The notion that a child has rights is longstanding: the 1924 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, adopted by the League of Nations, was the first international instrument explicitly acknowledging the existence of children’s rights. The formulation of the right to life under the Convention on the Rights of the Child—the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history – is distinct, referring to the duty to ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child. Accordingly, the chapter considers infanticide and violence against children, including in domestic settings as well as against children in the streets. Also addressed are infant mortality, disease, illness, and substance abuse, and recruitment into armed forces, armed groups, and gangs.