In his foreword to Juan Eduardo Cirlot's text A Dictionary of Symbols, Herbert Read writes that every human ‘is a symbolizing animal; it is evident that at no stage in the development of civilization has man been able to dispense with symbols’. Though Alfred North Whitehead sees symbolism as being ‘essential for the higher grades of life’, he conversely states that humans are both attracted to and repulsed by symbols because ‘hard-headed men want facts and not symbols’ (PR 183; S 60). Because Whitehead saw symbols as uncontrollable, like ‘wild vegetation’ that could ‘overwhelm’ humanity, he believed that the advance of civilisation required that humans reject the superstitious symbols of their ‘savage past’ (S 60). Yet Whitehead acquiesces to the truth that despite all efforts to ‘expel’ it, symbolism – like nature – will ‘ever return’ and is ‘inherent in the very texture of human life’. He continues, ‘Mankind, it seems, has to find a symbol in order to express itself. Indeed “expression” is “symbolism”’ (S 61–2).

Whitehead writes:

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung agreed that symbols are powerful. He drew a distinction between symbols and signs, defining signs as ‘representations of known things’ (for example, in the way that a company's trademark represents the company itself). A symbol, on the other hand, is not the ‘logical equivalent’ of that to which it refers, but ‘points beyond itself to an unknown’. In a symbol, the ‘known and unknown’, or the ‘real and unreal’, are joined. Jung writes: