Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T06:50:08.359Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Parental psychiatric disorder and the developing child

from Part I - Basic issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2009

By
Alyson Hall
Edited by
Michael Göpfert ,
Jeni Webster  and
Mary V. Seeman
Alyson Hall
Affiliation:
Tower Hamlets, London, UK
Michael Göpfert
Affiliation:
Webb House Democratic Therapeutic Community, Crewe
Jeni Webster
Affiliation:
5 Boroughs Partnership, Warrington
Mary V. Seeman
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Summary

This chapter reviews how mental illness affects parenting and influences the development of children. Topics covered in the chapter include abuse and neglect, the effects of separation and the risk of mental health problems in children.

Large numbers of children grow up with a mentally ill parent. A study of parental psychiatric histories of 850 twin pairs in Virginia found that only 26% of families had no lifetime history of psychiatric disorder in either parent (Foley et al., 2001). Short-lived depression is the most frequently found mental illness in parents (see Puckering, Chapter 12). Relatively few children live with parents who are psychotic but many parents suffer from persistent problems such as personality disorder, alcoholism, learning difficulties or chronic depression.

The children of mentally ill parents have a substantially increased risk of childhood psychiatric disorder (Hare & Shaw, 1965; Richman et al., 1982; Rutter & Quinton, 1984; Simonoff et al., 1997).

Childhood disorder

Rutter & Quinton (1984) found that, over a 4-year period, a third of the offspring of consecutive new psychiatric cases exhibited a persistent disorder, a third had transient psychiatric difficulties and a third showed no emotional or behavioural disturbance. Controls from the same area showed comparable rates of transient disturbance but half the rate of persistent disturbance, such as conduct disorder.

In this inner London population, Rutter & Quinton (1984) identified risk factors associated with childhood disorder, all of which were more common among those whose parents had a psychiatric disorder: single parenthood (twice as common), separation, divorce, current marital discord (39 vs. vs. 8%), admission to care, parental criminality, large family size, overcrowding and an unskilled or semiskilled breadwinner.

Keywords

child psychiatrydevelopmental assessment of childrenfamiliesparental psychiatric disorderrisk of mental health problemsVirginia twinstudy
Type
Chapter
Information
Parental Psychiatric Disorder
Distressed Parents and their Families
 , pp. 22 - 49
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Accardo, P. J. & Whitman, B. Y. (1990). Children of mentally retarded parents. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood, 144, 69–70Google Scholar
Adam, K. S. (1982). Loss, suicide and attachment. In The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour, ed. C. Murray Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde, pp. 269–94. London: Tavistock
Adcock, M. (1996). A legal framework for child protection: the Children Act 1989 (UK). In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 312–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Adrian, N., Hall, A., Harris, R. J. & Gold, J. A. (2002). When is it Neglect? The Development of a Tool to Identify and Monitor Neglect. Report to Tower Hamlets Area Child Protection Committee
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). The Strange Situation: Observing Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Akiskal, H. S., Downs, J., Jordan, P., Watson, S., Daugherty, D. & Pruitt, D. B. (1985). Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic-depressives: mode of onset and prospective course. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 996–1003Google Scholar
Anthony, E. J. (1970). The influence of maternal psychosis on children – folie à deux. In Parenthood, ed. E. J. Anthony & T. Benedek. Boston: Little, Brown
Anthony, E. J. (1986). Terrorising attacks on children by psychotic parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 326–35Google Scholar
Anthony, E. J. & McGinnis, M. (1978). Counselling very disturbed parents. In Helping Parents to help Their Children, ed. L. E. Arnold, pp. 328–41. New York: Brunner and Mazel
Barnett, B. & Parker, G. (1998). The parentified child: early competence or childhood deprivation. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 4, 146–55Google Scholar
Beardsall, L. & Dunn, J. (1992). Adversities in childhood: siblings' experiences, and their relations to self-esteem. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 331–59Google Scholar
Beardslee, W. R., Bemporad, J., Keller, M. B. & Klerman, G. I. (1983). Children with parents with major affective disorder: a review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 825–32Google Scholar
Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. & Gladstone, T. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 37, 1134–41Google Scholar
Beidel, D. C. & Turner, S. M. (1997). At risk for anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 918–24Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Rosenberger, K. & Crnic, K. (1995). The origins of attachment security: ‘classical’ and contextual determinants. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir & J. Kerr, pp. 153–84. New Jersey: The Analytic Press, Inc
Bonnet, C. (1993). Adoption at birth: prevention against abandonment or neonaticide. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 501–13Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss. Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and Loss. New York: Basic Books
Brinch, M., Isager, T. & Tolstrup, K. (1988). Anorexia nervosa and motherhood: reproduction pattern and mothering behaviour of 50 women. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 611–17Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. (1982). Early loss and depression. In The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour, ed. C. Murray Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde. London: Tavistock
Browne, K. & Herbert, M. (1997). Preventing Family Violence. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
Cadoret, R. J., Troughton, E., Moreno, L. & Whitters, A. (1989). Early life psychosocial events and adult affective symptoms. In Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adult Life, ed. L. N. Robins & M. Rutter, pp. 183–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E. et al. (1995). Adoption study demonstrating two genetic pathways to drug abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 42–52Google Scholar
Cameron, J. M., Johnson, H. R. M. & Camps, F. E. (1966). The battered child syndrome. Medicine, Science and the Law, 6, 2–21Google Scholar
Carlson, G. A. & Weintraub, S. (1993). Childhood behaviour problems and bipolar disorder: relationship or coincidence?Journal of Affective Disorders, 28, 143–53Google Scholar
Cheung, P. T. K. (1986). Maternal filicide in Hong Kong, 1971–1985. Medicine, Science and the Law, 26, 185–92Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. L. (1995). Child maltreatment and attachment organisation: implications for intervention. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir & J. Kerr, pp. 153–84. New Jersey: The Analytic Press, Inc
Clausen, J. A. & Huffine, C. L. (1979). The impact of parental mental illness on children. In Research in Community and Mental Health, ed. R. Simmons, pp. 183–214. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Cohen, L. S., Sichel, D. A., Sena, R., Henker, B. & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1994). Post-partum course in women with pre-existing panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 289–92Google Scholar
Cox, A. D., Puckering, C., Pound, A. & Mills, M. (1987). The impact of maternal depression in young children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 917–28Google Scholar
Creighton, S. J. & Gallagher, B. (1988). Child Abuse Deaths. Information Briefing No. 5. London: NSPCC
Cytryn, L., McKnew, D. W., Zahn-Waxler, C. & Gershon, E. S. (1984). Developmental issues in risk research: the offspring of affectively ill parents. In Depression in Children: Developmental Perspectives, ed. M. Rutter, C. R. lzard & P. B. Read. New York: Guilford Press
Davies, P. T., & Windle, M. (1997). Gender specific pathways between maternal depressive symptoms, family discord and adolescent adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 657–68Google Scholar
Department of Health (1991). Patterns and Outcomes in Child Placement: Messages from Current Research and their Implications. London: HMSO
Department of Health (2000). Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. London: The Stationery Office
Dierker, L. C., Merikangas, K. R. & Szatmari, P. (1999). Influence of parental concordance for psychiatric disorders on psychopathology in offspring. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 280–8Google Scholar
D'Orban, P. T. (1979). Women who kill their children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 560–71Google Scholar
Dover, S. J., Leahy, A. & Forman, D. (1994). Parental psychiatric disorder: clinical prevalence and effects on default from treatment. Child: Care, Health and Development, 20, 137–43Google Scholar
Durfee, M. & Tilton-Durfee, D. (1995). Multi-agency child death review teams: experience in the United States. Child Abuse Review, 4, 377–81Google Scholar
Eaves, L. J., Silberg, J. L., Meyer, J. M. et al. (1997). Genetics and developmental psychopathology: the main effects of genes and environment on behavioural problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 965–80Google Scholar
Emery, R., Weintraub, S. & Neale, J. (1982). Effects of marital discord on the school behaviour of children of schizophrenic, affectively disordered, and normal patients. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 215–28Google Scholar
Falkov, A. (1996). Study of Working Together ‘Part 8’ Reports. Fatal Child Abuse and Parental Psychiatric Disorder. An Analysis of 100 Area Child Protection Committee Case Reviews Conducted under the Terms of Part 8 of Working Together under the Children Act 1989. Department of Health. London: HMSO
Falkov, A. (1997). Parental Psychiatric Disorder and Child Maltreatment. Part II: Extent and Nature of the Association. National Children's Bureau Highlight, No. 149
Famularo, R., Kinscherff, R. & Fenton, T. (1992). Parental substance abuse and the nature of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 475–83Google Scholar
Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S. et al. (1988). Infants of depressed mothers show ‘depressed’ behaviour even with non-depressed adults. Child Development, 59, 1569–97Google Scholar
Foley, D. L., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E. et al. (2001). Parental concordance and comorbidity for psychiatric disorder and associated risks for current psychiatric symptoms and disorders in a community sample of juvenile twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 381–94Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Christ, M. A. & Hanson, K. (1992). Familial risk factors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: parental psychopathology and maternal parenting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 49–55Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1974). Children at risk: the search for the antecedents to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8, 14–90Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1984). Stress resistant children: the search for protective factors. In Recent Research into Developmental Psychopathology, ed. J. Stevenson. Monograph supplement No. 4 to Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology. Oxford: Pergamon Press
Garralda, M. E., Bowman, F. M. & Mandalia, S. (1999). Children with psychosomatic disorders who are frequent attenders to primary care. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 8, 34–44Google Scholar
Gerada, C. (1996). The Drug-addicted Mother: Pregnancy and Lactation. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 87–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Gibson, E. (1975). Homicide in England and Wales 1967–1971. Home Office Research Study No. 31. London: HMSO
Glaser, D. & Prior, V. (1997). Is the term child protection applicable to emotional abuse?Child Abuse Review, 6, 315–29Google Scholar
Goodyer, I. M. (1990). Family relationships, life events and childhood psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 161–92Google Scholar
Goodyer, I. M., Cooper, P. J., Vize, C. M. & Ashby, L. (1993). Depression in 11–26-year old girls: the role of past parental psychopathology and exposure to recent life events. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1103–15Google Scholar
Goodyer, I. M., Kolvin, I. & Gatzanis, S. (1985). Recent undesirable life events and psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 517–23Google Scholar
Goodyer, I. M., Wright, C. & Altham, P. M. E. (1988). Maternal adversity and recent stressful life events in anxious and depressed children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 651–68Google Scholar
Greenfield, S. F., Swartz, M. S., Landerman, L. R. & George, L. K. (1993). Long-term psychosocial effects of childhood exposure to parental problem drinking. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 608–13Google Scholar
Hall, A. (1996). Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 251–6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Hall, A. (2002). Emotional abuse. In Protecting Children from Abuse and Neglect in Primary Care, ed. M. J. Bannon & Y. H. Carter. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Harder, D. W. & Greenwald, D. F. (1992). Parent, family interaction and child predictors of outcome among sons at psychiatric risk. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 151–64Google Scholar
Hare, E. H. & Shaw, G. K. (1965). A study in family health: 11. A comparison of the health of fathers, mothers and children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 467–71Google Scholar
Harnish, J. D., Dodge, K. A. & Valente, E. (1995). Mother–child interaction quality as a partial mediator of the roles of maternal depressive symptomatology and socio-economic status in the development of child behaviour problems. Child Development, 66, 739–53Google Scholar
Harris, T., Brown, G. W. & Bifulco, A. (1986). Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: the role of adequate family care. Psychological Medicine, 16, 641–59Google Scholar
Harris, T., Brown, G. W. & Bifulco, A. (1987). Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: the role of social class position and premarital pregnancy. Psychological Medicine, 17, 163–83Google Scholar
Hill, J., Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M. & Pickles, A. (1989). Adult personality functioning assessment ‘APFA’: an investigator-based standardised interview. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 24–35Google Scholar
Hirshfield, D. R., Biederman, J., Brody, L., Faraone, S. V. & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1997). Expressed emotion toward children with behavioural inhibition: association with maternal anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 910–17Google Scholar
Holter, J. C. & Friedman, S. B. (1968). Principles of management in child abuse cases. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 38, 127–36Google Scholar
Howe, D. (1998). Adoption outcome research and practical judgement. Adoption and Fostering, 22, 6–15Google Scholar
Humphries, C. (2000). Social Work, Domestic Violence and Child Protection: Challenging Practice. Bristol: Polity Press
Jones, D. P. H. (1987). The untreatable family. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 409–20Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. & Prescott, C. A. (1999). A population based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 29–44Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Davis, C. G. & Kendler, K. S. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Co-morbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1101–19Google Scholar
Klimes-Dougan, B., Free, K., Ronsaville, D., Stilwell, J., Welsh, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1999). Suicidal ideation and attempts: a longitudinal investigation of children of depressed and well mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 651–9Google Scholar
Kuperman, S., Schlosser, S. S., Lidral, J. & Reich, W. (1999). Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 686–92Google Scholar
Levine, M., Freeman, J. & Compaan, C. (1994). Maltreatment related fatalities: issues of policy and prevention. Law and Policy, 16, 4499–71Google Scholar
Livingston, R. (1993). Children of people with somatisation disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 536–44Google Scholar
Lung, C. T. & Daro, D. (1996). Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1995 Annual Fifty-state Survey. Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse
Main, M. (1995). Recent studies in attachment: overview with selected implications for clinical work. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental and Clinical Perspectives, ed. S. Goldberg, R. Muir & J. Kerr, pp. 153–84. New Jersey: The Analytic Press, Inc
Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Goldberg, S., Hood, J. & Swinson, R. P. (1995). Behavioural inhibition, attachment and anxiety in children of mothers with anxiety disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 87–92Google Scholar
Martin, C., Cabrol, S.Bouvard, M. P., Lepine, J. P. & Mouren-Simeoni, M. (1999). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 916–22
Masten, A. S., Garmezy, N., Tellegen, A., Pellegrini, D. S., Larkin, K. & Larsen, A. (1988). Competence and stress in school children: the moderating effects of individual and family qualities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 745–64Google Scholar
Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Blazer, D. G. & George, L. K. (1993). Psychiatric disorders in adult children of alcoholics: data from the epidemiological catchment area project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 793–800Google Scholar
McFadyen, A., Woolley, H., Wheatcroft, R. & Stein, A. (1999). The influence of maternal eating disorder on children. Clinical Care: National Association of Primary Care, 320–4Google Scholar
McKay, D. & Pollard, J. (1996). Community support networks in education and care settings. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder. Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Mednick, B. (1973). Breakdown in high risk subjects: familial and early environmental factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 469–75Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Dierker, L. C. & Szatmari, P. (1998a). Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety disorders: a high risk study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 711–20Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Swendsen, J. D., Preisig, M. A. & Chazan, R. Z. (1998b). Psychopathology and temperament in parents and offspring: results of a family study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 63–74Google Scholar
Moss, H. B., Mezzich, A., Yao, J. K., Gavaler, J. & Martin, C. S. (1995). Aggressivity among sons of substance abusing fathers: association with psychiatric disorder in the father and son, paternal personality, pubertal development and socio-economic status. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 21, 195–208Google Scholar
Murphy, M. J., Jellinek, M., Quinn, D., Smith, G., Poitrast, F. G. & Goshko, M. (1991). Substance abuse and serious child mistreatment: prevalence, risk and outcome in a court sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 197–211Google Scholar
Murray, L. (1992). The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 543–61Google Scholar
Murray, L., Sinclair, D., Cooper, P., Ducournau, P., Turner, P. & Stein, A. (1999). The socioemotional development of 5-year old children of postnatally depressed mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1259–71Google Scholar
Neziroglu, F., Anenome, R. & Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (1992). Onset of obsessive- compulsive disorder in pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 947–50Google Scholar
Norton, K. & Dolan, B. (1996). Personality disorder and parenting. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 219–232. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Nunes, E. V., Weissman, M. M., Goldstein, R. B. et al. (1998). Psychopathology in children of parents with opiate dependence and/or major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1142–51Google Scholar
Oates, M. (1997). Patients as parents: the risk to children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170 (Suppl. 32), 22–7Google Scholar
Parnas, J., Schulsinger, F., Schulsinger, H., Mednick, S. A. & Teasdale, T. W. (1982). Behavioural precursors of schizophrenia. A prospective study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 658–64Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive Family Process. Eugene, OR: Castalia
Pollock, V. E., Briere, J., Schneider, L., Knop, J., Mednisk, S. A. & Goodwin, D. A. (1990). Childhood antecedents of antisocial behaviour: parental alcoholism and physical abusiveness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1290–3Google Scholar
Poole, R. (1996). General adult psychiatrists and their patients' children. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 3–6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Price, R. A., Kidd, K. K. & Weissman, M. M. (1987). Early onset (under age 30 years) and panic disorder as markers for etiologic homogeneity in major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 434–40Google Scholar
Puckering, C. (1989). Maternal depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 807–17Google Scholar
Puig-Antich, J., Goetz, D., Davies, M. et al. (1989). A controlled family history study of prepubertal major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 406–18Google Scholar
Quinton, D. & Rutter, M. (1984). Parenting behaviour of mothers raised in care. In Longitudinal Studies in Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Practical Lessons from Research Experience, ed. A. R. Nicol. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
Reder, P. & Duncan, S. (1999). Lost Innocents: A Follow-up Study of Fatal Child Abuse. London: Routledge
Reder, P., McClure, M. & Jolley, A. (2000). Family Matters: Interfaces between Child and Adult Mental Health. London: Routledge
Rende, R., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P. & Weissman, M. M. (1999). Psychological Medicine, 29, 1291–8
Rice, F., Harold, G. & Thapar, A. (2002). The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: a review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 65–79Google Scholar
Richman, N., Stevenson, J. & Graham, P. J. (1982). Preschool to School: A Behavioural Study. London: Academic Press
Rodnick, E. H. & Goldstein, M. J. (1974). Premorbid adjustment and the recovery of mothering function in acute schizophrenic women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 623–8Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2002a). Domestic Violence. Council Report CR 102. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2002b). Patients as parents. Council Report CR 105. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Rutter, M. (1972). Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books
Rutter, M. (1979). Changing Youth in a Changing Society: Patterns of Adolescent Development and Disorder. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust
Rutter, M. (1981). The city and the child. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 610–25Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1982). Epidemiological-longitudinal approaches to the study of development. In The Concept of Development, ed. W. A. Collins, pp. 105–44. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 15. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Psychopathology, ed. J. E. Rolf & A. S. Masten, pp. 181–214. New York: Cambridge University Press
Rutter, M. & Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: effects on children. Psychological Medicine, 14, 853–80Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Macdonald, H., Couteur, A., Harrington, R., Bolton, P. & Bailey, A. (1990). Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders – II. Empirical findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 39–83Google Scholar
Schreier, H. A. & Libow, J. A. (1993). Hurting for Love: Munchausen-by-proxy Syndrome. New York: Guilford
Seeman, M. V. (1996). The mother with schizophrenia. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 190–200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Sheppard, M. (1997). Double jeopardy: the link between child abuse and maternal depression in child and family social work. Child and Family Social Work, 2, 91–107Google Scholar
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Meyer, J. M. et al. (1997). The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 801–8Google Scholar
Stein, A., Murray, L., Cooper, P. & Fairburn, C. G. (1996). Infant growth in the context of maternal eating disorders and maternal depression: a comparative study. Psychological Medicine, 26, 569–74Google Scholar
Stewart, D. & Gangbar, R. (1984). Psychiatric assessment of competency to care for a newborn. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 583–69Google Scholar
Stewart, D. E., Raskin, J., Garfinkel, P. E., MacDonald, O. L. & Robinson, G. E. (1987). Anorexia nervosa, bulimia and pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 157, 1194–8Google Scholar
Strober, M., Morell, W., Burroughs, J., Lampert, C., Danforth, H. & Freeman, R. (1988). A family study of bipolar I disorder in adolescence: early onset of symptoms linked to increased familial loading and lithium resistance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 255–68Google Scholar
Taylor, C. G., Norman, J., Murphy, M. et al. (1991). Diagnosed intellectual and emotional impairment among parents who seriously mistreat their children: prevalence, type and outcome in a court sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 389–401Google Scholar
Taylor, E. (1991). Developmental neuropsychiatry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1–48Google Scholar
Thomas A. & Chess S. (1982). Temperament and follow-up to adulthood. In Temperamental Differences in Infants and Young Children, ed. R. Porter & G. M. Collins, pp. 168–72. London: Pitman
Thomsen, P. H. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a study of parental psychopathology and precipitating events in 20 consecutive Danish cases. Psychopathology, 28, 161–7Google Scholar
Tienari, P., Wynne, L. C., Moring, J. et al. (1994). The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia: implications for family research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (Suppl. 23), 20–6Google Scholar
Tsiantis, J., Kokkevi, A. & Agathonos-Marouli, E. (1981). Parents of abused children in Greece: psychiatric and psychological characteristics. Child Abuse and Neglect, 5, 281–5Google Scholar
US Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect (1995). A Nation's Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States. Washington: Department of Health and Human Services
Knorring, A. (1991). Children of alcoholics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 411–21Google Scholar
Warner, V., Mufson, L. & Weissman, M. M. (1995). Offspring at high and low risk for depression and anxiety: mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 786–97Google Scholar
Watt, N., Anthony, E. J., Wynne, L. C. & Rolf, E. (ed.) (1984). Children at Risk for Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Webster, J. & Huxley, P. (1996). Some social work dilemmas and solutions. In Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families, ed. M. Göpfert, J. Webster & M. V. Seeman, pp. 325–334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Weissman, M. M. & Paykel, E. S. (1974). The Depressed Woman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Weissman, M. M., McAvay, G., Goldstein, R. B., Nunes, E. V. et al. (1999a). Risk/protective factors among addicted mothers' offspring: a replication study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25, 661–79Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P. J. & Kandel, D. B. (1999b). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychopathology in offspring followed to adult. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 892–9Google Scholar
Whitman, B. Y., Graves, B. & Accardo, P. J. (1987). The mentally retarded patient in the community: identification method and needs assessment survey. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91, 636–8Google Scholar
Wilczynski, A. (1994). The incidence of child homicide: how accurate are the official statistics?Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 1, 61–6Google Scholar
Wilczynski, A. (1995). Risk factors for parental child homicide: results of an English study. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 7, 241–53Google Scholar
Wilczynski, A. (1997). Child Homicide. London: Greenwich Medical Media
Woodside, D. & Shekter-Wolfson, L. (1990). Parenting by patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 303–9Google Scholar
Zeitlin, H. (1986). The Natural History of Disorder in Childhood. Institute of Psychiatry/Maudsley Monograph No. 29. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×