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14 - Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2021

Michael Church
Affiliation:
Classical music and opera critic, The Independent/i
Dwight Reynolds
Affiliation:
Professor of Arabic Language and Literature at the University of California, Santa Barbara
Scott DeVeaux
Affiliation:
Professor in the McIntire Department of Music at the University of Virginia
Ivan Hewett
Affiliation:
Classical music critic for the Daily Telegraph, broadcaster on BBC Radio 3, and teacher at the Royal College of Music.
David Hughes
Affiliation:
Research Associate, University of London
Jonathan Katz
Affiliation:
Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford
Frank Kouwenhoven
Affiliation:
University of Leiden Founder and Secretary-Treasurer of CHIME
Roderic Knight
Affiliation:
Professor of Ethnomusicology Emeritus, Oberlin College, Conservatory of Music
Robert Labaree
Affiliation:
Member of the Musicology faculty at the New England Conservatory in Boston
Scott Marcus
Affiliation:
Professor of Ethnomusicology at the University of California, Santa Barbara
Terry E. Miller
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus of Ethnomusicology at Kent State University, Ohio
Will Sumits
Affiliation:
University of Central Asia Research Fellow in Humanities
Neil Sorrell
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in Music, University of York
Richard Widdess
Affiliation:
Professor of Musicology in the Department of Music, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
Affiliation:
Visiting scholar at the City University of New York Graduate Center
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Summary

In a garden of cypress and pine trees under the soft summer night, tiny water-canals and candlelit paths lead to a polygonal kiosk open on all sides, with an open dais in front. Six cushions in a half-moon arrangement face an audience – men and women, young and old – seated around the stage. From behind the pavilion appear six young musicians: five men with instruments, and a woman in a white evening dress with long sleeves and high neckline; her companions are in white shirts and beige trousers. To applause they take their places on the dais and the men tune their instruments: a lute, fiddle, zither, flute and drum. Each instrumentalist is highlighted during a slow introduction, which is followed by a rapid virtuoso section on zither and drum. Singing in Farsi, the vocalist delivers an evocative line: ‘On my tomb, sit down with wine and a musician’, and the forcefully-plucked lute gives an improvised response. The two continue their exchange while members of the audience gently nod as they sing along in a whisper. The meditative mood gives way to an energetic song from singer and ensemble, and the performance ends with a lively instrumental number.

WE are in the garden of the Hāfezieh, where the Persian poet Hāfez (1326– 90) is buried. This is in Shiraz, also known as the city of Gol o Bolbol (‘flower and nightingale’). Such gardens have been popular venues for the performance of Persian classical music for centuries, and for musicians, poets and philosophers they have been a refuge from daily life, with many – like the twelfth-century poet, mathematician and philosopher Omar Khayyām – choosing to be buried there: ‘My grave will be in a spot where, every spring, the north wind will scatter blossoms on me.’

The story goes that a Persian poet was discussing music with some Westerners who compared their music to an ocean, and Persian music to a miserable drop. ‘Indeed,’ answered the poet, ‘but that ocean is only water, while this drop is a tear’. Essentially intimate, Persian classical music is closely bound up with poetry and mysticism, and customarily involves the singing of verses by poets such as Hafez, Sa’di and Rumi.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Other Classical Musics
Fifteen Great Traditions
, pp. 320 - 339
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2015

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