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3 - Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2021

Michael Church
Affiliation:
Classical music and opera critic, The Independent/i
Dwight Reynolds
Affiliation:
Professor of Arabic Language and Literature at the University of California, Santa Barbara
Scott DeVeaux
Affiliation:
Professor in the McIntire Department of Music at the University of Virginia
Ivan Hewett
Affiliation:
Classical music critic for the Daily Telegraph, broadcaster on BBC Radio 3, and teacher at the Royal College of Music.
David Hughes
Affiliation:
Research Associate, University of London
Jonathan Katz
Affiliation:
Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford
Frank Kouwenhoven
Affiliation:
University of Leiden Founder and Secretary-Treasurer of CHIME
Roderic Knight
Affiliation:
Professor of Ethnomusicology Emeritus, Oberlin College, Conservatory of Music
Robert Labaree
Affiliation:
Member of the Musicology faculty at the New England Conservatory in Boston
Scott Marcus
Affiliation:
Professor of Ethnomusicology at the University of California, Santa Barbara
Terry E. Miller
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus of Ethnomusicology at Kent State University, Ohio
Will Sumits
Affiliation:
University of Central Asia Research Fellow in Humanities
Neil Sorrell
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in Music, University of York
Richard Widdess
Affiliation:
Professor of Musicology in the Department of Music, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
Affiliation:
Visiting scholar at the City University of New York Graduate Center
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Summary

The accelerating rhythm of two hardwood clappers signals the opening of the curtain: an audience of several thousand watches as the immense stage is revealed. At its rear are eight singers, eight players of three-string, banjo-like instruments, five drummers and a flautist, all male and wearing matching kimono with broad-shouldered waistcoats and skirt-like trousers. A flute melody in free rhythm – a slow sliding stream of intervals, which may strike Western ears as otherworldly – accompanies the entrance of a samurai character, to enthusiastic yells from the audience. In stylised speech he introduces himself, and sets the scene. The lead singer launches into a slow chant-like song, accompanied by two hand-drums. Between drum-strokes, the drummers shout like martial arts competitors: yooo! ho! ya! ha!

Soon the banjos join in in unison, and the music becomes more rhythmic and melodic, the vocalists seeming to chase the string tune, a split-second behind the strongly-plucked beats. Actors enter along a runway passing through the audience, who shout further cries of encouragement. The flute re-enters, its melody seemingly unrelated to the voices and strings. At a dramatic climax the hero – a powerful warrior-priest – strikes an exaggerated pose, arms akimbo, eyes crossed. Accenting his pose, a deep-voiced stickdrum sounds from behind a screen offstage to the left, while – barely visible to the far right – a man in black pounds on a wooden board with two hardwood bars.

THIS is how a performance of a kabuki play might begin and develop. Sounds come at you from every direction: music from onstage and offstage musicians, heightened speech from the actors, shouts from the drummers and the audience, sound effects depicting insects or symbolising natural phenomena. Such a soundscape, however, would be unthinkable in the other genres of Japanese classical music covered in this chapter: each is specific to its social, physical and historical environment.

Ask a Japanese about classical music in Japan, and the names likely to pop up are those of Bach, Beethoven and Tchaikovsky. Or maybe the pianist Uchida Mitsuko, who studied in Vienna from the age of twelve and is now a British citizen. Or two recent figures of worldwide fame: composer Takemitsu Tōru and conductor Ozawa Seiji. But that's if you are conversing in English. In Japanese, you would have had to choose between two words for ‘classical’.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Other Classical Musics
Fifteen Great Traditions
, pp. 74 - 103
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2015

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