The Carolingian age – which, for the purposes of this chapter, can be dated from 751, when Pippin the Short became King of the Franks, to 888, when the empire shaped by Charlemagne was divided after the overthrow and death of Charles the Fat – was pivotal for the development of Western liturgy. In the Frankish realm, the encounter and transformation of Roman and Franco-German traditions gave the Mass a ritual structure and shape that would essentially be retained for over a millennium. Recent contributions from a variety of historical disciplines offer a better understanding of this multifaceted development. Gallican patrimony was not simply replaced but to some degree integrated into the Roman Rite. The chapter will discuss key elements of liturgical reform in the Carolingian age and show their slow pace and gradual implementation, their dependence on local initiative and their focus on education, first of the clergy and, through them, of the whole people.