To appreciate fully the higher law arguments of Douglass, Sumner, and Emerson, we have to consider the positivist rejoinders of opponents and some allies. A wide variety of Northern and Southern intellectuals, authors, jurists, and politicians found in the very existence of slavery, war, class and race domination ample proof that neither conscience nor consent but power actually structures and organizes law and society. Northern judges deeply convinced of slavery's immorality, for instance, set aside their own higher law scruples as irrelevant to the professional duty of the judiciary to enforce the political will of the majority expressed in legislation:

The antebellum judiciary's thoroughgoing legal positivism (taking its name from the superior position of the lawmaker and defining law as the rule a superior lays down to an inferior) was just one expression of a general nineteenth-century suspicion that coercion was the governing principle of human associations.

We find this positivist intuition animating the fiction of the “old Southwest Humorists.”