This chapter summarizes the scope of in vitro Maturation (IVM) as a stand-alone assisted reproductive technology (ART) and aims to contribute to the discussion of how IVM can become a valuable alternative to conventional ovarian stimulation. IVM has a number of important advantages over in vitro fertilization (IVF). The nuclear maturation through meiosis I and II is a prerequisite for successful oocyte maturation. Cytoplasmic maturation is equally important and includes relocation of organelles, synthesis and modification of proteins and mRNAs, and regulation of biochemical processes that support subsequent fertilization and embryonic development. The introduction of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration prior to immature oocyte retrieval significantly improved maturation, fertilization and pregnancy rates. A high yield of oocytes is a strong predictor of pregnancy following IVM treatment. Advances in oncological treatments have significantly improved the survival rates for malignant tumors, including hematological pathologies, rectum and colon cancer and early-onset breast cancer.