Chapter 8 looks at the third of the three main approaches to international law: having analyzed the realist approach – and before that the normative one rooted in Kantian cosmopolitanism – the discussion now turns to the Grotian tradition. This current of thought is examined primarily by drawing on Hedley Bull, with a focus on four questions in particular: the methodological presuppositions of Grotius’s thought, the concept of an international society, the function of international law, and the West’s relation to other civilizations.