. Antipode 31(2): 163–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). Language and Gender. In (ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey (pp. 75–99). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005). White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology 31(1): 245–261.Google Scholar
(2010). Mobile Phones and Mipoho's Prophecy: The Powers and Dangers of Flying Language. American Ethnologist 37(2): 337–353.Google Scholar
and (1986). Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory. Journal of Community Psychology 14(1): 6–23.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(2002). Communities of Practice. In , and (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change (pp. 526–548). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
and (2010). Critical Intersections: Language Ideologies and Media Discourse. In and (eds.), pp. 3–16.
and (1992). Social Network and Social Class: Toward an Integrated Sociolinguistic Model. Language in Society 21; 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (eds.). (1995). One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Code-Switching. Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
(1973). Signifying. In (ed.), Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrell. (pp. 310–328). New York: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
(1996). Popular Music and Local Identity: Rock, Pop and Rap in Europe and Oceania. Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
(ed.). (2001). Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop outside the USA. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
(1971). Language Behavior in a Black Urban Community (Working Paper 23). Berkeley CA: Language Behavior Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
(1972a). On the Status of Black English for Native Speakers: An Assessment of Attitudes and Values. In , and (eds.), Functions of Language in the Classroom. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
(1972b). Signifying, Loud-Talking, and Marking. In (ed.), pp. 315–335.
(1991). Indirectness and Interpretation in African American Women's Discourse. Pragmatics 1(4): 421–451.Google Scholar
(1993). The Africanness of Counterlanguage among Afro-Americans. In (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties (pp. 423–435). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
(ed.). (1994a). Language and the Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Afro-American Studies.
(1994b). The African American Speech Community: Reality and Sociolinguistics. In (ed.), 1994a, pp. 121–148).
(1996). Conversational Signifying: Grammar and Indirectness among African American Women. In , and (eds.), Interaction and Grammar (pp. 405–433). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). More Than a Mood or an Attitude: Discourse and Verbal Genres in African-American Culture. In , , and (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History, and Use (pp. 251–281). London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1999). “No Woman No Cry”: Claiming African American Women's Place. In , and (ed.), Reinventing Identities: From Category to Practice in Language and Gender (pp. 27–45). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2001). “Ain't Nothin’ But A G Thang”: Grammar, Variation and Language Ideology in Hip Hop Identity. In (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English (pp. 185–207). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
(2002). Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). Signifying Laughter and the Subtleties of Loud-Talking: Memory and Meaning in African American Women's Discourse. In (ed.), Ethnolinguistic Chicago: Language and Literacy in Chicago's Neighborhoods (pp. 51–76). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
(2004a). “I’m Every Woman”: Black Women's (Dis)placement in Women's Language Study. In (Ed.), Robin Tolmach Lakoff, Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries (2 edn., pp. 252–259). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2004b). Speech Community. In (ed.), pp. 3–22.
(2005). Hip-Hop Women Shredding the Veil: Race and Class in Popular Feminist Identity. The South Atlantic Quarterly 104(3): 424–444.Google Scholar
(2009b). The Presentation of Indirectness and Power in Everyday Life. Journal of Pragmatics 42(2): 283–291.Google Scholar
(2009c). The Real Hiphop: Battling for Knowledge, Power, and Respect in the LA Underground. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2013). Black Twitter: Strategies in Talking Black and Talking Back. In press.
and (2006). Getting off of Black Women's Backs: Love Her or Leave Her Alone. The Du Bois Review 3(2): 1–18.Google Scholar
and (2011). Hip-Hop and the Global Imprint of a Black Cultural Form. Deadalus 140(2): 176–196.Google Scholar
and (2010). Hiphop and Race: Blackness, Language and Creativity. In and (eds.), Doing Race: 21 Essays for the 21st Century. New York: Norton Press.Google Scholar
(1987). Beloved. New York: Knopf.
and (2008). The Global Hip-Hop Diaspora: Understanding the Culture. Journal of Business Research 61(3): 243–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Images, Ideology, and Women of Color. In and (eds.), Women of Color in US Society (pp. 265–289). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
(1998). Codes and Consequences: Choosing Linguistic Variables. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2008). Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
(2002). Soul Babies: Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(2006). AfroReggae: Rio's Top Hip-Hop Band. The Independent. February 24.
and (eds.). (2001). Technicolor: Race, Technology and Everyday Life. New York University Press.
(1983). Linguistic Options and Choices for Black Women in the Rural South. In , and (eds.), Language, Gender and Society (pp. 54–68). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
(1998 [1982]). Black Women in the Rural South: Conservative and Innovative. In (ed.), pp. 55–63.
(2009). East African Hip Hop: Youth Culture and Globalization. University of Urbana Press.Google Scholar
(1992). Indexing Gender. In and (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
and (1984). Language Acquisition and Socialization: Three Developmental Stories. In and (eds.), Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self and Emotion (pp. 276–320). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1978). Minority Education and Caste. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
and (1994). Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge.
(2009). “So I Choose to Do Am Naija Style”: Hip Hop Language, and Postcolonial Identities. In , and (eds.), pp. 113–138.
(2008). The Africanist Aesthetic in Global Hip-Hop: Power Moves. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
and Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation of Digital Natives. New York: Basic Books.
(2004). Writing in the Margins: Brazilian Hip-Hop as an Educational Project. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 35(4): 411–432.
(2011). Language across Difference: Ethnicity, Communication, and Youth Identities in Changing Urban Schools. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002). The Speech Community. In , and (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change (pp. 573–597). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
(2012). Playing with Languages: Children and Change in a Caribbean Village. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
(2003). Linguistic Minorities and Language Policies. In and (eds.), Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings (pp. 394–407). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
(1960a). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume II ( and , trans.) New York: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
and (1955). Philosophical Writings of Peirce. New York: Dover.
(2001). Rap in Germany: The Birth of a Genre. In (ed.), pp. 111–133. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
and (2009). Hip Hop as Dusty Foot Philosophy: Engaging Locality. In , and (eds.), pp. 25–42. New York: Routledge.
, and (1994). Snaps. New York: Quill.
(ed.). (1995). Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
(2004). Prophets of the Hood: Politics and Poetics in Hip Hop. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). Contradiction or Affirmation? The South African Language Policy and the South African National Government. In , , and (eds.), Black Linguistics: Language, Society and Politics in Africa and the Americas (pp. 117–130). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(1972). Participant Structures and Communicative Competence: Warm Springs Children in Community and Classroom. In , and (eds.), Functions of Language in the Classroom (pp. 370–394). Long Grove, IL: Waveland.Google Scholar
(1974). Warm Springs “Indian Time”: How the Regulation of Participation Affects the Progression of Events. In and (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking (pp. 92–109). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1983). The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Long Grove, IL: Waveland.Google Scholar
and (eds.). (2011). Language and Gender: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
(1995). Six Characters in Search of an Author and Other Plays (, trans.). London: Penguin.Google Scholar
(1989). Jogger's Attackers Terrorized at Least 9 in 2 Hours. New York Times. 22 April.
(1983). The Social History of Dread Talk. In (ed.), Studies in Caribbean Language (pp. 46–62). St Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
(1984). Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments: Some Features of Preferred/Dispreferred Turn Shapes. In and (eds.), Structures of Social Action (pp. 57–101). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1995). Spectacular Vernaculars: Hip Hop and the Politics of Postmodernism. New York University Press.Google Scholar
(2004). Check it While I Wreck it: Black Womanhood, Hip Hop Culture, and the Public Sphere. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
(2003). An Interview with Kevin Powell on Hip Hop. Race and Politics. Davey D. Retrieved from
(1992). Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). The Bases of Gendered Power. In , and (eds.), The Psychology of Gender (pp. 242–268). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
(2006). Hip Hop Culture. ABC-CLIO.
(1976). Bicentennial Nigger. Retrieved from
(Writer) and (Director) (1989). Fight the Power, Do The Right Thing: Tamia.
(2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon Schuster.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). Who's a Looter? In Storm's Aftermath, Pictures Kick Up a Different Kind of Tempest. September 5. New York Times.
(1998). Speech Community. In , and (eds.), Society and Language Use: Handbook of Pragmatics (pp. 274–303). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
(2005). Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. 2nd. edn. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing.Google Scholar
(2006). Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003). Race Music: Black Cultures from Bebop to Hip-Hop. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(1975). Carrying the New Wave into Syntax: The Case of Black English bin. In and (eds.), Analyzing Variation in Language (pp. 162–183). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
and (1993). Addressee and Topic-Influenced Style Shift: A Quantitative Sociolinguistic Study. In and (eds.), Perspectives on Register: Situation Register Variation within Sociolinguistics (pp. 235–276). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
and (1976). Cut-Eye and Suck Teeth: African Words and Gestures in New World Guise. Journal of American Folklore 89(353): 194–309.Google Scholar
(1995). Glocalization: Time–Space and Homogeneity–Heterogeneity. In , and (eds.), Global Modernities (pp. 24–44). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
(2007). Brazilian Government Invests in Culture of Hip-Hop, New York Times. March 14.
(1994). Language Standardization and Linguistic Fragmentation in Tok Pisin. In (ed.), Language in Creole Situations (pp. 19–41).Google Scholar
(2000). Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd edn. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(1974). Women, Culture and Society: A Theoretical Overview. In and (eds.), Woman, Culture, and Society (pp. 17–42). Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
(1982). The Things We Do with Words: Ilongot Speech Acts and Speech Act Theory in Philosophy. Language in Society 11: 203–237.Google Scholar
(1994). Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
(2012). English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.
(1996). Constructing Difference in Public Spaces: Race, Class, and Gender as Interlocking Systems. Urban Geography 17(2): 132–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1974). A Simplest Systematics for the Organization for Turn-Taking in Conversation. Language 50(4): 696–735.Google Scholar
(2012). Jay-Z, Kanye West, and the French Presidential Campaign. Alysa Salzberg's Blog: Fiction and Even Stanger Truths. Retrieved from
(2012). “The Meaning of Blackness in Brazilian Hiphop.” Paper presented at the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University.
(1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.Google Scholar
(2012). Image-Based Harassment and Visual Misogyny. Feminist Frequency. Retrieved July 23. from Google Scholar
and (1986). Language Socialization across Cultures. New York: Cambridge University Press.
(2005). We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2011). Musical Communities: Rethinking the Collective in Music Author(s). Journal of American Musicological Society 64(2): 349–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
(1976). Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Descriptions. In and (ed.), Meaning in Anthropology (pp. 11–55). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
(1979). Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In , and (eds.), The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels (pp. 193–247). Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
(2003). Indexical Order and the Dialectics of Sociolinguistic Life. Language and Communication 23: 193–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1977). Bridge: A Cross-Cultural Reading Program. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
(1986). You May Plow Here: The Narrative of Sara Brooks. New York: Simon and Shuster.
(1997). The Historical Development of African-American Language: The Transformationalist Theory. San Francisco: Aspire Books.
(1977). Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
(ed.). (1981a). Black English and the Education of Black Children and Youth: Proceedings of the National Invitational Symposium on the King Decision. Detroit: Harpo Press.
(1981b). What Go Round Come Round: King in Perspective. Harvard Educational Review 1: 40–56.
(1991). What is Africa to Me? Language, Ideology and African American. American Speech 66: 115–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
(1998). Word from the Hood: The Lexicon of African American English. In , , and (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History, and Use (pp. 203–225). London; New York: Routledge.
(1999). Talkin' That Talk: Language, Culture and Education in African America. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
(2012). All These Sexist Gamer Dudes Are Some Shook Ones (June 24). Available online at: .
(1967). Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon. American Anthropologist 69(6): 670–682.Google Scholar
(1927). Social and Cultural Mobility. New York: Harper.
, and . (2006). Tha Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness. Philadelphia: Black History Museum.Google Scholar
(2001). Directness in the Use of African American English. In (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English (pp. 239–259). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2009). Theorizing African American Women's Language: Girl as a Discourse Marker. In (ed.), pp. 76–90.
(2002). Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres. Communication Theory 12(4): 446–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986). Language and Black Woman's Place: Evidence from the Black Middle Class. In , and (eds.), For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (pp. 177–196). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
(1996). Life In Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South. New York: Oxford University Press.
(1969). Historical and Structural Bases for the Recognition of Negro Dialect. In (ed.), School of Languages and Linguistics Monogram. Series No. 22 (pp. 215–225). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
(1975). Teaching Blacks to Read against Their Will. In (ed.), Linguistic Perspectives on Black English (pp. 107–132). Regensburg: Verlag Hans Carl Regensburg.Google Scholar
(n.d.). Winning the Dialect Popularity Contest: Mass-Mediated Language Ideologies and Local Responses in Rural Valdres, Norway. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 22(1): 23–43.
(2012). Contextualization in Digital Discourse. Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association, November 14–18.
(1956). Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(ed.). (2010). Languages of Global Hip Hop. London: Continuum.
(2004). Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2008. Chapter 1: Going into Battle. November 17. Newsweek Magazine.
, and (1983). Language, Gender and Society: Opening a Second Decade of Research. In , and (eds.), Language, Gender and Society (pp. 7–24). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
(1979). Introduction: Ebonics (Black English): Implications for Education. Journal of Black Studies 9(4): 364–366.Google Scholar
(2001). African American Women: Talking that Talk. In (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English (pp. 211–238). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972). Sex, Covert Prestige, and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society 1: 179–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982). From Ritual to Theater: The Human Seriousness of Play. Baltimore, MA: PAJ Publications/The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
(1996). Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
(2001). “We are all Malcolm X!” Negu Gorriak, Hip Hop and the Basque Political Imaginary. In (ed.), pp. 171–193.
(1982). The Color Purple. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
(2009). The Young and the Digital: What the Migration to Social Network Sites, Games, and Anytime Anywhere Media Means for our Future. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
(1994). On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
(2009). Street Dreams and Hip-Hop Barbershops: Global Fantasy in Urban Tanzania. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
(1972). The Black American and Education. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
(1947). The Negroes in Mississippi 1865–1890. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
(1992). “Most of My Heroes Don't Appear on No Stamps”: The Dialogics of Rap Music. Black Music Research Journal 11(2): 193–216.Google Scholar
(1992). A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
(2001). Black Secret Technology: Detroit Techno and the Information Age. In and (eds.), pp. 154–176.
(1996). Op-Ed. December 29. The New York Times.
(ed.). (1975). Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. St Louis: Institute of Black Studies.
(1986). Dessa Rose. New York: Berkeley Books.
(2006). Chappelle's Story – Oprah.com. Oprah.com. February 3. Retrieved July 24, 2013, from
, , and (1999). The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
(1969). A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
(1991). Dialects and American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall and Center for Applied Linguistics.
(2011). The Mis-Education of the Negro. New York: Tribeca Books.
(1985). Language Variation and Cultural Hegemony: Toward an Integration of Sociolinguistic and Social Theory. American Ethnologist 12: 738–749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Introduction: Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry. In , and (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory (pp. 3–47). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2008). Why dat Now? Linguistic Anthropological Contributions to the Explanation of Sociolinguistic Icons and Change. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 432–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). Speaking for the Chief: Okyeame and the Politics of Akan Royal Oratory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
(1996). The “chiquitification” of US Latinos and Their Languages; Or, Why We Need an Anthropolitical Linguistics. In , and (eds.), Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium about Language and Society, Austin [SALSA]. Texas Linguistic Forum 36: 1–18. Austin: University of Texas Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
(1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
and (2008). Daydreaming with Intention: Scalable Blending-Based Imagining and Agency in Generative Interactive Narrative. AAAI Press: 156–162.Google Scholar