alc-Abādī, Aḥmad b. Qāsim. Ḥāshiya calā Tuḥfat al-Muḥtāj. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

cAbd al-Ḥalīm, Ibn Ḥamza b. Bir Qadam. al-Ḥāshiya calā al-Ghurar wa al-Durar. N.p.: Dār al-Ṭibāca al-cĀmira, 1270 ah

al-ābī, Ṣāliḥ cAbd al-Samī cAl-Azharī. Jawāhir al-Iklīl Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-cAllāma al-Shaykh Khalīl. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-Thaqāfiyya, 1347 ah

Abū cAwwāna, Yacqūb b. Isḥāq al-Asfarāʾ inī. Musnad Abī cAwwāna. Edited by Ayman b. cĀrif al-Dimashqī. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1998

Abū al-Barakāt, Muḥammad. al-Muḥarrar fī al-Fiqh. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. In Ibn Mufliḥ, al-Nukat

Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān b. al-AshcAth al-Sijistānī al-Azdī. Sunan. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1988

Abū al-Faḍl, Midḥat. “Jarīmat al-Baghy fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.” al-Muḥāmī (April–May–June, 1982): 69–79

Abū al-Fidāʾ, cImād al-Dīn b. Shāhinshāh Ayyūb. al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar. Edited by Maḥmūd Dayyūb. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

Abū Ghuddah, cAbd al-Fattāḥ. Ṣafaḥāt min Ṣabr al-cUlamāʾ. Beirut: Maktab al-MutbūcĀt al-Islāmiyya, 1997

Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī, Athīr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yūsuf. Tafsīr al-Nahr al-Mādd min al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Jinān, 1987

Abū al-Layth, Naṣr b. Muḥammad b. Ibrahīm al-Samarqandī. cUyūn al-Masāʾ il. Edited by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Nāhī. Baghdad: MaṭbacAt AscAd, 1967

Abū Mikhnaf, Lūṭ b. Yaḥyā b. Sacīd al-Ghāmidī al-Azdī al-Kūfī. Nuṣūṣ min Taʾ rīkh Abī Mikhnaf. Edited by Kāmil Sulaymān al-Jubūrī. Beirut: Dār al-Maḥajja al-Bayḍāʾ, 1999

Abū Shujāc, al-Qāḍī Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Iṣfahānī. Matn al-Ghāya wa al-Taqrīb. Edited by Mājid al-Ḥamawī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1994

Abū Yaclā, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Farrāʾ. al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

Abū Yaclā, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Farrāʾal-Masāʾ il al-Fiqhiyya min Kitāb al-Riwāyatayn wa al-Wajhayn. Edited by cAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Laḥḥām. Cairo: Maktabat al-MacĀrif, n.d.

Abū Yūsuf, Yacqūb b. Ibrāhīm. Kitāb al-Kharāj. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

Abū Yūsuf, Yacqūb b. Ibrāhīm al-Radd calā Siyar al-Awzā cī. Edited Abū al-Wafāʾ al-Afghānī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Abū Zahra, Muḥammad. al-Jarīma wa al-cUqūba fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī: al-cUqūba. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-cArabī, n.d.

Abū Zahra, Muḥammad Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-cArabī, n.d.

al-cAdawī, cAlī al-Ṣacīdī. Ḥāshiya calā Kifāyat al-Ṭālib al-Rabbānī li-Risālat Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa MaṭbacAt Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1938

al-Afghānī, cAbd al-Ḥakīm. Kashf al-Ḥaqāʾ iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾ iq. Karachi: Idārat al-QurʾĀn wa al-cUlūm al-Islāmiyya, 1987

Aḥmad, Hilālī. Uṣūl al-TashrīcAl-Jināʾ ī al-Islāmī macA Ishārah ilā Taṭbīqātihi fī al-Mamlaka al-cArabiyya al-Sucūdiyya. Cairo: n.p., 1995

Akhbār MajmūcA. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1981

Alf Sannah min al-Wafayāt. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Ribat, Morocco: MaṭbūcĀt Dār al-Maghrib li al-Taʾlīf wa al-Tarjamah wa al-Nashr, 1976

al-ālūsī, Shihāb al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. cAbd Allāh. Rūḥ al-MacĀnī fī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn al-cAẓīm wa al-SabcAl-Mathānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, 1985

Amḥazūn, Muḥammad. Taḥqīq Mawāqif al-Ṣaḥāba fī al-Fitnah. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Kawthar, 1994

al-Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn cAlī b. Muḥammad. al-Iḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām. 2nd ed., Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1402 ah

al-cāmilī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Makkī. Ghāyat al-Murād fī Sharḥ Nukat al-Irshād. Qum: Markaz al-Abḥāth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya, 1414 ah

al-cāmilī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Makkī al-LumcA al Dimashqiyya. Edited by Muḥammad Kalantar. Najaf: MaṭbacAt al-Ādāb, 1386 ah

al-Amīnī, cAbd al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad al-Najafī. al-Ghadīr fī al-Kitāb wa al-Sunnah wa al-Adab. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1983

al-Anṣārī, Zakariyyā b. Muḥammad. Fatḥ al-Wahhāb bi-Sharḥ Minhāj al-Ṭullāb. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1948

al-Anṣārī, Zakariyyā b. Muḥammad Al-Manhaj. In Ḥāshiyat al-Jamal calā Sharḥ al-Manhaj, by Sulaymān al-Jamal. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

AscAd, Aḥmad. Qānūn al-cUqūbāt al-Miṣrī. Cairo: n.p., 1964

al-Asadī, Sayf b. cUmar al-Ḍabbī. al-Fitnah wa WaqcAt al-Jamal. Edited by Aḥmad Rātib cArmūsh. Beirut: Dār al-Nafāʾ is, 1993

al-AshcArī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Ismācīl. Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al Muṣallīn. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-cAṣriyya, 1990

al-Asnawī, cAbd al-Raḥīm (a.k.a. Jamāl al-Dīn). Ṭabaqāt al-Shāficiyya. Edited by Kamāl al-Ḥūt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1987

al-Atābakī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf b. Taghrī Birdī. al-Nujūm al-Ẓāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa al-Qāhira. Cairo: al-Muʾ assasa al-Miṣriyya al-cĀmma, 1963

al-cAynī, Abū Muḥammad Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. al-Bināya fī Sharḥ al-Hidāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990

al-cAynī, Abū Muḥammad Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad cUmdat al-Qārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-BacAlī, Aḥmad b. cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad. al-Rawḍ al-Nadī Sharḥ Kāfī al-Mubtadī. Cairo: al-MaṭbacA al-Salafiyya, 1960

al-Baghawī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn b. Mascūd. Sharḥ al-Sunna. Edited by MucAwwaḍ al-Laḥḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1994

al-Baghdādī, cAbd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir b. Muḥammad. al-Farq bayn al-Firaq. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Bahnasī, Aḥmad Fatḥī. Madkhal al-Fiqh al-Jināʾ ī al-Islāmī. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1980

al-Bājī, Abū al-Walīd Sulaymān b. Khalaf al-Andalusī. al-Muntaqā Sharḥ Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Imām Mālik. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1983

al-Bakrī, al-Sayyid. I cānat al-Ṭālibīn. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Bayḍāwī, Abū Sacīd cAbd Allāh b. cUmar b. Muḥammad al-Shīrāzī. Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Taʾ wīl. Beirut: Muʾ assasat Shacbān, n.d.

al-Bayḍāwī, Abū Sacīd cAbd Allāh b. cUmar b. Muḥammad al-Shīrāzī al-Ghāya al-Quṣwā fī Dirāyat al-Fatwā. Edited by cAlī Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Qasrī. Baghdad: n.p., n.d.

al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. cAlī. Macrifat al-Sunan wa al-āthār. Edited by Sayyid Kasrawī Ḥusayn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1991

al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. cAlī al-Sunan al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Bayhaqī A1-Jishumī, al-Hākim abū Sa cd al-Muḥassin b. Muḥammad b. Karāmah. Risālat Īblis ilā Ikhwānihi al-Manāḥīs. Edited by Ḥusayn al-Mudarrisī al-Ṭabāṭabāʾ ī. Qum: np., 1986

al-Bazzār, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. cAbd al-Khāliq al-cAtakī. al-Baḥr al-Zakhkhār. Edited by Maḥfūẓ al-Raḥmān Zayn Allāh. Medina: Maktabat al-cUlūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1988

al-Bazzāzī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Shihāb al-Kardarī. al-Fatāwā al-Bazzāziyya. Printed in the margins of al-Fatāwā al-Ālamgīriyya

Bin Bāz, cAbd al-cAzīz b. cAbd Allāh. MajmūcFatāwā wa Maqālāt MutanawwicA. Edited by Muḥammad b. Sacd al-ShuwīcAr. Riyadh: n.p., 1990

al-Buhūtī, Manṣūr b. Yūnus b. Idrīs. Kashshāf al-Qinā ccAn Matn al-Iqnāc. Edited by Hilāl Muṣilḥī Muṣṭafā Hilāl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1982

al-Buhūtī, Manṣūr b. Yūnus b. Idrīs al-Rawḍ al-MurbicSharḥ Zād al-Mustaqnic. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd al-Raḥmān cAwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1986

al-Bukhārī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Ismācīl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-cArabiyya, n.d.

al-Bukhārī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Ismācīl Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Dardīr, Abū al-Barakāt Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. al-Sharḥ al-Ṣaghīr. Printed in the margins of al-Ṣāwī, Bulgha

al-Dārimī, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b.cAbd al-Raḥmān. Sunan. Edited by Fawāz Zamrālī and Khālid al-cAlamī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1987

al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Siyar Aclām al-Nubalāʾ. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1996

al-Dimashqī, Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Ḥiṣnī. Kifāyat al-Akhyār fī Ḥall Ghāyat al-Ikhtiṣār. Edited by cAlī cAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Balṭajī and Muḥammad Wahbī Sulaymān. Beirut: Dār al-Khayr, 1991

al-Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad b. Dāwūd. al-Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl. Edited by Ḥasan al-Zayn. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1988

al-Dusūqī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. cArafa. Ḥāshiyat al-Dusūqī calā al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kitāb al-cArabī, n.d.

Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn, Abū Ṭālib Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-Ḥillī. Īḍāḥ al-Fawāʾ id fī Sharḥ Ishkālāt al-Qawācid. Qum: Muʾ assasat Ismācīliyān, n.d.

al-Fatāwā al-cĀlamgīriyya = al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya. Cairo, 1274 ah.; reprint, Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, 1986

al-Fatāwā al-cĀlamgīriyya = al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya Fatāwā al-Lajna al-Dāʾ ima li al-Buḥūth al-cIlmiyya wa al-Iftāʾ. Edited by Aḥmad b. cAbd al-Razzāq al-Dawīsh. Riyadh: Dār cĀlam al-Kutub, 1991

al-Fawzān, Ṣāliḥ b. Fawzān b. cAbd Allāh (a.k.a Ibn Fawzān). al-Muntaqā min Fatāwā Faḍīlat al-Shaykh. Edited by cĀdil b. cAlī al-Farīdān. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Ghurabāʾ al-Athariyya, 1997

al-Ghamrāwī, Muḥammad al-Zuhrī. Anwār al-Masālik Sharḥ cUmdat al-Sālik wa cUddat al-Nāsik. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa MaṭbacAt Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1948

al-Gharnāṭī, Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Juzayy al-Kalbī. Qawānīn al-Aḥkām al-Sharciyyah wa Masāʾ il al-FurūcAl-Fiqhiyya. Edited by cAbd al-Raḥmān Ḥasan Maḥmūd. Cairo: cĀlam al-Fikr, 1985

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Faḍāʾ iḥ al-Bāṭiniyya. Edited by Nādī Faraj Darwīsh. Cairo: al-Maktab al-Thaqāfī, n.d.

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad IḥyāʾcUlūm al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Mustaṣfā min cIlm al-Uṣūl. Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthanna, 1322 ah

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Wajīz fī al-Fiqh Madhhab al-Imām al-Shāficī. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-ādāb, 1317 ah

al-Ghunaymī, cAbd al-Ghanī al-Dimashqī. al-Lubāb fī Sharḥ al-Kitāb. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Madanī, 1963

al-Ḥajwī, Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-ThacĀlabī al-Fāsī. al-Fikr al-Sāmī fī Taʾ rīkh al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Edited by Ayman Ṣāliḥ Shacbān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1995

al-Ḥalabī, Abū al-Ṣalāḥ Taqī al-Dīn b. Najm al-Dīn cAbd Allah. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥalabī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Abī al-Faḍl al-Ḥasan b. Abī al-Majd. Ishārat al-Sabaq ilā Macrifat al-Ḥaqq. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥalabī, Ḥamza b. cAlī b. Zuhra al-Ḥusaynī. Ghunyat al-Nuzū cilā cIlm al-Usūl wa al-Furū c. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥalabī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. Multaqā al-Abḥur. Edited by Wahba Sulaymān al-Albānī. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1989

al-Ḥasanī, Hāshim Macrūf. Al-Intifāḍāt al-Shīciyya cAbr al-Tārīkh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Shacbiyya, n.d.

al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṭarābulsī. Mawāhib al-Jalīl li-Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl. Tripoli: Maktabat al-Najāḥ, 1911

al-Ḥillī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-cIjlī. Al-Sarāʾ ir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsūca, vol. IX

al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-cAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Fahd. al-Muhadhdhab al-Bāricfī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfic. Edited by Mujtabā al-cArāqī. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmīya, 1407 ah

al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū Manṣūr al-Ḥasan b. Sadīd al-Dīn Yūsuf b. al-Muṭahhar. Qawā cid al-Aḥkām fī Masāʾ il al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Hindī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn cAlī al-Mutaqī b. Ḥusām al-Dīn. Kanz al-cUmmāl fī Sunan al-Aqwāl wa al-AfcĀl. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1985

al-Ḥubayshī, Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Muḥsin. Fatḥ al-Mannān Sharḥ Zubad Ibn Raslān. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1988

al-Hudhalī, Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥasan b. Sacīd. al-Jāmicli al-Sharāʾ ic. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥurr al-cĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Wasāʾ il al-ShīcA ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾ il al-SharīcA. Edited by cAbd al-Raḥīm al-Rabbānī al-Shīrāzī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

Ibn cAbd al-Barr, Abū cUmar Yūsuf b. cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Namirī. Kitāb al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah al-Mālikī. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥammad Aḥyad Wild Mādīk. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyāḍ al-Ḥadītha, 1980

Ibn cAbd al-Barr, Abū cUmar Yūsuf b. cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Namirī al-Tamhīd li mā fī al-Muwaṭṭaʾ min al-MacĀnī wa al-Asānīd. Edited by Muṣṭafā b. Aḥmad al-cAlawī et al. Morocco: MaṭbacAt al-Faḍāla, 1982

Ibn cAbd al-Barr, Abū cUmar Yūsuf b. cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Namirī al-Tamhīd li mā fī al-Muwaṭṭaʾ min al-MacĀnī wa al-Asānīd. Edited by Muṣṭafā b. Aḥmad al-cAlawī and Muḥammad cAbd al-Kabīr al-Bakrī. N.p.: Dar al-Ḥadīth al-Ḥasaniyya, 1967

Ibn cAbd al-Rafīc, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Ḥasan. Mucīn al-Ḥukkām calā al-Qaḍāyā wa al-Aḥkām. Edited by Muḥammad b. Qāsim b. cIyāḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1989

Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, cIzz al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh al-Madāʾ inī. Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1987

Ibn Abī Shayba, cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-cAbsī. al-Muṣannaf fī al-Aḥādīth wa al-āthār. Edited by Sacīd Muḥammad al-Laḥḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1989

Ibn Abī Zayd, cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Qayrawānī. al-Nawādir wa al-Ziyādāt calā mā fī al-Mudawwana min Ghayrihā min al-Ummahāt. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1999

Ibn Abī Zayd, cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Qayrawānī al-Risāla. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

Ibn cĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn b. cUmar al-Dimashqī. Ḥāshiyat Radd al-Muḥtār calā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. Edited by cĀdil Aḥmad MucAwwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1994

Ibn cĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn b. cUmar al-Dimashqī al-cUqūd al-Durriyya fī Tanqīḥ al-Fatāwā al-Ḥāmīdiyya. Cairo: n.p., 1337 ah

Ibn al-cArabī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh. Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Edited by cAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1987

Ibn al-cArabī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh Kitāb al-Qabas fī Sharḥ Muwaṭṭaʾ Mālik b. Anas. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd Allah Walad Karīm. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1992

Ibn cArabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAlī (attrib.). Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm. Edited by Muṣṭafā Ghālib. Beirut: Dār al-Andalūs, n.d.

Ibn cĀṣim, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Tuḥfat al-Ḥukkām. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Istiqāma, n.d.

Ibn Actham, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Kūfī. al-Futūḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1986

Ibn al-Athīr, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Karīm. al-Kāmil fī al-Taʾ rīkh. Edited by Abū al-FidāʾcAbd Allāh al-Qāḍī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1987

Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, Majd al-Dīn Abū al-SacĀdāt al-Shaybānī. JāmicAl-Uṣūl fī Aḥādīth al-Rasūl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1998

Ibn Farḥūn, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. cAlī al-Yacmurī. Durrat al-Ghawwāṣ fī Muḥāḍarat al-Khawāṣṣ. Edited by Muḥammad Abū al-Ajfān and cUthmān Batīkh. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1985

Ibn Farḥūn, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. cAlī al-Yacmurī Tabṣirat al-Ḥukkām fī Uṣūl al-Qaḍāyā wa Manāhij al-Aḥkām. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. cAlī. Fatḥ al-Bārī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993

Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. cAlī Lisān al-Mīzān. Edited by cĀdil Aḥmad cAbd al-Mawjūd and cAlī Muḥammad MucAwwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. cAlī Fatḥ al-Jawād Sharḥ al-Irshād. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1971

Ibn Ḥammād, Abū cAbd Allāh NucAym al-Marwazī. Kitāb al-Fitan. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993

Ibn Ḥamza, cImād al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAlī al-Ṭūsī. al-Wasīla ilā Nayl al-Faḍīla. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

Ibn Ḥanbal, cAbd Allah b. Aḥmad. Masāʾ il al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by Zuhayr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1988

Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. Musnad. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1993

Ibn Ḥanbal, Ṣāliḥ b. Aḥmad. Sirat al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by Muḥammad al-Zaghlī. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1997

Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad cAlī b. Aḥmad b. Sacīd. Jamharat Ansāb al-cArab. Edited by E. Levi-Provençal. Cairo: Dār al-MacĀrif, 1948

Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad cAlī b. Aḥmad b. Sacīd al-Muḥallā bi al-āthār. Edited by cAbd al-Ghaffār Sulaymān al-Bandārī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn al-Humām, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Wāḥid al-Sīwāsī. Sharḥ Fatḥ al-Qadīr. Edited by cAbd al-Razzāq Ghālib al-Mahdī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1995

Ibn al-cImād, Abū al-Falāḥ cAbd al-Ḥayy. Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār man Dhahab. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn al-Jallāb, Abū al-Qāsim cUbayd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī. Al-Tafrīc. Edited by Ḥusayn b. Sālim al-Dahmānī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1987

Ibn JamācA, Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām fī Tadbīr Ahl al-Islām. Edited by FuʾĀd cAbd al-Muncim Aḥmad. Qatar: al-Shuʾ ūn al-Dīniyya, 1985

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1979

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī al-Muntaẓam fī Taʾ rīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd al-Qādir cAṭā and Muṣṭafā cAbd al-Qādir cAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1992

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī al-Shifāʾ fī Mawā ciẓ al-Mulūk wa al-Khulafāʾ. Edited by FuʾĀd cAbd al-Muncim Aḥmad. Alexandria: Dār al-Dacwa, n.d.

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Ṣifat al-Ṣafwa. Edited by cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Lādqī and Ḥayāh Shīḥā al-Lādqī. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1995

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Sīrat wa Manāqib cUmar b. cAbd al-cAzīz al-Khalīfa al-Zāhid. Edited by Nacīm Zarzūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1984

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Talbīs Iblīs. Jedda: Dār al-Madanī, 1983

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Zād al-Masīr fī cIlm al-Tafsīr. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1965

Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismācīl b. cUmar al-Dimashqī. al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya. Edited by Aḥmad Abū Mulḥim et al. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb, 1985

Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismācīl b. cUmar al-Dimashqī al-Nihāya fī al-Fitan wa al-Malāḥim. Edited by Muḥammad Aḥmad cAbd al-cAzīz. N.p.: Dār al-Ḥadīth, n.d

Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismācīl b. cUmar al-Dimashqī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn al-cAẓīm. Beirut: Dār al-Khayr, 1990

Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zayd cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqaddima. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

Ibn Khallikān, Abū al-cAbbās Shams al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Wafayāt al-Acyān wa Anbāʾ Abnāʾ al-Zamān. Edited by Iḥsān cAbbās. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

Ibn Khayyāṭ, Abū cUmar Khalīfa al-cUṣfurī. Taʾ rīkh Ibn Khayyāṭ. Najaf: MaṭbacAt al-ādāb, 1967

Ibn Luʾ luʾ a, Aḥmad b. al-Naqīb al-Miṣrī. cUmdat al-Sālik. Printed with al-Makkī, Fayḍ

Ibn Māja, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Yazīd. Sunan. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-cArabiyya, n.d.

Ibn Manẓūr, Abu al-Faḍl Muḥammad. Lisān al-cArab. Cairo: Dār al-MacĀrif, n.d.

Ibn Maryam, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. al-Bustān fī Dhikr al-Awliyāʾ wa al-cUlamāʾ bi Tilimsān. N.p.: al-MaṭbacAh al-ThacĀlibiyya, 1908

Ibn Mufliḥ, Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad al-Rāmīnī al-Dimashqī. al-Mubdicfī Sharḥ al-Muqnic. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1980

Ibn Mufliḥ, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Ṣāliḥī. Kitāb al-Furū c. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, 1985

Ibn Mufliḥ, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Ṣāliḥī Ibn Mufliḥ, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Ṣāliḥī al-Nukat wa al-Fawāʾ id al-Saniyya. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, n.d.

Ibn al-Mundhir, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Naysābūrī. al-Ishrāf calā Madhāhib Ahl al-cIlm. Edited by Muḥammad Najīb Sirāj al-Dīn. Doha, Qatar: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1986

Ibn al-Muqrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ismācīl b. Abī Bakr. Ikhlāṣ al-Nāwī. Edited by cAbd al-cAzīz cAṭiyya qalaṭ. Cairo: Lajnat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, 1989

Ibn al-Muqrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ismācīl b. Abī Bakr al-Irshād. In Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Fatḥ

Ibn al-Muqrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ismācīl b. Abī Bakr Kitāb al-Tamshiyya bi Sharḥ Irshād al-Ghāwī fī Masālik al-Ḥāwī. Cairo: Dār al-Hudā, n.d.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Kitāb al-Baḥr al-Zakhkhār al-Jāmicli Madhāhib cUlamāʾ al-Amṣār. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, n.d.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Muḥammad (a.k.a. Muḥsin al-Kāshānī). al-Maḥajja al-Bayḍāʾ fī Tahdhīb al-Iḥyāʾ. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī li al-MaṭbūcĀt, 1983

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Muḥammad (a.k.a. Muḥsin al-Kāshānī) Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī, 1982

Ibn Nujaym al-Miṣrī, Zayn al-Dīn b. Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad. al-Baḥr al-Rāʾ iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾ iq. Edited by Zakariyyā cUmayrāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

Ibn al-Qāḍī, Abū al-cAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Miknāsī. Durrat al-Ḥijāl fī Asmāʾ al-Rijāl. Edited by Muḥammad al-Aḥmadī Abū al-Nūr. Cairo: Dār al-Turāth, 1970

Ibn al-Qāḍī, Abū al-cAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Miknāsī Jidhwat al-Iqtibās fī Dhikr man Ḥalla min al-Aclām Madīnat Fās. Ribat, Morocco: Dār al-Manṣūr li al-ṬabācA wa al-Wirāqa, 1973

Ibn Qāsim, cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-cĀṣimī al-Najdī. Ḥāshiyat al-Rawḍ al-MurbicSharḥ Zād al-Mustaqnic. Riyadh: n.p., 1410 ah

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Aḥkām Ahl al-Dhimma. Edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Beirut: Dār al-cIlm li al-Malāyīn, 1983

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Aclām al-Muwaqqicīn can Rabb al-cĀlamīn. Edited by Ṭāhā cAbd al-Raʾ ūf Sacd. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, n.d.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Aclām al-Muwaqqicīn cAn Rabb al-cĀlamīn. Edited cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Wakīl. Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyya, n.d.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Ighāthat al-Lahfān min Maṣāʾ id al-Shayṭān. Edited by Ḥassāb cAbd al-Mannān and cIṣām al-Ḥurastānī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1994

Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Maqdisī. al-Kāfī fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by Zuhīr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1982

Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Mughnī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Muslim (attrib.). al-Imāma wa al-Siyāsa. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1969

Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Muslim (attrib.) al-MacĀrif. Edited by Tharwat cUkāsha. Cairo: Dār al-MacĀrif, 1981

Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Muslim (attrib.) Taʾ wīl Mukhtalaf al-Ḥadīth. Cairo: Muṣṭafāal-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

Ibn Rajab, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Shihāb al-Dīn. al-Dhayl calā Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābila. Edited by Abū Ḥāzim b. Ḥasan and Abū ZahrāʾcAlī Bahjat. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

Ibn Rushd I, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī. al-Bayān wa al-Sharḥ wa al-Taḥṣīl wa al-Sharḥ wa al-Tawjīh wa al-Taclīl fī al-Masāʾ il al-Mustakhraja. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajji. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988

Ibn Rushd I, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī al-Muqaddamāt al-Mumahhidāt. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988

Ibn Rushd II, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī. Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid. Edited by cAlī Muḥammad MucAwwaḍ and cĀdil Aḥmad cAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

Ibn Sacd, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad. al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1985

Ibn Sahl, Aḥmad al-Rāzī. Akhbār Fakhkh wa Khabar Yaḥyā b. cAbd Allāh wa Akhīh Idrīs b. cAbd Allāh. Edited by Māhir Jarrār. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb, 1995

Ibn Shucba, Sacīd b. Manṣūr al-Khurasānī. Sunan. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Acẓamī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Ṭāwūs, Raḍī al-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. Mūsā al-Ḥasanī al-Ḥusaynī. al-Malāḥim wa al-Fitan. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī, 1988

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd al-Qawī cAṭā and Muṣṭafā cAbd al-Qawī cAṭā. Cairo: Dār al-Rayyān li al-Turāth, 1988

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Majmū cAl-Fatāwā. Edited by Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qāsim. Riyadh: n.p., n.d.

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Majmūcal-Rasāʾ il wa al-Masāʾ il. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Minhāj al-Sunna al-Nabawiyya. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad al-Siyāsa al-Sharciyyah fī Iṣlāḥ al-Rā cī wa al-Racīyya. Beirut: Dār al-āfāq, 1983

Ibn al-Wardī, Zayn al-Dīn cUmar b. Muẓaffar. Taʾ rīkh Ibn al-Wardī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

al-Iṣfahānī, Abū al-Faraj. Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyyīn. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū cUthmān cAmr b. Baḥr. “Risāla fī al-Ḥakamayn wa Taṣwīb Amīr al-Muʾ minīn cAlī b. Abī Ṭālib fī Ficlih.” In Rasāʾ il al-Jāḥiẓ: al-Rasāʾ il al-Siyāsiyya. Edited by cAlī Abū Mulḥim. Beirut: Dār al-Hilāl, 1987

al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū cUthmān cAmr b. Baḥr “Risāla fī al-Nābita.” In Rasāʾ il al-Jāḥiẓ: al-Rasāʾ il al-Kalāmiyya. Edited by cAlī Abū Mulḥim. Beirut: Dār al-Hilāl, 1987

Jacīṭ, Hishām. al-Fitnah. Beirut: Dār al-ṬalīcA, 1989

al-Jamācīlī, cAbd al-Ghanī b. cAbd al-Wāḥid al-Maqdisī. al-cUmda fī al-Aḥkam fī MacĀlim al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by Muṣṭafā cAbd al-Qādir cAṭāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1986

al-Jamal, Sulaymān. Ḥāshiyat al-Jamal calā Sharḥ al-Manhaj. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Jamīlī, Khālid Rashīd. Aḥkām al-Bughāh wa al-Muḥāribīn fī al-Sharī cA al-Islāmīyya wa al-Qānūn. Baghdad: Dār al-Ḥurriyya, 1977

al-Jarrāḥī, Ismācīl b. Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Hādī. Kashf al-Khafāʾ wa Muzīl al-Ilbās. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1983

al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. cAlī al-Rāzī. Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1986

al-JucAlī, cUthmān b. Ḥusayn Barrī. Sirāj al-Sālik Sharḥ Ashal al-Masālik. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Juwaynī, Abū al-MacĀlī cAbd al-Malik b. cAbd Allāh Imām al-Ḥaramayn. Ghiyāth al-Umam fī Iltiyāth al-Qulam. Edited by cAbd al-cAẓīm al-Dīb. Qatar: al-Maktaba al-Kubrā, 1401 ah

al-Juwaynī, Abū al-MacĀlī cAbd al-Malik b. cAbd Allāh Imām al-Ḥaramayn Kitāb al-Irshād ilā QawāṭicAl-Adilla fī Uṣūl al-Ictiqād. Edited by AscAd Tamīm. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1992

al-Kāndahlawī, Muḥammad Zakariyyā. Awjaz al-Masālik ilā Muwaṭṭaʾ Mālik. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1989

al-Kāsānī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Mascūd. Kitāb BadāʾicAl-Ṣanāʾ icfī Tartīb al-Sharāʾ ic. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1986

Khalīl b. Isḥāq. Mukhtaṣar Khalīl. Edited by Aḥmad Naṣr. Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Mālikiyya, 1981

al-Khiraqī, Abū al-Qāsim cUmar b. al-Ḥusayn. Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī calā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Damascus: Dār al-Salam, 1378 ah

al-Khirshī (a.k.a. al-Khurashī), Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad. Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Sayyidī Khalīl. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

al-Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāh b. Muṣṭafā al-Mūsawī. Taḥrīr al-Wasīla. Tehran: Manshūrāt Maktabat al-Ictimād, n.d.

al-Khushanī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥārith. Usūl al-Futyā fī al-Fiqh calā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik. Edited by Muḥammad al-Majdūb et al. N.p.: Dār al-cArabiyya li al-Kitāb, 1985

al-Kindī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. cAbd Allah b. Mūsā. al-Muṣannaf. Cairo: cĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Kiyā al-Harrāsī, cImād al-Dīn b. Muḥammad al-Ṭabarī. Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1985

al-Kulaynī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. Yacqūb b. Isḥāq al-Rāzī. al-Furū cmin al-Kāfī. Edited by cAlī Akbar al-Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1397 ah

al-Maḥmaṣānī, Ṣubḥī. Falsafat al-Tashrī cfī al-Islām: Muqaddima fī Dirāsat al-Sharī cAh al-Islāmiyya calā Ḍūʾ Madhāhibihā al-Mukhtalifa wa calā Ḍūʾal-Qawānīn al-Ḥadītha, 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-cIlm li al-Malāyīn, 1961

al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Malādh al-Akhyār fī Fahm Tahdhīb al-Akhbār. Edited by Mahdī al-Rajāʾ ī. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1407 ah

al-Makkī, al-Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad. Manāqib Abī Ḥanīfa. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1981

al-Makkī, cUmar Barakāt al-Biqācī. Fayḍ al-Ilāh al-Mālik Sharḥ cUmdat al-Sālik. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Istiqāma, 1955

al-Mālaqī, Abū al-Muṭarrif cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qāsim al-Shacbī. al-Aḥkām. Edited by al-Ṣādiq al-Ḥalawī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1992

al-Mālaqī, Abū al-Qāsim b. Riḍwān. al-Shuhub al-Lāmi cA fī al-Siyāsa al-Nāfi cA. Edited by cAlī Sāmī al-Nashshār. Morocco: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1984

Mālik b. Anas, Abū cAbd Allāh. al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, narrated by Abū MuṣcAb al-Zuhrī. Edited by Bashshār cAwwād Macrūf and Maḥmūd Muḥammad Khalīl. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1993

Mālik b. Anas, Abū cAbd Allāh. al-Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, narrated by Yaḥyā b. Yaḥyā al-Laythī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

al-Maqbiliyyi, Ṣāliḥ b. Mahdī. al-Manār fī al-Mukhtār min Jawāhir al-Baḥr al-Zakhkhār. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1988

al-Maqdisī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ibrāhīm. al- cUdda Sharḥ al- cUmda. Beirut: n.p., n.d.

al-Maqdisī, Marcī b. Yūsuf al-Karmī. Dalīl al-Ṭālib. Damascus: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, n.d.

al-Mardāwī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Sulaymān. al-Inṣāf fī Ma crifat al-Rājiḥ min al-Khilāf. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Marghīnānī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Abī Bakr. al-Hidāya Sharḥ Bidāyat al-Mubtadī. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Marūzī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Naṣr. Ikhtilāf al-Fuqahāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Ṭāhir Ḥakīm. Riyadh: Dār Aḍwāʾ al-Salaf, 2000

al-Mascūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. cAlī. Murūj al-Dhahab wa Ma cĀdin al-Jawhar. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Kitāb al-Taḥrīr, 1966

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. Adab al-Qāḍī. Edited by Muḥyī Hilāl al-Sarḥān. Baghdad: MaṭbacAt al-Irshād, 1971

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyya. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1985

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-Ḥāwī al-Kabīr Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Muzanī. Edited by cAlī MucAwwaḍ and cĀdil cAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1994

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb Kitāb Qitāl Ahl al-Baghy min al-Ḥāwī al-Kabīr. Edited by Ibrāhīm b. cAlī Ṣandaqjī. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Madanī, 1987

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb Naṣīḥat al-Mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad Jāsim al-Ḥayrathī. Baghdad: Dār al-Shuʾ ūn al-Thaqāfiyya al-cĀmma, 1986

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-Nukat wa al- cUyūn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1992

al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. al-Nucmān (Ibn al-MucAllim) al-cUkbarī. Awāʾ il al-Maqālāt. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Anṣārī. N.p.: al-Muʾ tamar al-cĀlamī, 1413 ah

al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. al-Nucmān (Ibn al-MucAllim) al-cUkbarī al-Muqnicfī al-Usūl wa al-Furū c. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. X

Mughniyya, Muḥammad Jawād. Fiqh al-Imām Ja cfar al-Ṣādiq. Qum: Intishārāt Quds Muḥammadī, n.d.

al-Muḥaqqiq, Abū al-Qāsim Najm al-Dīn Jacfar b. al-Ḥasan al-Ḥillī. Sharāʾ icAl-Islām fī Masāʾ il al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by cAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad cAlī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, n.d.

Muqātil, Ibn Sulaymān. “Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn.” Manuscript. Vol. 74/II. Saray Ahmet III Library

al-Muqrī, Abū cAmr cUthmān b. Sacīd al-Dānī. al-Sunan al-Wāridah fī al-Fitan wa Ghawāʾ ilihā wa al-Sā cAh wa Ashrāṭihā. Edited by Riḍāʾ Allāh b. Muḥammad Idrīs al-Mabārkafūrī. Riyadh: Dār al-cĀṣimah, 1995

Murwārīd, Alī Aṣghar, ed. Mawsū cAt Silsilat al-YanābīcAl-Fiqhiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth and al-Dār al-Islāmiyya, 1990

al-Murtaḍā al-Mūsawī, Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf Al-Intiṣār. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā al-Sayyid Ḥasan al-Kharsān. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1985

al-Murtaḍā al-Mūsawī, Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf al-Masāʾ il al-Nāṣiriyāt. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj, Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī. al-Jāmi cAl-Ṣaḥīḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

Muṣṭafā, Maḥmūd. Sharḥ Qānūn al- cUqūbāt: al-Qism al- cĀmm. Cairo: n.p., 1964

al-Muzanī, Abū Ibrāhīm Ismācīl b. Yaḥyā. al-Mukhtaṣar. Printed as the final volume of al-Shāficī, al-Umm

al-Nafrāwī, Aḥmad b. Ghānim b. Sālim. al-Fawākih al-Dawānī calā Risālat Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾ i cAl-Islām. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1377 ah

al-Nasafī, cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad. Tafsīr al-Nasafī: Madārik al-Tanzīl wa Ḥaqāʾ iq al-Taʾ wīl. Edited by Marwān Muḥammad al-ShicĀr. Beirut: Dar al-Nafāʾ is, 1996

al-Nasāʾī, Abū cAbd Allāh al-Raḥmān Aḥmad b. ShucAyb b. cAlī. Kitāb Khaṣāʾ iṣ Amīr al-Muʾ minīn calī b. Abī Ṭālib. Beirut: Dār Kitāb al-cArabī, 1996

al-Nasāʾī, Abū cAbd Allāh al-Raḥmān Aḥmad b. ShucAyb b. cAlī Sunan. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, n.d.

al-Nasāʾī, Abū cAbd Allāh al-Raḥmān Aḥmad b. ShucAyb b. cAlī Tafsīr al-Nasāʾ ī. Edited by Ṣabrī b. cAbd al-Khāliq al-Shāficī and Sayyid b. cAbbās al-Julaymī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1990

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. al-Majmū cSharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn. Edited by cĀdil Aḥmad cAbd al-Mawjūd and cAlī Muḥammad Macriḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1992

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Edited by Khalīl al-Mīs. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, n.d.

al-Nucmān, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfa b. Muḥammad b. Manṣūr al-Tamīmī. Da cĀʾ im al-Islām wa Dhikr al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām wa al-Qaḍāyā wa al-Aḥkām. Edited by cĀṣif b. cAlī Aṣghar al-Fayḍī. Cairo: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Qaffāl, Sayf al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Shāshī. Ḥulyat al-cUlamāʾ fī Ma crifat Madhāhib al-Fuqahāʾ. Edited by Yāsīn Aḥmad Ibrāhīm. Mecca: Dār al-Bāz, 1988

al-Qanūjī, Abū al-Ṭayyib Ṣiddīq b. Ḥasan b.cAlī al-Ḥusayn al-Bukhārī. al-Rawḍa al-Nadiyya Sharḥ al-Durar al-Bahiyya. Edited by cAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Anṣārī. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-cAṣriyya, n.d.

al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Idrīs. al-Dhakhīra. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1994

al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Idrīs Kitāb al-Iḥkām fī Tamyīz al-Fatāwā cAn al-Aḥkām wa Taṣarrufāt al-Qāḍī wa al-Imām. Edited by cAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah. Aleppo: Maktabat al-MaṭbūcĀt al-Islāmiyya, 1967

al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Idrīs Sharḥ Tanqīḥ al-Fuṣūl fī Ikhtiṣār al-Maḥṣūl fī al-Uṣūl. Edited by Ṭāha cAbd al-Raʾ ūf Sacīd. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-Qasṭalānī, Abū al-cAbbās Shihāb al-Dīn. Irshād al-Sārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, 1304 ah

al-Qazwīnī, Abū al-Qāsim cAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Raf cī. al-cAzīz Sharḥ al-Wajīz (a.k.a al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

al-Qurṭubī, Abū cAbd Allah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī. al-Jāmi cli Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1987

al-Qurṭubī, Abū cAbd Allah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Jāmi cli Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Cairo: n.p., 1952

Quṭb, Sayyid. Fī Ẓilāl al-QurʾĀn. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1987

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī. Fatāwā al-Ramlī. Printed in the margins of al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā al-Fiqhiyya by Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī Ghāyat al-Bayān Sharḥ Zubad Ibn Raslān. Cairo: MaṭbacAt Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī Nihāyat al-Muḥtāj ilā Sharḥ al-Minhāj fī al-Fiqh calā Madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfi cī. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1968

al-Rāwandī, Quṭb al-Dīn Sacīd b. Hibat Allāh. Fiqh al-QurʾĀn. Edited by Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1405 ah

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cUmar. cIlal al-Ḥadīth. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1985

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cUmar al-Maḥṣūl fīcIlm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Edited by Ṭāha Jābir al-cAlwānī, 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1992

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cUmar al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr = Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1990

al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Unmūdhaj Jalīl fī Asʾ ilah wa Ajwibah min Gharāʾ ibĀyī al-Tanzīl. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍwān al-Dāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990

Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd. Tafsīr al-Manār. Cairo: al-Miṣriyya al-cĀmma liʾl-Kitāb, 1972

al-Rustāqī, Khamīs b. Sacīd b. cAlī b. Mascūd al-Shaqṣī. Manhaj al-Ṭālibīn wa Balāgh al-Rāghibīn. Edited by Sālim b. Ḥamad b. Sulaymān b. al-Ḥārithī. Cairo: cĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1983

Al-Sacdī, Jamīl b. Khamīs. Qāmūs al-Sharī cA al-Ḥāwī li Ṭuruqihā al-Wasī cA. Oman: Wizārat al-Turāth, 1983

al-Ṣadūq, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Bābawayh al-Qummī. Kitāb man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh. Edited by cAlī Akbar al-Ghaffārī. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.

al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl b. Aybak. Kitāb al-Wāfī bi al-Wafiyyāt. Edited by Bernd Radtke. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1991

Saḥnūn, cAbd al-Salām b. Sacīd al-Tanūkhī. al-Mudawwana al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1986

Sallār, Abū Yaclā Ḥamza b. cAbd al-cAzīz al-Daylamī. al-Marāsim al-cAlawiyya. In Murwārīd, ed., MawsūcA, vol. X

al-Samarqandī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad. Tuḥfat al-Fuqahāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1984

al-Samarqandī, Nāṣir al-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-Ḥasanī. al-Fiqh al-Nāfi c. Edited by Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-cAbbūd. Riyadh: Maktabat al-cUbaykān, 2000

Sanad, Najātī Sayyid. Naẓariyyat al-Jarīma al-Siyāsiyya fī al-Qawānīn al-Waḍ ciyya al-Muqārana wa fī al-Sharī cA al-Islāmiyya. Cairo: Top Guy, n.d.

al-ṢancĀnī, Abū Bakr cAbd al-Razzāq b. Hammām. al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Acẓamī. Riyadh: al-Majlis al-cIlmī, n.d.

al-ṢancĀnī, Abū Bakr cAbd al-Razzāq b. Hammām Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn al-cAzīz. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1991

al-ṢancĀnī, Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm al-Ḥasanī al-Yamanī. Tatimmat al-Rawḍ al-Naḍīr Sharḥ Majmū cAl-Fiqh al-Kabīr (The Tatimmat is the completion of Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-Naḍīr printed at the end of al-Rawḍ). In al-ṢancĀnī, Kitāb

al-ṢancĀnī, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Sayyāghī. Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-Naḍīr Sharḥ Majmū cAl-Fiqh al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, n.d.

al-Sarakhsī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Sahl Shams al-Dīn. al-Mabsūṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1986

al-Sarakhsī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Sahl Shams al-Dīn Sharḥ Kitāb al-Siyar al-Kabīr. Cairo: MaṭbacAt Sharikat al-Iclānāt al-Sharqiyya, 1971

al-Ṣāwī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. Bulghat al-Sālik li Aqrab al-Masālik ilā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik calā al-Sharḥ al-Ṣaghīr. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1954

al-Ṣāwī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Ḥāshiyat al-cAllāma al-Ṣāwī calā Tafsīr al-Jalālayn. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Sayyid, Riḍwān, ed. al-Asad wa al-Ghawwāṣ. Beirut: Dār al-ṬalīcA, 1992

al-Sayyid, Riḍwān Mafāhīm al-Jamā cĀt fī al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Tanwīr, 1983

al-Sayyid, Riḍwān al-Umma wa al-Jamā cA wa al-Sulṭah: Dirāsāt fī al-Fikr al-Sīyāsī al-cArabī al-Islāmī. Beirut: Dār Iqraʾ, 1984

al-Shāficī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. Ikhtilāf al-Ḥadīth. Printed in the margins of Muḥammad b.Idrīs al-Shāficī, al-Umm, vol. VII. Cairo: MaṭbacAt Būlāq, 1325 ah

al-Shāficī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-Umm. Edited by Muḥammad Zuharī al-Najjār. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Karīm. al-Milal wa al-Niḥal. Edited by Amīr cAlī Muhannā and cAlī Ḥasan Fācūr. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1992

al-Shahrazūrī, Abū cAm, cUthmān b. cAbd al-Raḥmān b.Ṣalāh. Adab al-Muftī wa al-Mustaftī. Edited by Muwaffaq b. cAbd Allāhb. cAbd al-Qādir. Cairo: Maktabat al-cUlūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1986

al-Shaljī, cAbbūd. Mawsū cAt al-cAdhāb. Beirut: al-Dār al-cArabiyya li al-MawsūcĀt, 1998

Shaltūt, Maḥmūd. al-Islām: cAqīda wa Sharī cAh, 17th ed. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1991

al-Sharqāwī, cAbd Allāh b. Ḥijāzī b. Ibrāhīm. Ḥāshiyat al-Sharqāwīcalā Tuḥfat al-Ṭullāb. Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

al-Shāṭibī, Abū Iṣḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Mūsā. al-Muwāfaqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharī cAh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Muḥammad. Nayl al-Awṭār Sharḥ Muntaqā al-Akhbār. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, n.d.

al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Muḥammad al-Sayl al-Jarrār calā Ḥadāʾ iq al-Azhār. Edited by Maḥmūd Ibrahīm Zāyid. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cIlmiyya, 1995

al-Shaybānī, cAbd al-Qādir b. cUmar and Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ḍuwayyān. al-Muctamad fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad. Edited by cAlī cAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Balṭajī and Muḥammad Wahbī Sulaymān. Beirut: Dār al-Khayr, 1991

Al-Shaybānī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Al-JāmicAl-Ṣaghīr. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, 1986

Al-Shaybānī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan Kitāb al-Aṣl al-Macrūf bi al-Mabsūṭ. Edited by Abū al-Wafāʾ al-Afghānī. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, 1990

al-Shaybānī, Abū Bakr al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Makhlad. Kitāb al-Sunnah. Edited by Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1993

al-Shiblī, Badr al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh cUmar b. cAbd Allāh al-Ḥanafī. Iḥkām al-Marjān fī Aḥkām al-Jānn. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1988

al-Shinqīṭī, Muḥammad al-Shaybānī b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Mūrītānī. Tabyīn al-Masālik Sharḥ Tadrīb al-Sālik ilā Aqrab al-Masālik. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1995

al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. cAlī. al-Muhadhdhab fī Fiqh al-Imām al-Shāficī. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Shirbīnī, Muḥammad al-Khaṭīb. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Macrifat MacĀnī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1958

al-Simnānī, Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Raḥbī. Rawḍat al-Quḍāh wa Ṭarīq al-Najāh. Edited by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Nāhī. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1984

Sirkīs, Yūsuf Ilyān. Mucjam al-Maṭbū cĀt al-cArabiyya wa al-Mu cArraba. Cairo: Yūsuf Ilyān Sirkīs wa Awlāduhu, 1931

al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn cAlī. Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfi ciyya al-Kubrā. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Ṭanāḥī and cAbd al-Fattāḥ al-Muḥammad al-Ḥulw. Cairo: cĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1383 ah

al-Subkī, Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. cAbd al-Kāfī. Fatāwā al-Subkī. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Suddī, Abū Muḥammad Ismācīl b. cAbd al-Raḥmān. Tafsīr al-Suddī al-Kabīr. Edited by Muḥammad cAṭā Yūsuf. Riyadh: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 1993

al-Suyūrī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Miqdād b. cAbd Allāh. Kanz al-cIrfān fī Fiqh al-QurʾĀn. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir al-Bihbūdī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawiyya, n.d.

al-Suyūrī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Miqdād b. cAbd Allāh al-Tanqīḥ al-Rāʾ i cli Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʾ i c. Edited by al-Sayyid cAbd al-Laṭīf al-Kūhkamarrī. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1404 ah

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. al-Durr al-Manthūr fī al-Tafsīr bi al-Māʾ thūr. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Anwār al-Muḥammadiyya, n.d.

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn Ikhtilāf al-Madhāhib. Edited by cAbd al-Qayyūm Muḥammad al-Basṭāwī. Cairo: Dār al-Ictiṣām, 1404 ah

al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Jāmi cAl-Bayān fi Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1989

al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr Taʾ rīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk. Beirut: Mūʾ assasat cIzz al-Dīn, 1987

al-Ṭabāṭabāʾ ī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀ. Qum: MaṭbacAt Ismācīliyān, 1412 ah

al-Ṭabrīsī, Abū cAlī al-Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan. Majma c al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār Maktabat al-Ḥayāt, n.d.

al-Ṭaḥāwī, Abū Jacfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Salāma. Sharḥ Mushkil al-Ḥadīth. Edited by Shucayb al-Arnaʾ ūṭ. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1994

al-Ṭaḥṭāwī, Aḥmad. Ḥāshiyat al-Ṭaḥṭāwī calā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1975

al-Tamīmī, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn cAbd al-cAzīz. Kitāb al-Nīl wa Shifāʾ al-cAlīl. Jedda: Maktabat al-Irshād, 1985. (The commentary by Muḥammad b. Yūsuf Aṭṭafayyīsh, Sharḥ Kitāb al-Nīl is in the margins.)

al-Tamīmī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Jawharī. Nawādir al-Fuqahāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Faḍl cAbd al-cAzīz al-Murād. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1993

al-Ṭarabulusī, al-Qāḍī cAbd al-cAzīz Ibn al-Barrāj. al-Muhadhdhab. Edited by Jacfar al-Subḥānī. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1409 ah

al-Ṭarsawī, Najm al-Dīn b. cAlī. Tuḥfat al-Turk fī mā Yajib cAn Yu cmal fī al-Mulk. Edited by Riḍwān al-Sayyid. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalī cA, 1992

al-Tasūlī (Madīdash), Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. cAbd al-Salām. al-Buhja fī Sharḥ al-Tuḥfa. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-ThacĀlibī, cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. Makhlūf. al-Jawāhir al-Ḥisān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī li al-MaṭbūcĀt, n.d.

al-Thawrī, Abū cAbd Allāh Sufyān b. Sacīd b. Masrūq. Tafsīr Sufyān al-Thawrī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

al-Tirmidhī, Abū cĪsā Muḥammad b. Sūra. al-Jāmi cAl-Ṣaḥīḥ. Edited by Kamāl al-Ḥūt. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1987

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī. al-Istibṣār fī mā Ikhtalafa min al-Akhbār. Edited by Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Kharsān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islamīyya, 1390 ah

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī al-Kashafī. Tehran: al-Maktabah al-Murtaḍawiyya, 1387 ah

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Qum: Intishārāt Quds Muḥammadī, n.d.

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī al-Rasā ʾ il al-cAshr. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām. Edited by Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Kharsān. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1985

al-Tustarī, Nūr Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-MarcAshī. Iḥqāq al-Ḥaqq wa Izhāq al-Bāṭil. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1404 ah

al-ʾ Ubbī, Muḥammad b. Khalīfa al-Wishtānī. Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1994

cŪdah, cAbd al-Qādir. al-Tashrī cAl-Jinā ʾ ī al-Islāmī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, n.d.

cUlaysh, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Fatḥ al-cAlī al-Mālik fī al-Fatwā calā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1958

Wakī c, Muḥammad b. Khalaf b. Ḥayyān. Akhbār al-Quḍāh. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, n.d.

al-Wansharīsī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Al-Mi cyār al-Mu crib. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1981

al-Warjalānī, Abū Yacqūb Yūsuf b. Ibrāhīm. al-cAdl wa al-Inṣāf fī Ma crifat Uṣūl al-Fiqh wa al-Ikhtilāf. Oman: Wizārat al-Turāth, 1983

al-Wazīr, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Yamānī. al-cAwāṣim wa al-Qawāṣim fī al-Dhabb cAn Sunnat Abī al-Qāsim. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1992

al-Yamanī, Abū Muḥammad. cAqāʾ id al-Thalātha wa al-Sab cīna Firqa. Edited by Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh Zarbāb al-Ghāmidi. Medina: Maktabat al-cUlūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1414 ah

al-Yacqūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāq b. Jacfar b. Wāḍiḥ. Taʾ rīkh al-Ya cqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. cUmar al-Khawārizmī. al-Kashshāf. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. cUmar al-Khawārizmī Rabī cAl-Abrār fī Nuṣūṣ al-Akhbār. Edited by cAbd al-Amīr Muhannā. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī, 1992

al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. cUmar al-Khawārizmī Ruʾ ūs al-Masāʾ il. Edited by cAbd Allāh Nazīr Aḥmad. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾ ir al-Islāmiyya, n.d.

al-Zarkashī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh. Sharḥ al-Zarkashī calā Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī fī al-Fiqh calā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Raḥmān b. cAbd Allāh b. al-Jibrīn. Riyadh: al-cUbaykān, n.d.

al-Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Bāqī b. Yūsuf. Sharḥ al-Zarqānī calā Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Imām Mālik. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1990

al-Zaylacī, Fakhr al-Dīn cUthmān b. cAlī. Tabyīn al-Ḥaqāʾ iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾ iq. Medina: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmiyya, n.d.

al-Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn. al-A clām. Beirut: Dār al-cIlm li al-Malāyīn, 1989

Abel, Richard. “Law as Lag: Inertia as a Social Theory of Law.”Michigan Law Review 80 (March, 1982): 785–809CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abel, Richard Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle against Apartheid, 1980–1994. New York: Routledge, 1995

Abel, Richard “Redirecting Social Studies of Law.”Law and Society 14 (Spring, 1980): 803–26

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. “Ahkam al-Bughat: Irregular Warfare and the Law of Rebellion in Islam.” In Cross, Crescent, and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Traditions. Edited by James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “The Common and Islamic Law of Duress.”Arab Law Quarterly 6, no. 2 (1991): 121–59CrossRef

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “Islamic Law and Muslim Minorities: The Juristic Discourse on Muslim Minorities from the Second/Eighth to the Eleventh/Seventeenth Centuries.”Islamic Law and Society 1, no. 2 (1994): 141–87CrossRef

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “Political Crime in Islamic Jurisprudence and Western Legal History.”Journal of International Law and Policy 4, no. 1 (Winter, 1998): 1–28

Abou El Fadl, Khaled Speaking in God ʾ s Name: Islamic Law, Authority, and Women. Oxford: Oneworld Press, 2001

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “Tax Farming in Islamic Law: A Search for a Concept.”Islamic Studies 31, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 5–32

Abou El Fadl, Khaled and Watson, Alan. “Fox Hunting, Pheasant Shooting, and Comparative Law.”The American Journal of Comparative Law 48, no. 1 (2000): 1–37Google Scholar

cAlī, cAbdullah Yūsuf, trans. The Meaning of The Holy QurʾĀn. Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications, 1995

Anderson, J. N. D. Law Reform in the Muslim World. London: Athlone Press, 1976

Arzt, Donna E.“Heroes or Heretics: Religious Dissidents under Islamic Law.”Wisconsin International Law Journal 14 (Spring 1996): 349–421Google Scholar

cAthāmina, K.“The Ulamāʾ in the Opposition: The ‘Stick and Carrot’ Policy in Early Islam.”The Islamic Quarterly 36 (1992): 153–78Google Scholar

Austin, John. Lectures on Jurisprudence, 5th ed. London: John Murray, 1885

Austin, John The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. New York: Noonday Press, 1954

al-Azami, Muhammad M. On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985

al-Azmeh, Aziz. “Islamic Legal Theory and the Appropriation of Reality.” In Islamic Law: Social and Historical Contexts. Edited by Aziz al-Azmeh. London: Routledge, 1988

al-Azmeh, Aziz Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian and Pagan Polities. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997

Balbus, Isaac D.“Commodity Form and Legal Form: An Essay on the Relative Autonomy of the Law.”Law and Society Review 11 (Winter, 1977): 571–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, Bernard, and Alex Inkeles, eds. Stability and Social Change. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1971

Barcelo, Miquel. “Rodes que giren dins el foc de l'infern'o per que servia la moneda dels taifes?”Gaceta Numismatica 105–6 (1992): 15–24Google Scholar

Barkey, Karen. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994

Bauman, Richard A. Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge, 1996

Bel, A. “Tlemcen,” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VIII:801

Bellamy, John G. The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970

Bellamy, John G. The Tudor Law of Treason. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979

Ben Cheneb, Mohammad. “Ibn Taimīya,” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., III:421

Bentham, Jeremy. Of Laws in General. New York: Athlone Press, 1970

Bentham, Jeremy The Limits of Jurisprudence Defined. New York: Columbia University Press, 1945

Bercher, L.“L'apostasie, le blaspheme et la rebellion en droit Musulman malekite.”Revue Tunisienne (1923): 115–30Google Scholar

Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983

Bianqus, Thierry. “Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume One, Islamic Egypt 640–1517. Edited by Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979

Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. The End of the Jihād State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn cAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996

Bowen, H. and C. E. Bosworth. “Niẓām al-Mulk” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VIII:69

Brockopp, Jonathan E.“Early Islamic Jurisprudence in Egypt: Two Scholars and their Mukhtaṣars.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 2 (1998): 167–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brockopp, Jonathan E. Early Mālikī Law: Ibn cAbd al-Ḥakam and his Major Compendium of Jurisprudence. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000

Bulliet, Richard W. The Patricians of Nishapur: A Study in Medieval Islamic Social History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972

Burman, Edward. The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam. London: Aquarian Press, 1987

Bursell, Rupert D. H. Liturgy, Order and the Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996

Burton, John. “Rewriting the Timetable of Early Islam.”Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 (1995): 453–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cahen, Claude. “Buwayhids.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:1350

Calder, Norman. “Al-Sarakhsī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IX:35

Calder, Norman “The Structure of Authority in Imāmī Shīcī Jurisprudence.” Ph.D. thesis, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1980

Calder, Norman Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993

Canard, M. “Fāṭimids.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., II:850

Chokr, Melhem. Zandaqa et Zindiqs en Islam au Second Siècle de l'Hégire.Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1993

Christenson, Ron. Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law, 2nd ed. New Brunswick and London: Transaction, 1999

Cohen, Boaz. Jewish and Roman Law: A Comparative Study. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1966

Cohen, Morris Raphael. The Faith of a Liberal. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1993

Cohen, Morris Raphael Law and Social Order: Essays in Legal Philosophy. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1982

Cohen, Morris Raphael Reason and Law: Studies in Juristic Philosophy. Glencoe, IL.: Free Press, 1950

Conley, John, and William O'Barr. Just Words: Law, Language and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998

Cook, Michael. “Activism and Quietism in Islam: The Case of the Early Murjiʾ a.” In Islam and Power. Edited by Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981

Cook, Michael Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000

Cook, Michael “Eschatology and the Dating of Traditions.”Princeton Papers in Near Eastern Studies 1 (1992): 23–47

Coulson, N. J. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964

Crone, Patricia. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980CrossRef

Crone, Patricia “Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?”Der Islam 71, no. 1 (1994): 1–57CrossRef

Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds. God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, 1986

Cross, Rupert, and J. W. Harris. Precedent in English Law, 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991

Cuttler, S. H. The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981

Dachraoui, F. “al-Nucmān.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VIII:117

Daftary, Farhad. The Ismā cīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990

Danet, Brenda. “Language in the Legal Process.”Law and Society Review 14 (1980): 445–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Glanvill, Ranulf. The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Realm of England Commonly Called Glanvill. Edited and translated by G. D. G. Hall. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993

Dekmejian, R. Hrair. Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World, 2nd ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995

D'Entreves, A. P. Natural Law. London: Hutchinson, 1951

Downer, L. J., trans. Leges Henrici Primi. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972

Drew, Katherine Fisher, trans. The Lombard Laws. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1973

Duri, A. A. The Rise of Historical Writing among the Arabs. Translated by Lawrence J. Conrad. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983

Dutton, Yasin. The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʾān, the Muwaṭṭaʾ and Madinan cAmal. Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999

Dutton, Yasin “Review of Calder's Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence.”Journal of Islamic Studies 5 (1994): 102–8

Ehrlich, Eugen. Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law. Translated by Walter L. Moll. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936

El Awa, Mohamed S. Punishment in Islamic Law. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1993

Enayat, Hamid. Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982

Ephart, Daphna. A Learned Society in a Period of Transition: The Sunnī cUlamāʾ of Eleventh-Century Baghdad. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000

Evans, Richard J. Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

Fadel, Hossam Mohammad. “Adjudication in the Maliki Madhhab: A Study of Legal Process in Medieval Islamic Law.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1995

Fadel, Hossam Mohammad “Ibn Ḥajar's Hady al-Sārī: A Medieval Interpretation of the Structure of al-Bukhārī's al-Jāmi cAl-Ṣaḥīḥ: Introduction and Translation.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54, no. 3 (1995): 161–97CrossRef

Fadel, Hossam Mohammad “The Social Logic of Taqlīd and the Rise of the Mukhataṣar [sic].”Islamic Law and Society 3, no. 2 (1996): 193–233CrossRef

Fallers, Lloyd A. Law without Precedent: Legal Ideas in Action in the Courts of Colonial Busoga. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969

Fierro, Maria Isabel. “Heresy in al-Andalus.” In The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992: 895–904

Finnis, John. Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980

Finnis, John, Joseph Boyle, and Germain Grisez. Nuclear Deterrence, Morality and Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987

Frank, Jerome. Law and the Modern Mind. New York: Tudor Publishing Co., 1930

Friedrich, Carl Joachim. The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963

Fuller, Lon. The Morality of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964

Fyzee, A. “Nucmān.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VI:953

“Qadi an-Nucman: The Fatimid Jurist and Author.”Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (1934): 1–32

Gatrell, V. A. C. The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

Geldart, William. Introduction to English Law. Revised by David Yardley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “cAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr,” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:54

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “Constitutional Organization.” In Origin and Development of Islamic Law, vol. I of Law in the Middle East. Edited by Majid Khadduri and Herbert J. Liebesny. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1955

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “al-Māwardī's Theory of the Caliphate.” In Studies on the Civilization of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962. Originally published in Islamic Culture 11 (1937): 291–302

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “Ṭūlūnids.” EII, VIII:834

Gibb, H. A. R. and J. H. Kramers, eds. Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991

Goldziher, Ignaz. The Ẓāhirīs: Their Doctrine and their History. Translated by Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971

Gray, John Chipman. The Nature and Sources of the Law, 2nd ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963

Guraya, Muhammad Yusuf. Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence. Delhi: Noor Publishing House, 1992

Hallaq, Wael B. A History of Islamic Legal Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Hallaq, Wael B. “Model Shurūṭ Works and the Dialectic of Doctrine and Practice.”Islamic Law and Society 2, no. 2 (June, 1995): 109–34CrossRef

Hallaq, Wael B. “Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?” In Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam. Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1994. Originally published in International Journal of Middle East Studies 16 (1984): 3–41CrossRef

Hallaq, Wael B. “Was al-Shafici the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?”International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, no. 4 (1993): 587–605CrossRef

Hamidullah, Muhammad. The Muslim Conduct of State, 7th ed. Lahore: S. Muhammad Ashraf, 1977

Hart, H. L. A. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961

Hasan, Ahmad. The Early Development of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1970

Hawting, G. R. The First Dynasty: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750. London: Croom Helm, 1986

Hawting, G. R. “Al-Mukhtār b. Abī cUbayd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VII:521

Hawting, G. R. “Sacd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VIII:696

Hawting, G. R. “The Significance of the Slogan Lā Ḥukm illā Lillāh and the References to the Ḥudūd in the Traditions about the Fitna and the Murder of cUthmān.”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41 (1978): 452–463

Heffening, Willi. “Al-Sarakhsī.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VII:159

Hinds, M. “Miḥna.” E2, VII:2

Hinds, M. “The Murder of the Caliph cUthmān.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (1972): 450–69CrossRef

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Classical Age of Islam, Vol. I of The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974CrossRef

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. “Djacfar al-Ṣādiḳ.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., II:374

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismā cīlī against the Islamic World. New York: AMS Press, 1955

Holland, Thomas Erskine. The Elements of Jurisprudence, 13th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924

Hudson, John. The Formation of the English Common Law. New York: Longman, 1996

Ibrahim, Mahmood. “Religious Inquisition as Social Policy: The Persecution of the Zandiqa in the Early Abbasid Caliphate.”Arab Studies Quarterly 16, no. 2 (1994): 53–72Google Scholar

Idris, H. R.“Deux juristes kairouanais del' epoque zīrīde: Ibn Abī Zayd et al-Qābisī.”Annales de l'Institut des Etudes Orientales (1954): 121–98Google Scholar

Idris, H. R. “Ibn Abī Zayd al-Ḳayrawānī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:695

Ingraham, Barton L. Political Crime in Europe: A Comparative Study of France, Germany and England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979

Jackson, B. S. Theft in Early Jewish Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972

Jackson, Sherman A. Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Qarāfī. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996

Johansen, Baber. The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent. London: Croom Helm, 1988

Jolowicz, H. F. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952

Jones, William C., trans. The Great Qing Code. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994

Juynboll, G. H. A.“The Qurrāʾ in Early Islamic History.”Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 16 (1973):113–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Juynboll, G. H. A. “The QurʾĀn Reciters on the Battlefield and Concomitant Issues.”Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 125 (1975): 11–27

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Freedom of Expression in Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing, 1994

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991

Kelly, J. M. A Short History of Western Legal Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992

Kelsen, Hans. Pure Theory of Law. Translated by M. Knight, 2nd ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967

Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. London: Longman, 1986

Khadduri, Majid. Islamic Conception of Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984

Khadduri, Majid War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955

Khadduri, Majid, trans. The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybānī's Siyar. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966

Khalid, Anas. “The Mukhtaṣar of al-Khiraqī: A Tenth Century Work on Islamic Jurisprudence.” Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1992

Kirchheimer, Otto. “Legality and Legitimacy.” In The Rule of Law under Siege: Selected Essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer. Edited by William E. Scheuerman. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996

Kirchheimer, Otto Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961

Kohlberg, Etan. “The Development of the ʾ Imāmī Shīcī Doctrine of Jihād.”Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 126 (1976): 64–86Google Scholar

Kohlberg, Etan “Shahīd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IX:203

Kohlberg, Etan “Some Notes on the Imāmī–Shīcī Views on Taqiyya.”Journal of the American Oriental Society 95 (1975): 395–402CrossRef

Kraemer, Joel L.“Apostates, Rebels and Brigands.”Israel Oriental Studies 10(1980): 35–73Google Scholar

Lambton, Ann K. S. “Changing Concepts of Authority in the Late Ninth/Fifteenth and Early Tenth/Sixteenth Centuries.” In Islam and Power. Edited by Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981

Lambton, Ann K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory: The Jurists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981

Laoust, Henri. “Ibn Taymiyya.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:951

Laoust, Henri La Politique de Gazālī. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1970

Lapidus, Ira M.“The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Societies.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 6 (1975): 363–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lassner, Jacob. Islamic Revolution and Historical Memory. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1986

Lassner, Jacob The Shaping of cAbbāsid Rule. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980

Laven, Peter. “Banditry and Lawlessness on the Venetian Terraferma in the Later Cinquecento.” In Crime, Society and the Law in Renaissance Italy. Edited by Trevor Dean and K. J. P. Lowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. Beset by Contradictions: Islamization, Legal Reform and Human Rights in Sudan. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1996

Lecker, Michael. “Biographical Notes on Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī.”Journal of Semitic Studies 41 (1996): 21–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lecker, Michael “The Ḍirār Mosque (9 ah).” In Muslims, Jews and Pagans: Studies on Early Islamic Medina. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995

Levi, E. H. Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948

Levi, Judith N. and Anne G. Walker, eds. Language in the Judicial Process. New York: Plenum Press, 1990

Lewis, Bernard. The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967

Lewis, Bernard Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East, 2nd ed. Chicago: Open Court, 1993

Lewis, Bernard The Political Language of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988

Llewellyn, Karl N. The Bramble Bush: on our Law and its Study. New York: Oceana Publications, 1951

Llewellyn, Karl N. The Common Law Tradition. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960

Lowe, Kate. “The Political Crime of Conspiracy in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century France.” In Crime, Society and the Law in Renaissance Italy. Edited by Trevor Dean and K. J. P. Lowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994

MacCormick, Neil. Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994

MacDowell, Douglas M. The Law in Classical Athens. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978

MacMullen, Ramsey. Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge, 1992

Madelung, Wilferd. “The Fāṭimids and the Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn.” In Mediaeval Isma cili History and Thought. Edited by Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996

Madelung, Wilferd “Ḳarmaṭī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IV:660

Madelung, Wilferd “Khaṭṭābiyya.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IV:1132

Madelung, Wilferd “The Sources of Ismācīlī Law.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 35 (1976): 29–40CrossRef

Madelung, Wilferd The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Madelung, Wilferd “A Treatise of the Sharīf al-Murtaḍā on the Legality of Working for the Government (Masʾ ala fīʾ l-cAmal macaʾl-Sulṭān).”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43 (1980): 18–31

Mahmasani, Subhi. The Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam. Translated by Farhat J. Ziadeh. Selangor Dorul Ehsan: Penerbitan Hizbi, 1987

Maimonides, Moses. The Code of Maimonides: The Book of Judges. Translated by Abraham M. Hershman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977

Maitland, F. W. The Constitutional History of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946

Maitland, F. and F. Pollock. The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895

Makdisi, George. “Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad.”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 24 (1961): 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makdisi, George The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981

Marcais, G. “cAbd al-Wādids.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:91

Margoliouth, D. S. “Karrāmīya.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., IV:773

Marin-Guzman, Roberto. Popular Dimensions of the cAbbasid Revolution: A Case Study of Medieval Islamic Social History. Cambridge: Fulbright-Laspau, 1990

Marlow, Louise. Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Massignon, L. “Zandj.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VIII:1213

Masud, Muhammad Khalid. Islamic Legal Philosophy: A Study of Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi Life and Thought. New Delhi: International Islamic Publishers, 1989

McLynn, Frank. Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991

Melchert, Christopher. The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997

Mikhail, Hanna. Politics and Revelation: Māwardī and After. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995

Modarressi, Hossein. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi cite Islam. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1993

Modarressi, Hossein Kharāj in Islamic Law. London: Anchor Press Ltd, 1983

Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shī cī Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985

Moosa, Ebrahim. Ghazālī of Tus: The Life and Times of a Sufi Mystic. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001

Moosa, Matti Moosa. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1988

Morrill, Calvin and Facciola, Peter C.. “The Power of Language in Adjudication and Mediation: Institutional Contexts as Predictors of Social Evaluation.”Law and Social Inquiry 17 (1992): 191–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murphy, Jeffrie G. and Jules L. Coleman. Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence, rev. ed. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990

Nagel, T. “Ḳurrāʾ.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., V:499

Nawas, John A.“A Reexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Maʾ mun's Introduction of the Miḥna.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 26, no. 4 (1994): 615–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ochesenwald, William. “Saudi Arabia.” In The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity. Edited by Shireen Hunter. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988

Ogburn, William Fielding. On Culture and Social Change: Selected Papers. Edited by Otis Dudley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964

Ogburn, William Fielding Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature. Gloucester, MA.: P. Smith, 1964

Peters, Rudolph. Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1979

Peters, Rudolph and Vries, Gert J.. “Apostasy in Islam.”Die Welt des Islams 17, nos. 1–4 (1976–7): 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Plucknett, Theodore F. T. A Concise History of the Common Law, 5th ed. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1956

Poonawala, Ismail K. “Al-Qāḍī al-Nucmān and Ismācīlī Jurisprudence.” In Mediaeval Ismacili History and Thought. Edited by Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996

Pound, Roscoe. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952

Pound, Roscoe Social Control through Law. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997

Rahman, Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1965

Rahman, Fazlur Islamic Methodology in History. Delhi: Adam Publishers, 1994

Rahman, Fazlur “The Law of Rebellion in Islam.” In Islam in the Modern World: 1983 Paine Lectures in Religion. Edited by Jill Raitt. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri–Columbia, n.d.

Reckendorf, H. “cAmmār.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., I:332; = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:448

Ritter, H. “Ḥasan al-Baṣrī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:247

Rommen, Heinrich A. The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy. Translated by Thomas R. Hanley. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., 1998

Rosenthal, E. I. J. Political Thought in Medieval Islam: An Introductory Outline.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962

Ross, Alf. On Law and Justice. London: Stevens Publishers, 1958

Rubinacci, R. “Azāriḳa.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:810

Sachedina, Abdulaziz. The Just Ruler in Shicite Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988

Sanders, Paula A. “The Fāṭimid State, 969–1171.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume One, Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Edited by Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964

Schacht, Joseph The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950

Schacht, Joseph “On Some Manuscripts in Kairouan and Tunis.”Arabica 14 (1967): 225–58CrossRef

Schild, Wolfgang. “History of Criminal Law and Procedure.” In Criminal Justice through the Ages. Translated by John Fosberry. Rothenburg: Mittelalterliches Kriminalmuseum, 1981

Schisas, Pandias M. Offenses against the State in Roman Law. London: University of London Press, 1926

Schwartz, David Aaron. “International Terrorism and Islamic Law.”Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 29 (Summer 1991): 629–52Google Scholar

Seligsohn, M. “cĀʾ isha.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., I:216

Selznick, Philip. The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992

Selznick, Philip, and Philippe Nonet. Law and Society in Transition: Toward Responsive Law, 1st ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1978

Selznick, Philip, Philippe Nonet, and Howard M. Vollmer. Law, Society and Industrial Justice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1969

Sezgin, Fouad. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967

Shaban, M. A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971CrossRef

Shaban, M. A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976CrossRef

Sharon, Moshe. Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the cAbbasid State – Incubation of a Revolt. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1983

Sharon, Moshe Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of the cAbbāsid Revolution. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1990

Sharpe, J. A. Judicial Punishment in England. London: Faber & Faber, 1990

Smith, Goldwin. A Constitutional and Legal History of England. New York: Dorset Press, 1990

Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Treason in Tudor England: Politics and Paranoia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986CrossRef

Sonn, Tamara. “Irregular Warfare and Terrorism in Islam: Asking the Right Questions.” In Cross, Crescent, and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Tradition. Edited by James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990

Sourdel, Dominique. “La politique religieuse du calife cAbbaside al-Maʾ mun.”Revue des etudes islamiques 30 (1962): 27–48Google Scholar

Spellberg, D. A. Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of cĀʾisha Bint Abī Bakr. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994

Staire, James Viscount. The Institutions of the Law of Scotland. Edited by David M. Walker. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1981

Stewart, Devin J. Islamic Legal Orthodoxy: Twelver Shiite Responses to the Sunni Legal System. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998

Stewart, Devin J. “Taqiyyah as Performance: The Travels of Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-cĀmilī in the Ottoman Empire (991–93/1583–85).”Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4 (Spring, 1996): 1–70

Strothmann, R. “Zaidiya.”EII, VIII:1196

Sumner, William Graham. Folkways: A Study of Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores and Morals. New York: Dover Publications, 1959

Taswell-Langmead, Thomas Pitt. English Constitutional History from the Teutonic Conquest to the Present Time. Edited by Theodore F. T. Plucknett, 10th ed. London: Houghton Miflin Co., 1946

Todd, S. C. The Shape of Athenian Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995

Udovitch, Abraham L. Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970

Urvoy, Dominique. “The cUlamāʾ of al-Andalus.” In The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992

Vadet, J. C. “Ibn Mascūd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:873

Vaglieri, L. Veccia. “cAbd Allāh ibn cUmar.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:53

Vaglieri, L. Veccia “al-AshcArī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:695

Ess, Joseph. “Ibn Kullāb et la Miḥna.”Arabica 38 (1990): 173–233Google Scholar

Van Ess, Joseph “Une Lecture a rebours de l'histoire du muctazilisme,” parts 1 and 2. Revue des études islamiques 46 (1978): 163–240; 47 (1979): 19–69

Walker, Paul E. “The Ismācīlī Dacwa and the Fāṭimid Caliphate.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume One, Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Edited by Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Walker, R. J. and M. G. Walker. The English Legal System, 2nd ed. London: Butterworth, 1970

Wasserstein, D. J. “Mulūk al-Tawāʾ if in Muslim Spain.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VII:552

Watson, Alan. The Evolution of Law. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985

Watson, Alan Failures of the Legal Imagination. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988

Watson, Alan “Legal Change: Sources of Law and Legal Culture.”University of Pennsylvania Law Review 131 (1983): 1121–57CrossRef

Watson, Alan Legal Transplants. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1974

Watson, Alan The Nature of Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977

Watson, Alan Society and Legal Change. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1977

Watson, Alan Sources of Law, Legal Change, and Ambiguity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1984

Watt, Montgomery. “cĀʾ isha Bint Abī Bakr.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:307

Watt, Montgomery The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973

Watt, Montgomery “Al-Ghazālī,” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., II:1038

Watt, Montgomery Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968

White, Edward J. Legal Antiquities: A Collection of Essays upon Ancient Laws and Customs. London: Thomas Law Book Co., 1913

Wilkinson, J. C. “The Early Development of the Ibāḍī Movement in Baṣra.” In Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society. Edited by G. H. A. Juynboll. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982

Wilkinson, J. C. The Imamite Tradition of Oman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997

Zettersteen, K. V. “cAbd Allāh ibn cUmar.” EII, I:28

Zettersteen, K. V. “Sacd.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VII:29

Zwemer, S. M. The Law of Apostasy in Islam. London: Marsall Brothers, 1924

alc-Abādī, Aḥmad b. Qāsim. Ḥāshiya calā Tuḥfat al-Muḥtāj. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

cAbd al-Ḥalīm, Ibn Ḥamza b. Bir Qadam. al-Ḥāshiya calā al-Ghurar wa al-Durar. N.p.: Dār al-Ṭibāca al-cĀmira, 1270 ah

al-ābī, Ṣāliḥ cAbd al-Samī cAl-Azharī. Jawāhir al-Iklīl Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-cAllāma al-Shaykh Khalīl. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-Thaqāfiyya, 1347 ah

Abū cAwwāna, Yacqūb b. Isḥāq al-Asfarāʾ inī. Musnad Abī cAwwāna. Edited by Ayman b. cĀrif al-Dimashqī. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1998

Abū al-Barakāt, Muḥammad. al-Muḥarrar fī al-Fiqh. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. In Ibn Mufliḥ, al-Nukat

Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān b. al-AshcAth al-Sijistānī al-Azdī. Sunan. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1988

Abū al-Faḍl, Midḥat. “Jarīmat al-Baghy fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.” al-Muḥāmī (April–May–June, 1982): 69–79

Abū al-Fidāʾ, cImād al-Dīn b. Shāhinshāh Ayyūb. al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar. Edited by Maḥmūd Dayyūb. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

Abū Ghuddah, cAbd al-Fattāḥ. Ṣafaḥāt min Ṣabr al-cUlamāʾ. Beirut: Maktab al-MutbūcĀt al-Islāmiyya, 1997

Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī, Athīr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yūsuf. Tafsīr al-Nahr al-Mādd min al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Jinān, 1987

Abū al-Layth, Naṣr b. Muḥammad b. Ibrahīm al-Samarqandī. cUyūn al-Masāʾ il. Edited by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Nāhī. Baghdad: MaṭbacAt AscAd, 1967

Abū Mikhnaf, Lūṭ b. Yaḥyā b. Sacīd al-Ghāmidī al-Azdī al-Kūfī. Nuṣūṣ min Taʾ rīkh Abī Mikhnaf. Edited by Kāmil Sulaymān al-Jubūrī. Beirut: Dār al-Maḥajja al-Bayḍāʾ, 1999

Abū Shujāc, al-Qāḍī Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Iṣfahānī. Matn al-Ghāya wa al-Taqrīb. Edited by Mājid al-Ḥamawī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1994

Abū Yaclā, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Farrāʾ. al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

Abū Yaclā, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Farrāʾal-Masāʾ il al-Fiqhiyya min Kitāb al-Riwāyatayn wa al-Wajhayn. Edited by cAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Laḥḥām. Cairo: Maktabat al-MacĀrif, n.d.

Abū Yūsuf, Yacqūb b. Ibrāhīm. Kitāb al-Kharāj. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

Abū Yūsuf, Yacqūb b. Ibrāhīm al-Radd calā Siyar al-Awzā cī. Edited Abū al-Wafāʾ al-Afghānī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Abū Zahra, Muḥammad. al-Jarīma wa al-cUqūba fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī: al-cUqūba. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-cArabī, n.d.

Abū Zahra, Muḥammad Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-cArabī, n.d.

al-cAdawī, cAlī al-Ṣacīdī. Ḥāshiya calā Kifāyat al-Ṭālib al-Rabbānī li-Risālat Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa MaṭbacAt Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1938

al-Afghānī, cAbd al-Ḥakīm. Kashf al-Ḥaqāʾ iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾ iq. Karachi: Idārat al-QurʾĀn wa al-cUlūm al-Islāmiyya, 1987

Aḥmad, Hilālī. Uṣūl al-TashrīcAl-Jināʾ ī al-Islāmī macA Ishārah ilā Taṭbīqātihi fī al-Mamlaka al-cArabiyya al-Sucūdiyya. Cairo: n.p., 1995

Akhbār MajmūcA. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1981

Alf Sannah min al-Wafayāt. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Ribat, Morocco: MaṭbūcĀt Dār al-Maghrib li al-Taʾlīf wa al-Tarjamah wa al-Nashr, 1976

al-ālūsī, Shihāb al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. cAbd Allāh. Rūḥ al-MacĀnī fī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn al-cAẓīm wa al-SabcAl-Mathānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, 1985

Amḥazūn, Muḥammad. Taḥqīq Mawāqif al-Ṣaḥāba fī al-Fitnah. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Kawthar, 1994

al-Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn cAlī b. Muḥammad. al-Iḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām. 2nd ed., Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1402 ah

al-cāmilī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Makkī. Ghāyat al-Murād fī Sharḥ Nukat al-Irshād. Qum: Markaz al-Abḥāth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya, 1414 ah

al-cāmilī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Makkī al-LumcA al Dimashqiyya. Edited by Muḥammad Kalantar. Najaf: MaṭbacAt al-Ādāb, 1386 ah

al-Amīnī, cAbd al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad al-Najafī. al-Ghadīr fī al-Kitāb wa al-Sunnah wa al-Adab. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1983

al-Anṣārī, Zakariyyā b. Muḥammad. Fatḥ al-Wahhāb bi-Sharḥ Minhāj al-Ṭullāb. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1948

al-Anṣārī, Zakariyyā b. Muḥammad Al-Manhaj. In Ḥāshiyat al-Jamal calā Sharḥ al-Manhaj, by Sulaymān al-Jamal. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

AscAd, Aḥmad. Qānūn al-cUqūbāt al-Miṣrī. Cairo: n.p., 1964

al-Asadī, Sayf b. cUmar al-Ḍabbī. al-Fitnah wa WaqcAt al-Jamal. Edited by Aḥmad Rātib cArmūsh. Beirut: Dār al-Nafāʾ is, 1993

al-AshcArī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Ismācīl. Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al Muṣallīn. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-cAṣriyya, 1990

al-Asnawī, cAbd al-Raḥīm (a.k.a. Jamāl al-Dīn). Ṭabaqāt al-Shāficiyya. Edited by Kamāl al-Ḥūt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1987

al-Atābakī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf b. Taghrī Birdī. al-Nujūm al-Ẓāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa al-Qāhira. Cairo: al-Muʾ assasa al-Miṣriyya al-cĀmma, 1963

al-cAynī, Abū Muḥammad Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. al-Bināya fī Sharḥ al-Hidāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990

al-cAynī, Abū Muḥammad Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad cUmdat al-Qārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-BacAlī, Aḥmad b. cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad. al-Rawḍ al-Nadī Sharḥ Kāfī al-Mubtadī. Cairo: al-MaṭbacA al-Salafiyya, 1960

al-Baghawī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn b. Mascūd. Sharḥ al-Sunna. Edited by MucAwwaḍ al-Laḥḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1994

al-Baghdādī, cAbd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir b. Muḥammad. al-Farq bayn al-Firaq. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Bahnasī, Aḥmad Fatḥī. Madkhal al-Fiqh al-Jināʾ ī al-Islāmī. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1980

al-Bājī, Abū al-Walīd Sulaymān b. Khalaf al-Andalusī. al-Muntaqā Sharḥ Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Imām Mālik. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1983

al-Bakrī, al-Sayyid. I cānat al-Ṭālibīn. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Bayḍāwī, Abū Sacīd cAbd Allāh b. cUmar b. Muḥammad al-Shīrāzī. Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Taʾ wīl. Beirut: Muʾ assasat Shacbān, n.d.

al-Bayḍāwī, Abū Sacīd cAbd Allāh b. cUmar b. Muḥammad al-Shīrāzī al-Ghāya al-Quṣwā fī Dirāyat al-Fatwā. Edited by cAlī Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Qasrī. Baghdad: n.p., n.d.

al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. cAlī. Macrifat al-Sunan wa al-āthār. Edited by Sayyid Kasrawī Ḥusayn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1991

al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. cAlī al-Sunan al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Bayhaqī A1-Jishumī, al-Hākim abū Sa cd al-Muḥassin b. Muḥammad b. Karāmah. Risālat Īblis ilā Ikhwānihi al-Manāḥīs. Edited by Ḥusayn al-Mudarrisī al-Ṭabāṭabāʾ ī. Qum: np., 1986

al-Bazzār, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. cAbd al-Khāliq al-cAtakī. al-Baḥr al-Zakhkhār. Edited by Maḥfūẓ al-Raḥmān Zayn Allāh. Medina: Maktabat al-cUlūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1988

al-Bazzāzī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Shihāb al-Kardarī. al-Fatāwā al-Bazzāziyya. Printed in the margins of al-Fatāwā al-Ālamgīriyya

Bin Bāz, cAbd al-cAzīz b. cAbd Allāh. MajmūcFatāwā wa Maqālāt MutanawwicA. Edited by Muḥammad b. Sacd al-ShuwīcAr. Riyadh: n.p., 1990

al-Buhūtī, Manṣūr b. Yūnus b. Idrīs. Kashshāf al-Qinā ccAn Matn al-Iqnāc. Edited by Hilāl Muṣilḥī Muṣṭafā Hilāl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1982

al-Buhūtī, Manṣūr b. Yūnus b. Idrīs al-Rawḍ al-MurbicSharḥ Zād al-Mustaqnic. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd al-Raḥmān cAwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1986

al-Bukhārī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Ismācīl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-cArabiyya, n.d.

al-Bukhārī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Ismācīl Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Dardīr, Abū al-Barakāt Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. al-Sharḥ al-Ṣaghīr. Printed in the margins of al-Ṣāwī, Bulgha

al-Dārimī, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b.cAbd al-Raḥmān. Sunan. Edited by Fawāz Zamrālī and Khālid al-cAlamī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1987

al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Siyar Aclām al-Nubalāʾ. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1996

al-Dimashqī, Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Ḥiṣnī. Kifāyat al-Akhyār fī Ḥall Ghāyat al-Ikhtiṣār. Edited by cAlī cAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Balṭajī and Muḥammad Wahbī Sulaymān. Beirut: Dār al-Khayr, 1991

al-Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad b. Dāwūd. al-Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl. Edited by Ḥasan al-Zayn. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1988

al-Dusūqī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. cArafa. Ḥāshiyat al-Dusūqī calā al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kitāb al-cArabī, n.d.

Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn, Abū Ṭālib Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-Ḥillī. Īḍāḥ al-Fawāʾ id fī Sharḥ Ishkālāt al-Qawācid. Qum: Muʾ assasat Ismācīliyān, n.d.

al-Fatāwā al-cĀlamgīriyya = al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya. Cairo, 1274 ah.; reprint, Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, 1986

al-Fatāwā al-cĀlamgīriyya = al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya Fatāwā al-Lajna al-Dāʾ ima li al-Buḥūth al-cIlmiyya wa al-Iftāʾ. Edited by Aḥmad b. cAbd al-Razzāq al-Dawīsh. Riyadh: Dār cĀlam al-Kutub, 1991

al-Fawzān, Ṣāliḥ b. Fawzān b. cAbd Allāh (a.k.a Ibn Fawzān). al-Muntaqā min Fatāwā Faḍīlat al-Shaykh. Edited by cĀdil b. cAlī al-Farīdān. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Ghurabāʾ al-Athariyya, 1997

al-Ghamrāwī, Muḥammad al-Zuhrī. Anwār al-Masālik Sharḥ cUmdat al-Sālik wa cUddat al-Nāsik. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa MaṭbacAt Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1948

al-Gharnāṭī, Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Juzayy al-Kalbī. Qawānīn al-Aḥkām al-Sharciyyah wa Masāʾ il al-FurūcAl-Fiqhiyya. Edited by cAbd al-Raḥmān Ḥasan Maḥmūd. Cairo: cĀlam al-Fikr, 1985

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Faḍāʾ iḥ al-Bāṭiniyya. Edited by Nādī Faraj Darwīsh. Cairo: al-Maktab al-Thaqāfī, n.d.

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad IḥyāʾcUlūm al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Mustaṣfā min cIlm al-Uṣūl. Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthanna, 1322 ah

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Wajīz fī al-Fiqh Madhhab al-Imām al-Shāficī. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-ādāb, 1317 ah

al-Ghunaymī, cAbd al-Ghanī al-Dimashqī. al-Lubāb fī Sharḥ al-Kitāb. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Madanī, 1963

al-Ḥajwī, Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-ThacĀlabī al-Fāsī. al-Fikr al-Sāmī fī Taʾ rīkh al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Edited by Ayman Ṣāliḥ Shacbān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1995

al-Ḥalabī, Abū al-Ṣalāḥ Taqī al-Dīn b. Najm al-Dīn cAbd Allah. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥalabī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Abī al-Faḍl al-Ḥasan b. Abī al-Majd. Ishārat al-Sabaq ilā Macrifat al-Ḥaqq. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥalabī, Ḥamza b. cAlī b. Zuhra al-Ḥusaynī. Ghunyat al-Nuzū cilā cIlm al-Usūl wa al-Furū c. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥalabī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. Multaqā al-Abḥur. Edited by Wahba Sulaymān al-Albānī. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1989

al-Ḥasanī, Hāshim Macrūf. Al-Intifāḍāt al-Shīciyya cAbr al-Tārīkh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Shacbiyya, n.d.

al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṭarābulsī. Mawāhib al-Jalīl li-Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl. Tripoli: Maktabat al-Najāḥ, 1911

al-Ḥillī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-cIjlī. Al-Sarāʾ ir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsūca, vol. IX

al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-cAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Fahd. al-Muhadhdhab al-Bāricfī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfic. Edited by Mujtabā al-cArāqī. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmīya, 1407 ah

al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū Manṣūr al-Ḥasan b. Sadīd al-Dīn Yūsuf b. al-Muṭahhar. Qawā cid al-Aḥkām fī Masāʾ il al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Hindī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn cAlī al-Mutaqī b. Ḥusām al-Dīn. Kanz al-cUmmāl fī Sunan al-Aqwāl wa al-AfcĀl. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1985

al-Ḥubayshī, Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Muḥsin. Fatḥ al-Mannān Sharḥ Zubad Ibn Raslān. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1988

al-Hudhalī, Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥasan b. Sacīd. al-Jāmicli al-Sharāʾ ic. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

al-Ḥurr al-cĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Wasāʾ il al-ShīcA ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾ il al-SharīcA. Edited by cAbd al-Raḥīm al-Rabbānī al-Shīrāzī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

Ibn cAbd al-Barr, Abū cUmar Yūsuf b. cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Namirī. Kitāb al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah al-Mālikī. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥammad Aḥyad Wild Mādīk. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyāḍ al-Ḥadītha, 1980

Ibn cAbd al-Barr, Abū cUmar Yūsuf b. cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Namirī al-Tamhīd li mā fī al-Muwaṭṭaʾ min al-MacĀnī wa al-Asānīd. Edited by Muṣṭafā b. Aḥmad al-cAlawī et al. Morocco: MaṭbacAt al-Faḍāla, 1982

Ibn cAbd al-Barr, Abū cUmar Yūsuf b. cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Namirī al-Tamhīd li mā fī al-Muwaṭṭaʾ min al-MacĀnī wa al-Asānīd. Edited by Muṣṭafā b. Aḥmad al-cAlawī and Muḥammad cAbd al-Kabīr al-Bakrī. N.p.: Dar al-Ḥadīth al-Ḥasaniyya, 1967

Ibn cAbd al-Rafīc, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Ḥasan. Mucīn al-Ḥukkām calā al-Qaḍāyā wa al-Aḥkām. Edited by Muḥammad b. Qāsim b. cIyāḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1989

Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, cIzz al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh al-Madāʾ inī. Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1987

Ibn Abī Shayba, cAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-cAbsī. al-Muṣannaf fī al-Aḥādīth wa al-āthār. Edited by Sacīd Muḥammad al-Laḥḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1989

Ibn Abī Zayd, cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Qayrawānī. al-Nawādir wa al-Ziyādāt calā mā fī al-Mudawwana min Ghayrihā min al-Ummahāt. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1999

Ibn Abī Zayd, cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Qayrawānī al-Risāla. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

Ibn cĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn b. cUmar al-Dimashqī. Ḥāshiyat Radd al-Muḥtār calā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. Edited by cĀdil Aḥmad MucAwwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1994

Ibn cĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn b. cUmar al-Dimashqī al-cUqūd al-Durriyya fī Tanqīḥ al-Fatāwā al-Ḥāmīdiyya. Cairo: n.p., 1337 ah

Ibn al-cArabī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh. Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Edited by cAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1987

Ibn al-cArabī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh Kitāb al-Qabas fī Sharḥ Muwaṭṭaʾ Mālik b. Anas. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd Allah Walad Karīm. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1992

Ibn cArabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAlī (attrib.). Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm. Edited by Muṣṭafā Ghālib. Beirut: Dār al-Andalūs, n.d.

Ibn cĀṣim, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Tuḥfat al-Ḥukkām. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Istiqāma, n.d.

Ibn Actham, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Kūfī. al-Futūḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1986

Ibn al-Athīr, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Karīm. al-Kāmil fī al-Taʾ rīkh. Edited by Abū al-FidāʾcAbd Allāh al-Qāḍī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1987

Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, Majd al-Dīn Abū al-SacĀdāt al-Shaybānī. JāmicAl-Uṣūl fī Aḥādīth al-Rasūl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1998

Ibn Farḥūn, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. cAlī al-Yacmurī. Durrat al-Ghawwāṣ fī Muḥāḍarat al-Khawāṣṣ. Edited by Muḥammad Abū al-Ajfān and cUthmān Batīkh. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1985

Ibn Farḥūn, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. cAlī al-Yacmurī Tabṣirat al-Ḥukkām fī Uṣūl al-Qaḍāyā wa Manāhij al-Aḥkām. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. cAlī. Fatḥ al-Bārī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993

Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. cAlī Lisān al-Mīzān. Edited by cĀdil Aḥmad cAbd al-Mawjūd and cAlī Muḥammad MucAwwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. cAlī Fatḥ al-Jawād Sharḥ al-Irshād. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1971

Ibn Ḥammād, Abū cAbd Allāh NucAym al-Marwazī. Kitāb al-Fitan. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993

Ibn Ḥamza, cImād al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAlī al-Ṭūsī. al-Wasīla ilā Nayl al-Faḍīla. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

Ibn Ḥanbal, cAbd Allah b. Aḥmad. Masāʾ il al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by Zuhayr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1988

Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. Musnad. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1993

Ibn Ḥanbal, Ṣāliḥ b. Aḥmad. Sirat al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by Muḥammad al-Zaghlī. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1997

Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad cAlī b. Aḥmad b. Sacīd. Jamharat Ansāb al-cArab. Edited by E. Levi-Provençal. Cairo: Dār al-MacĀrif, 1948

Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad cAlī b. Aḥmad b. Sacīd al-Muḥallā bi al-āthār. Edited by cAbd al-Ghaffār Sulaymān al-Bandārī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn al-Humām, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Wāḥid al-Sīwāsī. Sharḥ Fatḥ al-Qadīr. Edited by cAbd al-Razzāq Ghālib al-Mahdī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1995

Ibn al-cImād, Abū al-Falāḥ cAbd al-Ḥayy. Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār man Dhahab. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn al-Jallāb, Abū al-Qāsim cUbayd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī. Al-Tafrīc. Edited by Ḥusayn b. Sālim al-Dahmānī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1987

Ibn JamācA, Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām fī Tadbīr Ahl al-Islām. Edited by FuʾĀd cAbd al-Muncim Aḥmad. Qatar: al-Shuʾ ūn al-Dīniyya, 1985

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī. Manāqib al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1979

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī al-Muntaẓam fī Taʾ rīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd al-Qādir cAṭā and Muṣṭafā cAbd al-Qādir cAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1992

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī al-Shifāʾ fī Mawā ciẓ al-Mulūk wa al-Khulafāʾ. Edited by FuʾĀd cAbd al-Muncim Aḥmad. Alexandria: Dār al-Dacwa, n.d.

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Ṣifat al-Ṣafwa. Edited by cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Lādqī and Ḥayāh Shīḥā al-Lādqī. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1995

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Sīrat wa Manāqib cUmar b. cAbd al-cAzīz al-Khalīfa al-Zāhid. Edited by Nacīm Zarzūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1984

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Talbīs Iblīs. Jedda: Dār al-Madanī, 1983

Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-Baghdādī Zād al-Masīr fī cIlm al-Tafsīr. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1965

Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismācīl b. cUmar al-Dimashqī. al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya. Edited by Aḥmad Abū Mulḥim et al. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb, 1985

Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismācīl b. cUmar al-Dimashqī al-Nihāya fī al-Fitan wa al-Malāḥim. Edited by Muḥammad Aḥmad cAbd al-cAzīz. N.p.: Dār al-Ḥadīth, n.d

Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismācīl b. cUmar al-Dimashqī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn al-cAẓīm. Beirut: Dār al-Khayr, 1990

Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zayd cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqaddima. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

Ibn Khallikān, Abū al-cAbbās Shams al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Wafayāt al-Acyān wa Anbāʾ Abnāʾ al-Zamān. Edited by Iḥsān cAbbās. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

Ibn Khayyāṭ, Abū cUmar Khalīfa al-cUṣfurī. Taʾ rīkh Ibn Khayyāṭ. Najaf: MaṭbacAt al-ādāb, 1967

Ibn Luʾ luʾ a, Aḥmad b. al-Naqīb al-Miṣrī. cUmdat al-Sālik. Printed with al-Makkī, Fayḍ

Ibn Māja, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Yazīd. Sunan. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-cArabiyya, n.d.

Ibn Manẓūr, Abu al-Faḍl Muḥammad. Lisān al-cArab. Cairo: Dār al-MacĀrif, n.d.

Ibn Maryam, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. al-Bustān fī Dhikr al-Awliyāʾ wa al-cUlamāʾ bi Tilimsān. N.p.: al-MaṭbacAh al-ThacĀlibiyya, 1908

Ibn Mufliḥ, Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad al-Rāmīnī al-Dimashqī. al-Mubdicfī Sharḥ al-Muqnic. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1980

Ibn Mufliḥ, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Ṣāliḥī. Kitāb al-Furū c. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, 1985

Ibn Mufliḥ, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Ṣāliḥī Ibn Mufliḥ, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Ṣāliḥī al-Nukat wa al-Fawāʾ id al-Saniyya. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, n.d.

Ibn al-Mundhir, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Naysābūrī. al-Ishrāf calā Madhāhib Ahl al-cIlm. Edited by Muḥammad Najīb Sirāj al-Dīn. Doha, Qatar: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1986

Ibn al-Muqrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ismācīl b. Abī Bakr. Ikhlāṣ al-Nāwī. Edited by cAbd al-cAzīz cAṭiyya qalaṭ. Cairo: Lajnat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, 1989

Ibn al-Muqrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ismācīl b. Abī Bakr al-Irshād. In Ibn Ḥajar al-cAsqalānī, Fatḥ

Ibn al-Muqrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ismācīl b. Abī Bakr Kitāb al-Tamshiyya bi Sharḥ Irshād al-Ghāwī fī Masālik al-Ḥāwī. Cairo: Dār al-Hudā, n.d.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Kitāb al-Baḥr al-Zakhkhār al-Jāmicli Madhāhib cUlamāʾ al-Amṣār. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, n.d.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Muḥammad (a.k.a. Muḥsin al-Kāshānī). al-Maḥajja al-Bayḍāʾ fī Tahdhīb al-Iḥyāʾ. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī li al-MaṭbūcĀt, 1983

Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Muḥammad (a.k.a. Muḥsin al-Kāshānī) Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī, 1982

Ibn Nujaym al-Miṣrī, Zayn al-Dīn b. Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad. al-Baḥr al-Rāʾ iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾ iq. Edited by Zakariyyā cUmayrāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

Ibn al-Qāḍī, Abū al-cAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Miknāsī. Durrat al-Ḥijāl fī Asmāʾ al-Rijāl. Edited by Muḥammad al-Aḥmadī Abū al-Nūr. Cairo: Dār al-Turāth, 1970

Ibn al-Qāḍī, Abū al-cAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Miknāsī Jidhwat al-Iqtibās fī Dhikr man Ḥalla min al-Aclām Madīnat Fās. Ribat, Morocco: Dār al-Manṣūr li al-ṬabācA wa al-Wirāqa, 1973

Ibn Qāsim, cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-cĀṣimī al-Najdī. Ḥāshiyat al-Rawḍ al-MurbicSharḥ Zād al-Mustaqnic. Riyadh: n.p., 1410 ah

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Aḥkām Ahl al-Dhimma. Edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Beirut: Dār al-cIlm li al-Malāyīn, 1983

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Aclām al-Muwaqqicīn can Rabb al-cĀlamīn. Edited by Ṭāhā cAbd al-Raʾ ūf Sacd. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, n.d.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Aclām al-Muwaqqicīn cAn Rabb al-cĀlamīn. Edited cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Wakīl. Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyya, n.d.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Ighāthat al-Lahfān min Maṣāʾ id al-Shayṭān. Edited by Ḥassāb cAbd al-Mannān and cIṣām al-Ḥurastānī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1994

Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Maqdisī. al-Kāfī fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by Zuhīr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1982

Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Maqdisī al-Mughnī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Muslim (attrib.). al-Imāma wa al-Siyāsa. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1969

Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Muslim (attrib.) al-MacĀrif. Edited by Tharwat cUkāsha. Cairo: Dār al-MacĀrif, 1981

Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad cAbd Allāh b. Muslim (attrib.) Taʾ wīl Mukhtalaf al-Ḥadīth. Cairo: Muṣṭafāal-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

Ibn Rajab, Abū al-Faraj cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Shihāb al-Dīn. al-Dhayl calā Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābila. Edited by Abū Ḥāzim b. Ḥasan and Abū ZahrāʾcAlī Bahjat. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

Ibn Rushd I, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī. al-Bayān wa al-Sharḥ wa al-Taḥṣīl wa al-Sharḥ wa al-Tawjīh wa al-Taclīl fī al-Masāʾ il al-Mustakhraja. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajji. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988

Ibn Rushd I, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī al-Muqaddamāt al-Mumahhidāt. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988

Ibn Rushd II, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Qurṭubī. Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid. Edited by cAlī Muḥammad MucAwwaḍ and cĀdil Aḥmad cAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

Ibn Sacd, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad. al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1985

Ibn Sahl, Aḥmad al-Rāzī. Akhbār Fakhkh wa Khabar Yaḥyā b. cAbd Allāh wa Akhīh Idrīs b. cAbd Allāh. Edited by Māhir Jarrār. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb, 1995

Ibn Shucba, Sacīd b. Manṣūr al-Khurasānī. Sunan. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Acẓamī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Ṭāwūs, Raḍī al-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. Mūsā al-Ḥasanī al-Ḥusaynī. al-Malāḥim wa al-Fitan. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī, 1988

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā. Edited by Muḥammad cAbd al-Qawī cAṭā and Muṣṭafā cAbd al-Qawī cAṭā. Cairo: Dār al-Rayyān li al-Turāth, 1988

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Majmū cAl-Fatāwā. Edited by Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qāsim. Riyadh: n.p., n.d.

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Majmūcal-Rasāʾ il wa al-Masāʾ il. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad Minhāj al-Sunna al-Nabawiyya. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

Ibn Taymiyya, Abū al-cAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad al-Siyāsa al-Sharciyyah fī Iṣlāḥ al-Rā cī wa al-Racīyya. Beirut: Dār al-āfāq, 1983

Ibn al-Wardī, Zayn al-Dīn cUmar b. Muẓaffar. Taʾ rīkh Ibn al-Wardī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1996

al-Iṣfahānī, Abū al-Faraj. Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyyīn. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū cUthmān cAmr b. Baḥr. “Risāla fī al-Ḥakamayn wa Taṣwīb Amīr al-Muʾ minīn cAlī b. Abī Ṭālib fī Ficlih.” In Rasāʾ il al-Jāḥiẓ: al-Rasāʾ il al-Siyāsiyya. Edited by cAlī Abū Mulḥim. Beirut: Dār al-Hilāl, 1987

al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū cUthmān cAmr b. Baḥr “Risāla fī al-Nābita.” In Rasāʾ il al-Jāḥiẓ: al-Rasāʾ il al-Kalāmiyya. Edited by cAlī Abū Mulḥim. Beirut: Dār al-Hilāl, 1987

Jacīṭ, Hishām. al-Fitnah. Beirut: Dār al-ṬalīcA, 1989

al-Jamācīlī, cAbd al-Ghanī b. cAbd al-Wāḥid al-Maqdisī. al-cUmda fī al-Aḥkam fī MacĀlim al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by Muṣṭafā cAbd al-Qādir cAṭāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1986

al-Jamal, Sulaymān. Ḥāshiyat al-Jamal calā Sharḥ al-Manhaj. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Jamīlī, Khālid Rashīd. Aḥkām al-Bughāh wa al-Muḥāribīn fī al-Sharī cA al-Islāmīyya wa al-Qānūn. Baghdad: Dār al-Ḥurriyya, 1977

al-Jarrāḥī, Ismācīl b. Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Hādī. Kashf al-Khafāʾ wa Muzīl al-Ilbās. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1983

al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. cAlī al-Rāzī. Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1986

al-JucAlī, cUthmān b. Ḥusayn Barrī. Sirāj al-Sālik Sharḥ Ashal al-Masālik. Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Juwaynī, Abū al-MacĀlī cAbd al-Malik b. cAbd Allāh Imām al-Ḥaramayn. Ghiyāth al-Umam fī Iltiyāth al-Qulam. Edited by cAbd al-cAẓīm al-Dīb. Qatar: al-Maktaba al-Kubrā, 1401 ah

al-Juwaynī, Abū al-MacĀlī cAbd al-Malik b. cAbd Allāh Imām al-Ḥaramayn Kitāb al-Irshād ilā QawāṭicAl-Adilla fī Uṣūl al-Ictiqād. Edited by AscAd Tamīm. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1992

al-Kāndahlawī, Muḥammad Zakariyyā. Awjaz al-Masālik ilā Muwaṭṭaʾ Mālik. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1989

al-Kāsānī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Mascūd. Kitāb BadāʾicAl-Ṣanāʾ icfī Tartīb al-Sharāʾ ic. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1986

Khalīl b. Isḥāq. Mukhtaṣar Khalīl. Edited by Aḥmad Naṣr. Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Mālikiyya, 1981

al-Khiraqī, Abū al-Qāsim cUmar b. al-Ḥusayn. Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī calā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Damascus: Dār al-Salam, 1378 ah

al-Khirshī (a.k.a. al-Khurashī), Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad. Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Sayyidī Khalīl. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

al-Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāh b. Muṣṭafā al-Mūsawī. Taḥrīr al-Wasīla. Tehran: Manshūrāt Maktabat al-Ictimād, n.d.

al-Khushanī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥārith. Usūl al-Futyā fī al-Fiqh calā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik. Edited by Muḥammad al-Majdūb et al. N.p.: Dār al-cArabiyya li al-Kitāb, 1985

al-Kindī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. cAbd Allah b. Mūsā. al-Muṣannaf. Cairo: cĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Kiyā al-Harrāsī, cImād al-Dīn b. Muḥammad al-Ṭabarī. Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1985

al-Kulaynī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. Yacqūb b. Isḥāq al-Rāzī. al-Furū cmin al-Kāfī. Edited by cAlī Akbar al-Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1397 ah

al-Maḥmaṣānī, Ṣubḥī. Falsafat al-Tashrī cfī al-Islām: Muqaddima fī Dirāsat al-Sharī cAh al-Islāmiyya calā Ḍūʾ Madhāhibihā al-Mukhtalifa wa calā Ḍūʾal-Qawānīn al-Ḥadītha, 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-cIlm li al-Malāyīn, 1961

al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Malādh al-Akhyār fī Fahm Tahdhīb al-Akhbār. Edited by Mahdī al-Rajāʾ ī. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1407 ah

al-Makkī, al-Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad. Manāqib Abī Ḥanīfa. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, 1981

al-Makkī, cUmar Barakāt al-Biqācī. Fayḍ al-Ilāh al-Mālik Sharḥ cUmdat al-Sālik. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Istiqāma, 1955

al-Mālaqī, Abū al-Muṭarrif cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qāsim al-Shacbī. al-Aḥkām. Edited by al-Ṣādiq al-Ḥalawī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1992

al-Mālaqī, Abū al-Qāsim b. Riḍwān. al-Shuhub al-Lāmi cA fī al-Siyāsa al-Nāfi cA. Edited by cAlī Sāmī al-Nashshār. Morocco: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1984

Mālik b. Anas, Abū cAbd Allāh. al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, narrated by Abū MuṣcAb al-Zuhrī. Edited by Bashshār cAwwād Macrūf and Maḥmūd Muḥammad Khalīl. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1993

Mālik b. Anas, Abū cAbd Allāh. al-Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, narrated by Yaḥyā b. Yaḥyā al-Laythī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

al-Maqbiliyyi, Ṣāliḥ b. Mahdī. al-Manār fī al-Mukhtār min Jawāhir al-Baḥr al-Zakhkhār. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1988

al-Maqdisī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ibrāhīm. al- cUdda Sharḥ al- cUmda. Beirut: n.p., n.d.

al-Maqdisī, Marcī b. Yūsuf al-Karmī. Dalīl al-Ṭālib. Damascus: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, n.d.

al-Mardāwī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Sulaymān. al-Inṣāf fī Ma crifat al-Rājiḥ min al-Khilāf. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Marghīnānī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Abī Bakr. al-Hidāya Sharḥ Bidāyat al-Mubtadī. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Marūzī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Naṣr. Ikhtilāf al-Fuqahāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Ṭāhir Ḥakīm. Riyadh: Dār Aḍwāʾ al-Salaf, 2000

al-Mascūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. cAlī. Murūj al-Dhahab wa Ma cĀdin al-Jawhar. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn cAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Kitāb al-Taḥrīr, 1966

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. Adab al-Qāḍī. Edited by Muḥyī Hilāl al-Sarḥān. Baghdad: MaṭbacAt al-Irshād, 1971

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyya. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1985

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-Ḥāwī al-Kabīr Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Muzanī. Edited by cAlī MucAwwaḍ and cĀdil cAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1994

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb Kitāb Qitāl Ahl al-Baghy min al-Ḥāwī al-Kabīr. Edited by Ibrāhīm b. cAlī Ṣandaqjī. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Madanī, 1987

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb Naṣīḥat al-Mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad Jāsim al-Ḥayrathī. Baghdad: Dār al-Shuʾ ūn al-Thaqāfiyya al-cĀmma, 1986

al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-Nukat wa al- cUyūn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1992

al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. al-Nucmān (Ibn al-MucAllim) al-cUkbarī. Awāʾ il al-Maqālāt. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Anṣārī. N.p.: al-Muʾ tamar al-cĀlamī, 1413 ah

al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. al-Nucmān (Ibn al-MucAllim) al-cUkbarī al-Muqnicfī al-Usūl wa al-Furū c. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. X

Mughniyya, Muḥammad Jawād. Fiqh al-Imām Ja cfar al-Ṣādiq. Qum: Intishārāt Quds Muḥammadī, n.d.

al-Muḥaqqiq, Abū al-Qāsim Najm al-Dīn Jacfar b. al-Ḥasan al-Ḥillī. Sharāʾ icAl-Islām fī Masāʾ il al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by cAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad cAlī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, n.d.

Muqātil, Ibn Sulaymān. “Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn.” Manuscript. Vol. 74/II. Saray Ahmet III Library

al-Muqrī, Abū cAmr cUthmān b. Sacīd al-Dānī. al-Sunan al-Wāridah fī al-Fitan wa Ghawāʾ ilihā wa al-Sā cAh wa Ashrāṭihā. Edited by Riḍāʾ Allāh b. Muḥammad Idrīs al-Mabārkafūrī. Riyadh: Dār al-cĀṣimah, 1995

Murwārīd, Alī Aṣghar, ed. Mawsū cAt Silsilat al-YanābīcAl-Fiqhiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth and al-Dār al-Islāmiyya, 1990

al-Murtaḍā al-Mūsawī, Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf Al-Intiṣār. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā al-Sayyid Ḥasan al-Kharsān. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1985

al-Murtaḍā al-Mūsawī, Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf al-Masāʾ il al-Nāṣiriyāt. In Murwārīd, ed., Mawsū cA, vol. IX

Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj, Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī. al-Jāmi cAl-Ṣaḥīḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

Muṣṭafā, Maḥmūd. Sharḥ Qānūn al- cUqūbāt: al-Qism al- cĀmm. Cairo: n.p., 1964

al-Muzanī, Abū Ibrāhīm Ismācīl b. Yaḥyā. al-Mukhtaṣar. Printed as the final volume of al-Shāficī, al-Umm

al-Nafrāwī, Aḥmad b. Ghānim b. Sālim. al-Fawākih al-Dawānī calā Risālat Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾ i cAl-Islām. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1377 ah

al-Nasafī, cAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad. Tafsīr al-Nasafī: Madārik al-Tanzīl wa Ḥaqāʾ iq al-Taʾ wīl. Edited by Marwān Muḥammad al-ShicĀr. Beirut: Dar al-Nafāʾ is, 1996

al-Nasāʾī, Abū cAbd Allāh al-Raḥmān Aḥmad b. ShucAyb b. cAlī. Kitāb Khaṣāʾ iṣ Amīr al-Muʾ minīn calī b. Abī Ṭālib. Beirut: Dār Kitāb al-cArabī, 1996

al-Nasāʾī, Abū cAbd Allāh al-Raḥmān Aḥmad b. ShucAyb b. cAlī Sunan. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, n.d.

al-Nasāʾī, Abū cAbd Allāh al-Raḥmān Aḥmad b. ShucAyb b. cAlī Tafsīr al-Nasāʾ ī. Edited by Ṣabrī b. cAbd al-Khāliq al-Shāficī and Sayyid b. cAbbās al-Julaymī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1990

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. al-Majmū cSharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn. Edited by cĀdil Aḥmad cAbd al-Mawjūd and cAlī Muḥammad Macriḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1992

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Edited by Khalīl al-Mīs. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, n.d.

al-Nucmān, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfa b. Muḥammad b. Manṣūr al-Tamīmī. Da cĀʾ im al-Islām wa Dhikr al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām wa al-Qaḍāyā wa al-Aḥkām. Edited by cĀṣif b. cAlī Aṣghar al-Fayḍī. Cairo: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Qaffāl, Sayf al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Shāshī. Ḥulyat al-cUlamāʾ fī Ma crifat Madhāhib al-Fuqahāʾ. Edited by Yāsīn Aḥmad Ibrāhīm. Mecca: Dār al-Bāz, 1988

al-Qanūjī, Abū al-Ṭayyib Ṣiddīq b. Ḥasan b.cAlī al-Ḥusayn al-Bukhārī. al-Rawḍa al-Nadiyya Sharḥ al-Durar al-Bahiyya. Edited by cAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Anṣārī. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-cAṣriyya, n.d.

al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Idrīs. al-Dhakhīra. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1994

al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Idrīs Kitāb al-Iḥkām fī Tamyīz al-Fatāwā cAn al-Aḥkām wa Taṣarrufāt al-Qāḍī wa al-Imām. Edited by cAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah. Aleppo: Maktabat al-MaṭbūcĀt al-Islāmiyya, 1967

al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Idrīs Sharḥ Tanqīḥ al-Fuṣūl fī Ikhtiṣār al-Maḥṣūl fī al-Uṣūl. Edited by Ṭāha cAbd al-Raʾ ūf Sacīd. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-Qasṭalānī, Abū al-cAbbās Shihāb al-Dīn. Irshād al-Sārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, 1304 ah

al-Qazwīnī, Abū al-Qāsim cAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Raf cī. al-cAzīz Sharḥ al-Wajīz (a.k.a al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

al-Qurṭubī, Abū cAbd Allah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī. al-Jāmi cli Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1987

al-Qurṭubī, Abū cAbd Allah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Jāmi cli Aḥkām al-QurʾĀn. Cairo: n.p., 1952

Quṭb, Sayyid. Fī Ẓilāl al-QurʾĀn. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1987

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī. Fatāwā al-Ramlī. Printed in the margins of al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā al-Fiqhiyya by Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī Ghāyat al-Bayān Sharḥ Zubad Ibn Raslān. Cairo: MaṭbacAt Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī Nihāyat al-Muḥtāj ilā Sharḥ al-Minhāj fī al-Fiqh calā Madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfi cī. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1968

al-Rāwandī, Quṭb al-Dīn Sacīd b. Hibat Allāh. Fiqh al-QurʾĀn. Edited by Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1405 ah

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cUmar. cIlal al-Ḥadīth. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1985

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cUmar al-Maḥṣūl fīcIlm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Edited by Ṭāha Jābir al-cAlwānī, 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1992

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cUmar al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr = Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1990

al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Unmūdhaj Jalīl fī Asʾ ilah wa Ajwibah min Gharāʾ ibĀyī al-Tanzīl. Edited by Muḥammad Riḍwān al-Dāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990

Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd. Tafsīr al-Manār. Cairo: al-Miṣriyya al-cĀmma liʾl-Kitāb, 1972

al-Rustāqī, Khamīs b. Sacīd b. cAlī b. Mascūd al-Shaqṣī. Manhaj al-Ṭālibīn wa Balāgh al-Rāghibīn. Edited by Sālim b. Ḥamad b. Sulaymān b. al-Ḥārithī. Cairo: cĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1983

Al-Sacdī, Jamīl b. Khamīs. Qāmūs al-Sharī cA al-Ḥāwī li Ṭuruqihā al-Wasī cA. Oman: Wizārat al-Turāth, 1983

al-Ṣadūq, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Bābawayh al-Qummī. Kitāb man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh. Edited by cAlī Akbar al-Ghaffārī. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.

al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl b. Aybak. Kitāb al-Wāfī bi al-Wafiyyāt. Edited by Bernd Radtke. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1991

Saḥnūn, cAbd al-Salām b. Sacīd al-Tanūkhī. al-Mudawwana al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1986

Sallār, Abū Yaclā Ḥamza b. cAbd al-cAzīz al-Daylamī. al-Marāsim al-cAlawiyya. In Murwārīd, ed., MawsūcA, vol. X

al-Samarqandī, cAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad. Tuḥfat al-Fuqahāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1984

al-Samarqandī, Nāṣir al-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-Ḥasanī. al-Fiqh al-Nāfi c. Edited by Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-cAbbūd. Riyadh: Maktabat al-cUbaykān, 2000

Sanad, Najātī Sayyid. Naẓariyyat al-Jarīma al-Siyāsiyya fī al-Qawānīn al-Waḍ ciyya al-Muqārana wa fī al-Sharī cA al-Islāmiyya. Cairo: Top Guy, n.d.

al-ṢancĀnī, Abū Bakr cAbd al-Razzāq b. Hammām. al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Acẓamī. Riyadh: al-Majlis al-cIlmī, n.d.

al-ṢancĀnī, Abū Bakr cAbd al-Razzāq b. Hammām Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn al-cAzīz. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1991

al-ṢancĀnī, Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm al-Ḥasanī al-Yamanī. Tatimmat al-Rawḍ al-Naḍīr Sharḥ Majmū cAl-Fiqh al-Kabīr (The Tatimmat is the completion of Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-Naḍīr printed at the end of al-Rawḍ). In al-ṢancĀnī, Kitāb

al-ṢancĀnī, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Sayyāghī. Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-Naḍīr Sharḥ Majmū cAl-Fiqh al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, n.d.

al-Sarakhsī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Sahl Shams al-Dīn. al-Mabsūṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1986

al-Sarakhsī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Sahl Shams al-Dīn Sharḥ Kitāb al-Siyar al-Kabīr. Cairo: MaṭbacAt Sharikat al-Iclānāt al-Sharqiyya, 1971

al-Ṣāwī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. Bulghat al-Sālik li Aqrab al-Masālik ilā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik calā al-Sharḥ al-Ṣaghīr. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1954

al-Ṣāwī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Ḥāshiyat al-cAllāma al-Ṣāwī calā Tafsīr al-Jalālayn. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-cArabī, n.d.

al-Sayyid, Riḍwān, ed. al-Asad wa al-Ghawwāṣ. Beirut: Dār al-ṬalīcA, 1992

al-Sayyid, Riḍwān Mafāhīm al-Jamā cĀt fī al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Tanwīr, 1983

al-Sayyid, Riḍwān al-Umma wa al-Jamā cA wa al-Sulṭah: Dirāsāt fī al-Fikr al-Sīyāsī al-cArabī al-Islāmī. Beirut: Dār Iqraʾ, 1984

al-Shāficī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. Ikhtilāf al-Ḥadīth. Printed in the margins of Muḥammad b.Idrīs al-Shāficī, al-Umm, vol. VII. Cairo: MaṭbacAt Būlāq, 1325 ah

al-Shāficī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-Umm. Edited by Muḥammad Zuharī al-Najjār. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Karīm. al-Milal wa al-Niḥal. Edited by Amīr cAlī Muhannā and cAlī Ḥasan Fācūr. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1992

al-Shahrazūrī, Abū cAm, cUthmān b. cAbd al-Raḥmān b.Ṣalāh. Adab al-Muftī wa al-Mustaftī. Edited by Muwaffaq b. cAbd Allāhb. cAbd al-Qādir. Cairo: Maktabat al-cUlūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1986

al-Shaljī, cAbbūd. Mawsū cAt al-cAdhāb. Beirut: al-Dār al-cArabiyya li al-MawsūcĀt, 1998

Shaltūt, Maḥmūd. al-Islām: cAqīda wa Sharī cAh, 17th ed. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1991

al-Sharqāwī, cAbd Allāh b. Ḥijāzī b. Ibrāhīm. Ḥāshiyat al-Sharqāwīcalā Tuḥfat al-Ṭullāb. Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1997

al-Shāṭibī, Abū Iṣḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Mūsā. al-Muwāfaqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharī cAh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, n.d.

al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Muḥammad. Nayl al-Awṭār Sharḥ Muntaqā al-Akhbār. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, n.d.

al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad b. cAlī b. Muḥammad al-Sayl al-Jarrār calā Ḥadāʾ iq al-Azhār. Edited by Maḥmūd Ibrahīm Zāyid. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cIlmiyya, 1995

al-Shaybānī, cAbd al-Qādir b. cUmar and Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ḍuwayyān. al-Muctamad fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad. Edited by cAlī cAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Balṭajī and Muḥammad Wahbī Sulaymān. Beirut: Dār al-Khayr, 1991

Al-Shaybānī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Al-JāmicAl-Ṣaghīr. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, 1986

Al-Shaybānī, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan Kitāb al-Aṣl al-Macrūf bi al-Mabsūṭ. Edited by Abū al-Wafāʾ al-Afghānī. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, 1990

al-Shaybānī, Abū Bakr al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Makhlad. Kitāb al-Sunnah. Edited by Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1993

al-Shiblī, Badr al-Dīn Abū cAbd Allāh cUmar b. cAbd Allāh al-Ḥanafī. Iḥkām al-Marjān fī Aḥkām al-Jānn. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1988

al-Shinqīṭī, Muḥammad al-Shaybānī b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Mūrītānī. Tabyīn al-Masālik Sharḥ Tadrīb al-Sālik ilā Aqrab al-Masālik. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1995

al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. cAlī. al-Muhadhdhab fī Fiqh al-Imām al-Shāficī. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d.

al-Shirbīnī, Muḥammad al-Khaṭīb. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Macrifat MacĀnī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1958

al-Simnānī, Abū al-Qāsim cAlī b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Raḥbī. Rawḍat al-Quḍāh wa Ṭarīq al-Najāh. Edited by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Nāhī. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1984

Sirkīs, Yūsuf Ilyān. Mucjam al-Maṭbū cĀt al-cArabiyya wa al-Mu cArraba. Cairo: Yūsuf Ilyān Sirkīs wa Awlāduhu, 1931

al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn cAlī. Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfi ciyya al-Kubrā. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Ṭanāḥī and cAbd al-Fattāḥ al-Muḥammad al-Ḥulw. Cairo: cĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1383 ah

al-Subkī, Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. cAbd al-Kāfī. Fatāwā al-Subkī. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Suddī, Abū Muḥammad Ismācīl b. cAbd al-Raḥmān. Tafsīr al-Suddī al-Kabīr. Edited by Muḥammad cAṭā Yūsuf. Riyadh: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 1993

al-Suyūrī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Miqdād b. cAbd Allāh. Kanz al-cIrfān fī Fiqh al-QurʾĀn. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir al-Bihbūdī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawiyya, n.d.

al-Suyūrī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Miqdād b. cAbd Allāh al-Tanqīḥ al-Rāʾ i cli Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʾ i c. Edited by al-Sayyid cAbd al-Laṭīf al-Kūhkamarrī. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1404 ah

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. al-Durr al-Manthūr fī al-Tafsīr bi al-Māʾ thūr. Cairo: MaṭbacAt al-Anwār al-Muḥammadiyya, n.d.

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn Ikhtilāf al-Madhāhib. Edited by cAbd al-Qayyūm Muḥammad al-Basṭāwī. Cairo: Dār al-Ictiṣām, 1404 ah

al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Jāmi cAl-Bayān fi Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1989

al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr Taʾ rīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk. Beirut: Mūʾ assasat cIzz al-Dīn, 1987

al-Ṭabāṭabāʾ ī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀ. Qum: MaṭbacAt Ismācīliyān, 1412 ah

al-Ṭabrīsī, Abū cAlī al-Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan. Majma c al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-QurʾĀn. Beirut: Dār Maktabat al-Ḥayāt, n.d.

al-Ṭaḥāwī, Abū Jacfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Salāma. Sharḥ Mushkil al-Ḥadīth. Edited by Shucayb al-Arnaʾ ūṭ. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1994

al-Ṭaḥṭāwī, Aḥmad. Ḥāshiyat al-Ṭaḥṭāwī calā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, 1975

al-Tamīmī, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn cAbd al-cAzīz. Kitāb al-Nīl wa Shifāʾ al-cAlīl. Jedda: Maktabat al-Irshād, 1985. (The commentary by Muḥammad b. Yūsuf Aṭṭafayyīsh, Sharḥ Kitāb al-Nīl is in the margins.)

al-Tamīmī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Jawharī. Nawādir al-Fuqahāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Faḍl cAbd al-cAzīz al-Murād. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1993

al-Ṭarabulusī, al-Qāḍī cAbd al-cAzīz Ibn al-Barrāj. al-Muhadhdhab. Edited by Jacfar al-Subḥānī. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1409 ah

al-Ṭarsawī, Najm al-Dīn b. cAlī. Tuḥfat al-Turk fī mā Yajib cAn Yu cmal fī al-Mulk. Edited by Riḍwān al-Sayyid. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalī cA, 1992

al-Tasūlī (Madīdash), Abū al-Ḥasan cAlī b. cAbd al-Salām. al-Buhja fī Sharḥ al-Tuḥfa. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

al-ThacĀlibī, cAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. Makhlūf. al-Jawāhir al-Ḥisān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī li al-MaṭbūcĀt, n.d.

al-Thawrī, Abū cAbd Allāh Sufyān b. Sacīd b. Masrūq. Tafsīr Sufyān al-Thawrī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1983

al-Tirmidhī, Abū cĪsā Muḥammad b. Sūra. al-Jāmi cAl-Ṣaḥīḥ. Edited by Kamāl al-Ḥūt. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1987

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī. al-Istibṣār fī mā Ikhtalafa min al-Akhbār. Edited by Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Kharsān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islamīyya, 1390 ah

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī al-Kashafī. Tehran: al-Maktabah al-Murtaḍawiyya, 1387 ah

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Qum: Intishārāt Quds Muḥammadī, n.d.

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī al-Rasā ʾ il al-cAshr. Qum: Muʾ assasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jacfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. cAlī Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām. Edited by Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Kharsān. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1985

al-Tustarī, Nūr Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-MarcAshī. Iḥqāq al-Ḥaqq wa Izhāq al-Bāṭil. Qum: Maktabat al-MarcAshī, 1404 ah

al-ʾ Ubbī, Muḥammad b. Khalīfa al-Wishtānī. Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1994

cŪdah, cAbd al-Qādir. al-Tashrī cAl-Jinā ʾ ī al-Islāmī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-cArabī, n.d.

cUlaysh, Abū cAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Fatḥ al-cAlī al-Mālik fī al-Fatwā calā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik. Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1958

Wakī c, Muḥammad b. Khalaf b. Ḥayyān. Akhbār al-Quḍāh. Beirut: cĀlam al-Kutub, n.d.

al-Wansharīsī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Al-Mi cyār al-Mu crib. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥajjī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1981

al-Warjalānī, Abū Yacqūb Yūsuf b. Ibrāhīm. al-cAdl wa al-Inṣāf fī Ma crifat Uṣūl al-Fiqh wa al-Ikhtilāf. Oman: Wizārat al-Turāth, 1983

al-Wazīr, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Yamānī. al-cAwāṣim wa al-Qawāṣim fī al-Dhabb cAn Sunnat Abī al-Qāsim. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Risāla, 1992

al-Yamanī, Abū Muḥammad. cAqāʾ id al-Thalātha wa al-Sab cīna Firqa. Edited by Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh Zarbāb al-Ghāmidi. Medina: Maktabat al-cUlūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1414 ah

al-Yacqūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāq b. Jacfar b. Wāḍiḥ. Taʾ rīkh al-Ya cqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. cUmar al-Khawārizmī. al-Kashshāf. Beirut: Dār al-Macrifa, n.d.

al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. cUmar al-Khawārizmī Rabī cAl-Abrār fī Nuṣūṣ al-Akhbār. Edited by cAbd al-Amīr Muhannā. Beirut: Muʾ assasat al-Aclamī, 1992

al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. cUmar al-Khawārizmī Ruʾ ūs al-Masāʾ il. Edited by cAbd Allāh Nazīr Aḥmad. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾ ir al-Islāmiyya, n.d.

al-Zarkashī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. cAbd Allāh. Sharḥ al-Zarkashī calā Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī fī al-Fiqh calā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Edited by cAbd Allāh b. cAbd al-Raḥmān b. cAbd Allāh b. al-Jibrīn. Riyadh: al-cUbaykān, n.d.

al-Zarqānī, Muḥammad b. cAbd al-Bāqī b. Yūsuf. Sharḥ al-Zarqānī calā Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Imām Mālik. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-cIlmiyya, 1990

al-Zaylacī, Fakhr al-Dīn cUthmān b. cAlī. Tabyīn al-Ḥaqāʾ iq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾ iq. Medina: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmiyya, n.d.

al-Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn. al-A clām. Beirut: Dār al-cIlm li al-Malāyīn, 1989

Abel, Richard. “Law as Lag: Inertia as a Social Theory of Law.”Michigan Law Review 80 (March, 1982): 785–809CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abel, Richard Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle against Apartheid, 1980–1994. New York: Routledge, 1995

Abel, Richard “Redirecting Social Studies of Law.”Law and Society 14 (Spring, 1980): 803–26

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. “Ahkam al-Bughat: Irregular Warfare and the Law of Rebellion in Islam.” In Cross, Crescent, and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Traditions. Edited by James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “The Common and Islamic Law of Duress.”Arab Law Quarterly 6, no. 2 (1991): 121–59CrossRef

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “Islamic Law and Muslim Minorities: The Juristic Discourse on Muslim Minorities from the Second/Eighth to the Eleventh/Seventeenth Centuries.”Islamic Law and Society 1, no. 2 (1994): 141–87CrossRef

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “Political Crime in Islamic Jurisprudence and Western Legal History.”Journal of International Law and Policy 4, no. 1 (Winter, 1998): 1–28

Abou El Fadl, Khaled Speaking in God ʾ s Name: Islamic Law, Authority, and Women. Oxford: Oneworld Press, 2001

Abou El Fadl, Khaled “Tax Farming in Islamic Law: A Search for a Concept.”Islamic Studies 31, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 5–32

Abou El Fadl, Khaled and Watson, Alan. “Fox Hunting, Pheasant Shooting, and Comparative Law.”The American Journal of Comparative Law 48, no. 1 (2000): 1–37Google Scholar

cAlī, cAbdullah Yūsuf, trans. The Meaning of The Holy QurʾĀn. Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications, 1995

Anderson, J. N. D. Law Reform in the Muslim World. London: Athlone Press, 1976

Arzt, Donna E.“Heroes or Heretics: Religious Dissidents under Islamic Law.”Wisconsin International Law Journal 14 (Spring 1996): 349–421Google Scholar

cAthāmina, K.“The Ulamāʾ in the Opposition: The ‘Stick and Carrot’ Policy in Early Islam.”The Islamic Quarterly 36 (1992): 153–78Google Scholar

Austin, John. Lectures on Jurisprudence, 5th ed. London: John Murray, 1885

Austin, John The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. New York: Noonday Press, 1954

al-Azami, Muhammad M. On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985

al-Azmeh, Aziz. “Islamic Legal Theory and the Appropriation of Reality.” In Islamic Law: Social and Historical Contexts. Edited by Aziz al-Azmeh. London: Routledge, 1988

al-Azmeh, Aziz Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian and Pagan Polities. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997

Balbus, Isaac D.“Commodity Form and Legal Form: An Essay on the Relative Autonomy of the Law.”Law and Society Review 11 (Winter, 1977): 571–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, Bernard, and Alex Inkeles, eds. Stability and Social Change. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1971

Barcelo, Miquel. “Rodes que giren dins el foc de l'infern'o per que servia la moneda dels taifes?”Gaceta Numismatica 105–6 (1992): 15–24Google Scholar

Barkey, Karen. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994

Bauman, Richard A. Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge, 1996

Bel, A. “Tlemcen,” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VIII:801

Bellamy, John G. The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970

Bellamy, John G. The Tudor Law of Treason. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979

Ben Cheneb, Mohammad. “Ibn Taimīya,” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., III:421

Bentham, Jeremy. Of Laws in General. New York: Athlone Press, 1970

Bentham, Jeremy The Limits of Jurisprudence Defined. New York: Columbia University Press, 1945

Bercher, L.“L'apostasie, le blaspheme et la rebellion en droit Musulman malekite.”Revue Tunisienne (1923): 115–30Google Scholar

Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983

Bianqus, Thierry. “Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume One, Islamic Egypt 640–1517. Edited by Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979

Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. The End of the Jihād State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn cAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996

Bowen, H. and C. E. Bosworth. “Niẓām al-Mulk” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VIII:69

Brockopp, Jonathan E.“Early Islamic Jurisprudence in Egypt: Two Scholars and their Mukhtaṣars.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 2 (1998): 167–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brockopp, Jonathan E. Early Mālikī Law: Ibn cAbd al-Ḥakam and his Major Compendium of Jurisprudence. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000

Bulliet, Richard W. The Patricians of Nishapur: A Study in Medieval Islamic Social History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972

Burman, Edward. The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam. London: Aquarian Press, 1987

Bursell, Rupert D. H. Liturgy, Order and the Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996

Burton, John. “Rewriting the Timetable of Early Islam.”Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 (1995): 453–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cahen, Claude. “Buwayhids.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:1350

Calder, Norman. “Al-Sarakhsī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IX:35

Calder, Norman “The Structure of Authority in Imāmī Shīcī Jurisprudence.” Ph.D. thesis, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1980

Calder, Norman Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993

Canard, M. “Fāṭimids.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., II:850

Chokr, Melhem. Zandaqa et Zindiqs en Islam au Second Siècle de l'Hégire.Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1993

Christenson, Ron. Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law, 2nd ed. New Brunswick and London: Transaction, 1999

Cohen, Boaz. Jewish and Roman Law: A Comparative Study. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1966

Cohen, Morris Raphael. The Faith of a Liberal. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1993

Cohen, Morris Raphael Law and Social Order: Essays in Legal Philosophy. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1982

Cohen, Morris Raphael Reason and Law: Studies in Juristic Philosophy. Glencoe, IL.: Free Press, 1950

Conley, John, and William O'Barr. Just Words: Law, Language and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998

Cook, Michael. “Activism and Quietism in Islam: The Case of the Early Murjiʾ a.” In Islam and Power. Edited by Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981

Cook, Michael Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000

Cook, Michael “Eschatology and the Dating of Traditions.”Princeton Papers in Near Eastern Studies 1 (1992): 23–47

Coulson, N. J. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964

Crone, Patricia. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980CrossRef

Crone, Patricia “Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?”Der Islam 71, no. 1 (1994): 1–57CrossRef

Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds. God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, 1986

Cross, Rupert, and J. W. Harris. Precedent in English Law, 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991

Cuttler, S. H. The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981

Dachraoui, F. “al-Nucmān.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VIII:117

Daftary, Farhad. The Ismā cīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990

Danet, Brenda. “Language in the Legal Process.”Law and Society Review 14 (1980): 445–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Glanvill, Ranulf. The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Realm of England Commonly Called Glanvill. Edited and translated by G. D. G. Hall. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993

Dekmejian, R. Hrair. Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World, 2nd ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995

D'Entreves, A. P. Natural Law. London: Hutchinson, 1951

Downer, L. J., trans. Leges Henrici Primi. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972

Drew, Katherine Fisher, trans. The Lombard Laws. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1973

Duri, A. A. The Rise of Historical Writing among the Arabs. Translated by Lawrence J. Conrad. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983

Dutton, Yasin. The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʾān, the Muwaṭṭaʾ and Madinan cAmal. Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999

Dutton, Yasin “Review of Calder's Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence.”Journal of Islamic Studies 5 (1994): 102–8

Ehrlich, Eugen. Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law. Translated by Walter L. Moll. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936

El Awa, Mohamed S. Punishment in Islamic Law. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1993

Enayat, Hamid. Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982

Ephart, Daphna. A Learned Society in a Period of Transition: The Sunnī cUlamāʾ of Eleventh-Century Baghdad. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000

Evans, Richard J. Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

Fadel, Hossam Mohammad. “Adjudication in the Maliki Madhhab: A Study of Legal Process in Medieval Islamic Law.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1995

Fadel, Hossam Mohammad “Ibn Ḥajar's Hady al-Sārī: A Medieval Interpretation of the Structure of al-Bukhārī's al-Jāmi cAl-Ṣaḥīḥ: Introduction and Translation.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54, no. 3 (1995): 161–97CrossRef

Fadel, Hossam Mohammad “The Social Logic of Taqlīd and the Rise of the Mukhataṣar [sic].”Islamic Law and Society 3, no. 2 (1996): 193–233CrossRef

Fallers, Lloyd A. Law without Precedent: Legal Ideas in Action in the Courts of Colonial Busoga. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969

Fierro, Maria Isabel. “Heresy in al-Andalus.” In The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992: 895–904

Finnis, John. Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980

Finnis, John, Joseph Boyle, and Germain Grisez. Nuclear Deterrence, Morality and Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987

Frank, Jerome. Law and the Modern Mind. New York: Tudor Publishing Co., 1930

Friedrich, Carl Joachim. The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963

Fuller, Lon. The Morality of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964

Fyzee, A. “Nucmān.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VI:953

“Qadi an-Nucman: The Fatimid Jurist and Author.”Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (1934): 1–32

Gatrell, V. A. C. The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

Geldart, William. Introduction to English Law. Revised by David Yardley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “cAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr,” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:54

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “Constitutional Organization.” In Origin and Development of Islamic Law, vol. I of Law in the Middle East. Edited by Majid Khadduri and Herbert J. Liebesny. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1955

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “al-Māwardī's Theory of the Caliphate.” In Studies on the Civilization of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962. Originally published in Islamic Culture 11 (1937): 291–302

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. “Ṭūlūnids.” EII, VIII:834

Gibb, H. A. R. and J. H. Kramers, eds. Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991

Goldziher, Ignaz. The Ẓāhirīs: Their Doctrine and their History. Translated by Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971

Gray, John Chipman. The Nature and Sources of the Law, 2nd ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963

Guraya, Muhammad Yusuf. Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence. Delhi: Noor Publishing House, 1992

Hallaq, Wael B. A History of Islamic Legal Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Hallaq, Wael B. “Model Shurūṭ Works and the Dialectic of Doctrine and Practice.”Islamic Law and Society 2, no. 2 (June, 1995): 109–34CrossRef

Hallaq, Wael B. “Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?” In Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam. Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1994. Originally published in International Journal of Middle East Studies 16 (1984): 3–41CrossRef

Hallaq, Wael B. “Was al-Shafici the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?”International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, no. 4 (1993): 587–605CrossRef

Hamidullah, Muhammad. The Muslim Conduct of State, 7th ed. Lahore: S. Muhammad Ashraf, 1977

Hart, H. L. A. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961

Hasan, Ahmad. The Early Development of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1970

Hawting, G. R. The First Dynasty: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750. London: Croom Helm, 1986

Hawting, G. R. “Al-Mukhtār b. Abī cUbayd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VII:521

Hawting, G. R. “Sacd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VIII:696

Hawting, G. R. “The Significance of the Slogan Lā Ḥukm illā Lillāh and the References to the Ḥudūd in the Traditions about the Fitna and the Murder of cUthmān.”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41 (1978): 452–463

Heffening, Willi. “Al-Sarakhsī.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VII:159

Hinds, M. “Miḥna.” E2, VII:2

Hinds, M. “The Murder of the Caliph cUthmān.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (1972): 450–69CrossRef

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Classical Age of Islam, Vol. I of The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974CrossRef

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. “Djacfar al-Ṣādiḳ.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., II:374

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismā cīlī against the Islamic World. New York: AMS Press, 1955

Holland, Thomas Erskine. The Elements of Jurisprudence, 13th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924

Hudson, John. The Formation of the English Common Law. New York: Longman, 1996

Ibrahim, Mahmood. “Religious Inquisition as Social Policy: The Persecution of the Zandiqa in the Early Abbasid Caliphate.”Arab Studies Quarterly 16, no. 2 (1994): 53–72Google Scholar

Idris, H. R.“Deux juristes kairouanais del' epoque zīrīde: Ibn Abī Zayd et al-Qābisī.”Annales de l'Institut des Etudes Orientales (1954): 121–98Google Scholar

Idris, H. R. “Ibn Abī Zayd al-Ḳayrawānī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:695

Ingraham, Barton L. Political Crime in Europe: A Comparative Study of France, Germany and England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979

Jackson, B. S. Theft in Early Jewish Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972

Jackson, Sherman A. Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Qarāfī. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996

Johansen, Baber. The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent. London: Croom Helm, 1988

Jolowicz, H. F. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952

Jones, William C., trans. The Great Qing Code. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994

Juynboll, G. H. A.“The Qurrāʾ in Early Islamic History.”Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 16 (1973):113–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Juynboll, G. H. A. “The QurʾĀn Reciters on the Battlefield and Concomitant Issues.”Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 125 (1975): 11–27

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Freedom of Expression in Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing, 1994

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991

Kelly, J. M. A Short History of Western Legal Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992

Kelsen, Hans. Pure Theory of Law. Translated by M. Knight, 2nd ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967

Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. London: Longman, 1986

Khadduri, Majid. Islamic Conception of Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984

Khadduri, Majid War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955

Khadduri, Majid, trans. The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybānī's Siyar. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966

Khalid, Anas. “The Mukhtaṣar of al-Khiraqī: A Tenth Century Work on Islamic Jurisprudence.” Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1992

Kirchheimer, Otto. “Legality and Legitimacy.” In The Rule of Law under Siege: Selected Essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer. Edited by William E. Scheuerman. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996

Kirchheimer, Otto Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961

Kohlberg, Etan. “The Development of the ʾ Imāmī Shīcī Doctrine of Jihād.”Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 126 (1976): 64–86Google Scholar

Kohlberg, Etan “Shahīd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IX:203

Kohlberg, Etan “Some Notes on the Imāmī–Shīcī Views on Taqiyya.”Journal of the American Oriental Society 95 (1975): 395–402CrossRef

Kraemer, Joel L.“Apostates, Rebels and Brigands.”Israel Oriental Studies 10(1980): 35–73Google Scholar

Lambton, Ann K. S. “Changing Concepts of Authority in the Late Ninth/Fifteenth and Early Tenth/Sixteenth Centuries.” In Islam and Power. Edited by Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981

Lambton, Ann K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory: The Jurists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981

Laoust, Henri. “Ibn Taymiyya.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:951

Laoust, Henri La Politique de Gazālī. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1970

Lapidus, Ira M.“The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Societies.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 6 (1975): 363–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lassner, Jacob. Islamic Revolution and Historical Memory. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1986

Lassner, Jacob The Shaping of cAbbāsid Rule. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980

Laven, Peter. “Banditry and Lawlessness on the Venetian Terraferma in the Later Cinquecento.” In Crime, Society and the Law in Renaissance Italy. Edited by Trevor Dean and K. J. P. Lowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. Beset by Contradictions: Islamization, Legal Reform and Human Rights in Sudan. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1996

Lecker, Michael. “Biographical Notes on Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī.”Journal of Semitic Studies 41 (1996): 21–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lecker, Michael “The Ḍirār Mosque (9 ah).” In Muslims, Jews and Pagans: Studies on Early Islamic Medina. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995

Levi, E. H. Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948

Levi, Judith N. and Anne G. Walker, eds. Language in the Judicial Process. New York: Plenum Press, 1990

Lewis, Bernard. The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967

Lewis, Bernard Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East, 2nd ed. Chicago: Open Court, 1993

Lewis, Bernard The Political Language of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988

Llewellyn, Karl N. The Bramble Bush: on our Law and its Study. New York: Oceana Publications, 1951

Llewellyn, Karl N. The Common Law Tradition. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960

Lowe, Kate. “The Political Crime of Conspiracy in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century France.” In Crime, Society and the Law in Renaissance Italy. Edited by Trevor Dean and K. J. P. Lowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994

MacCormick, Neil. Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994

MacDowell, Douglas M. The Law in Classical Athens. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978

MacMullen, Ramsey. Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge, 1992

Madelung, Wilferd. “The Fāṭimids and the Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn.” In Mediaeval Isma cili History and Thought. Edited by Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996

Madelung, Wilferd “Ḳarmaṭī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IV:660

Madelung, Wilferd “Khaṭṭābiyya.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., IV:1132

Madelung, Wilferd “The Sources of Ismācīlī Law.”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 35 (1976): 29–40CrossRef

Madelung, Wilferd The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Madelung, Wilferd “A Treatise of the Sharīf al-Murtaḍā on the Legality of Working for the Government (Masʾ ala fīʾ l-cAmal macaʾl-Sulṭān).”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43 (1980): 18–31

Mahmasani, Subhi. The Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam. Translated by Farhat J. Ziadeh. Selangor Dorul Ehsan: Penerbitan Hizbi, 1987

Maimonides, Moses. The Code of Maimonides: The Book of Judges. Translated by Abraham M. Hershman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977

Maitland, F. W. The Constitutional History of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946

Maitland, F. and F. Pollock. The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895

Makdisi, George. “Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad.”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 24 (1961): 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makdisi, George The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981

Marcais, G. “cAbd al-Wādids.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:91

Margoliouth, D. S. “Karrāmīya.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., IV:773

Marin-Guzman, Roberto. Popular Dimensions of the cAbbasid Revolution: A Case Study of Medieval Islamic Social History. Cambridge: Fulbright-Laspau, 1990

Marlow, Louise. Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Massignon, L. “Zandj.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VIII:1213

Masud, Muhammad Khalid. Islamic Legal Philosophy: A Study of Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi Life and Thought. New Delhi: International Islamic Publishers, 1989

McLynn, Frank. Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991

Melchert, Christopher. The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997

Mikhail, Hanna. Politics and Revelation: Māwardī and After. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995

Modarressi, Hossein. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi cite Islam. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1993

Modarressi, Hossein Kharāj in Islamic Law. London: Anchor Press Ltd, 1983

Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shī cī Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985

Moosa, Ebrahim. Ghazālī of Tus: The Life and Times of a Sufi Mystic. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001

Moosa, Matti Moosa. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1988

Morrill, Calvin and Facciola, Peter C.. “The Power of Language in Adjudication and Mediation: Institutional Contexts as Predictors of Social Evaluation.”Law and Social Inquiry 17 (1992): 191–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murphy, Jeffrie G. and Jules L. Coleman. Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence, rev. ed. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990

Nagel, T. “Ḳurrāʾ.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., V:499

Nawas, John A.“A Reexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Maʾ mun's Introduction of the Miḥna.”International Journal of Middle East Studies 26, no. 4 (1994): 615–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ochesenwald, William. “Saudi Arabia.” In The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity. Edited by Shireen Hunter. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988

Ogburn, William Fielding. On Culture and Social Change: Selected Papers. Edited by Otis Dudley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964

Ogburn, William Fielding Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature. Gloucester, MA.: P. Smith, 1964

Peters, Rudolph. Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1979

Peters, Rudolph and Vries, Gert J.. “Apostasy in Islam.”Die Welt des Islams 17, nos. 1–4 (1976–7): 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Plucknett, Theodore F. T. A Concise History of the Common Law, 5th ed. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1956

Poonawala, Ismail K. “Al-Qāḍī al-Nucmān and Ismācīlī Jurisprudence.” In Mediaeval Ismacili History and Thought. Edited by Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996

Pound, Roscoe. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952

Pound, Roscoe Social Control through Law. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997

Rahman, Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1965

Rahman, Fazlur Islamic Methodology in History. Delhi: Adam Publishers, 1994

Rahman, Fazlur “The Law of Rebellion in Islam.” In Islam in the Modern World: 1983 Paine Lectures in Religion. Edited by Jill Raitt. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri–Columbia, n.d.

Reckendorf, H. “cAmmār.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., I:332; = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:448

Ritter, H. “Ḥasan al-Baṣrī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:247

Rommen, Heinrich A. The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy. Translated by Thomas R. Hanley. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., 1998

Rosenthal, E. I. J. Political Thought in Medieval Islam: An Introductory Outline.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962

Ross, Alf. On Law and Justice. London: Stevens Publishers, 1958

Rubinacci, R. “Azāriḳa.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:810

Sachedina, Abdulaziz. The Just Ruler in Shicite Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988

Sanders, Paula A. “The Fāṭimid State, 969–1171.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume One, Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Edited by Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964

Schacht, Joseph The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950

Schacht, Joseph “On Some Manuscripts in Kairouan and Tunis.”Arabica 14 (1967): 225–58CrossRef

Schild, Wolfgang. “History of Criminal Law and Procedure.” In Criminal Justice through the Ages. Translated by John Fosberry. Rothenburg: Mittelalterliches Kriminalmuseum, 1981

Schisas, Pandias M. Offenses against the State in Roman Law. London: University of London Press, 1926

Schwartz, David Aaron. “International Terrorism and Islamic Law.”Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 29 (Summer 1991): 629–52Google Scholar

Seligsohn, M. “cĀʾ isha.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., I:216

Selznick, Philip. The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992

Selznick, Philip, and Philippe Nonet. Law and Society in Transition: Toward Responsive Law, 1st ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1978

Selznick, Philip, Philippe Nonet, and Howard M. Vollmer. Law, Society and Industrial Justice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1969

Sezgin, Fouad. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967

Shaban, M. A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971CrossRef

Shaban, M. A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976CrossRef

Sharon, Moshe. Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the cAbbasid State – Incubation of a Revolt. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1983

Sharon, Moshe Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of the cAbbāsid Revolution. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1990

Sharpe, J. A. Judicial Punishment in England. London: Faber & Faber, 1990

Smith, Goldwin. A Constitutional and Legal History of England. New York: Dorset Press, 1990

Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Treason in Tudor England: Politics and Paranoia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986CrossRef

Sonn, Tamara. “Irregular Warfare and Terrorism in Islam: Asking the Right Questions.” In Cross, Crescent, and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Tradition. Edited by James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990

Sourdel, Dominique. “La politique religieuse du calife cAbbaside al-Maʾ mun.”Revue des etudes islamiques 30 (1962): 27–48Google Scholar

Spellberg, D. A. Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of cĀʾisha Bint Abī Bakr. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994

Staire, James Viscount. The Institutions of the Law of Scotland. Edited by David M. Walker. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1981

Stewart, Devin J. Islamic Legal Orthodoxy: Twelver Shiite Responses to the Sunni Legal System. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998

Stewart, Devin J. “Taqiyyah as Performance: The Travels of Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-cĀmilī in the Ottoman Empire (991–93/1583–85).”Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4 (Spring, 1996): 1–70

Strothmann, R. “Zaidiya.”EII, VIII:1196

Sumner, William Graham. Folkways: A Study of Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores and Morals. New York: Dover Publications, 1959

Taswell-Langmead, Thomas Pitt. English Constitutional History from the Teutonic Conquest to the Present Time. Edited by Theodore F. T. Plucknett, 10th ed. London: Houghton Miflin Co., 1946

Todd, S. C. The Shape of Athenian Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995

Udovitch, Abraham L. Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970

Urvoy, Dominique. “The cUlamāʾ of al-Andalus.” In The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992

Vadet, J. C. “Ibn Mascūd.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., III:873

Vaglieri, L. Veccia. “cAbd Allāh ibn cUmar.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:53

Vaglieri, L. Veccia “al-AshcArī.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:695

Ess, Joseph. “Ibn Kullāb et la Miḥna.”Arabica 38 (1990): 173–233Google Scholar

Van Ess, Joseph “Une Lecture a rebours de l'histoire du muctazilisme,” parts 1 and 2. Revue des études islamiques 46 (1978): 163–240; 47 (1979): 19–69

Walker, Paul E. “The Ismācīlī Dacwa and the Fāṭimid Caliphate.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume One, Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Edited by Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Walker, R. J. and M. G. Walker. The English Legal System, 2nd ed. London: Butterworth, 1970

Wasserstein, D. J. “Mulūk al-Tawāʾ if in Muslim Spain.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., VII:552

Watson, Alan. The Evolution of Law. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985

Watson, Alan Failures of the Legal Imagination. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988

Watson, Alan “Legal Change: Sources of Law and Legal Culture.”University of Pennsylvania Law Review 131 (1983): 1121–57CrossRef

Watson, Alan Legal Transplants. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1974

Watson, Alan The Nature of Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977

Watson, Alan Society and Legal Change. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1977

Watson, Alan Sources of Law, Legal Change, and Ambiguity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1984

Watt, Montgomery. “cĀʾ isha Bint Abī Bakr.” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., I:307

Watt, Montgomery The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973

Watt, Montgomery “Al-Ghazālī,” = Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., 8 vols. and supplement to date. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–., II:1038

Watt, Montgomery Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968

White, Edward J. Legal Antiquities: A Collection of Essays upon Ancient Laws and Customs. London: Thomas Law Book Co., 1913

Wilkinson, J. C. “The Early Development of the Ibāḍī Movement in Baṣra.” In Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society. Edited by G. H. A. Juynboll. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982

Wilkinson, J. C. The Imamite Tradition of Oman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997

Zettersteen, K. V. “cAbd Allāh ibn cUmar.” EII, I:28

Zettersteen, K. V. “Sacd.” = Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition. Edited by M. T. Houtsma et al., 9 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913–36., VII:29

Zwemer, S. M. The Law of Apostasy in Islam. London: Marsall Brothers, 1924