Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T21:45:45.773Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

(b) - The military Orders in the Baltic

from 23 - Scandinavia and the Baltic frontier

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

David Abulafia
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

ANY account of military religious Orders in the Baltic begins, of necessity, in the Levant, and must take into account circumstances in the rest of Christendom. Although Palestine was no tabula rasa, in terms of ancient Christian institutions, the newly conquered ‘Latin east’ required its own structure of archbishoprics, bishoprics, churches and monasteries. The large number of temporary visitors, crusaders, merchants and pilgrims, necessitated a network of hospitals and brotherhoods out of which grew the military religious Orders. Three major military Orders arose in Palestine during the earlier crusades: the Templars, the Order of St John and the German or Teutonic Order. While they owed their ethos to the Church’s wary accommodation with the warrior caste, their power stemmed from their ability to secure exemption from episcopal jurisdictions, and indeed in the case of the Teutonic Order, from the jurisdiction of the Order of St John itself. The Order also profited from the granting by Honorius III of the right to receive donations by way of commutation of crusading vows, which resulted in the steady accretion of a landed power base in northern Europe.

The Order’s extra-Levantine possessions were supposed to provide the wherewithal for the fight against the infidel in the east. Gradually, individual properties, assembled over many years, were grouped under the aegis of bailiwick commanders, who in turn were subordinate to provincial commanders, themselves subject to the German Master, the operational locum of a further hierarchy as yet still based in Palestine.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnold, U. and Biskup, M. (eds.) (1982), Der Deutschordensstaat Preußen in der polnischen Geschichtsschreibung der Gegenwart, Marburg
Bartlett, R. (1990), The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change, London
Bartlett, R. and Mackay, A. (eds.) (1989), Medieval frontier societies, Oxford
Benninghoven, F. (1965), Der Orden der Schwertbrüder, Cologne
Biskup, K. (1960), ‘Teutonic Order state organization’, Acta Poloniae historica 1960 Google Scholar
Boockmann, H. (1981), Der Deutsche Orden: Zwölf Kapitel aus seiner Geschichte, Munich
Brankack, J. (1964), Heidenmission und Kreuzzugsgedanke in der deutschen Ostpolitik, Bad Homburg
Christiansen, E. (1980), The northern crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier 1100–1525, London; 2nd edn Harmondsworth (1998)
Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, ed. and trans. Brundage, J., Madison, WI (1961)
Chronicle of Novgorod, trans. Michell, R. and Forbes, N., Camden Society, 3rd ser., 25, London (1914)
CristianizzazionedellaLituania, (1990), Pontificio Comitato per le Scienze Storiche, Vatican City
Dollinger, P. (1970), The German Hansa, trans. Steinberg, S.H., London
Dygo, M. (1989), ‘The political role of the cult of the Virgin Mary in Teutonic Prussia’, Journal of Medieval History 15 Google Scholar
Dygo, M. (1990), ‘The German empire and the grand master of the Teutonic Order in the light of the Golden Bull of Rimini’, Acta Poloniae historica 60 Google Scholar
Favreau, M.L. (n.d. [1975]), Studien zur Frühgeschichte des Deutschen Ordens, Kiel and Stuttgart
Forey, A. (1992), The military Orders, London
Forstreuter, K. (1938), Preußen und Rußland im Mittelalter, Königsberg
Forstreuter, K. (1955), Preußen und Rußland von den Anfängen des Deutschen Ordens bis zum Peter dem Großen, Göttingen
Forstreuter, K. (1962), Deutschland und Litauen im Mittelalter, Cologne
Franklin, S.C. and Shepard, J.E.B. (1996), The emergence of Rus 750–1200, London
,Gnegel-Waitschies (1958), Bischof Albert von Riga, Hamburg
Gorski, K. (1963), ‘L’Ordre theutonique: un nouveau point de vue’, Revue historique 230 Google Scholar
Gorski, K. (1966), ‘The Teutonic Order in Prussia’, Medievalia et humanistica 17 Google Scholar
Higounet, C. (1990), Les Allemands et l’Europe centrale et orientale au moyen âge, Paris
Housley, N. (1992), The later crusades, from Lyons to Alcázar, 1274–1580, Oxford
Hubatsch, W. , Quellen zur Geschichte des deutschen Ordens, Göttingen (1954)
,Inizi del cristianesimo in Livonia-Lettonia, Gli (1989), Pontificio Comitato per le Scienze Storiche, Vatican City
Johnson, E. (1975), ‘The German crusade in the Baltic’, in Setton, K.M., et al (eds.), A history of the crusades, Madison, WI, 111 Google Scholar
Krollmann, C. (1938), The Teutonic Order in Prussia, trans. Horstmann, E., Elbing
Leighley, J. (1939), The towns of medieval Livonia, University of California Publications in Geography, 6, no. 7, Berkeley and Los Angeles
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, trans. Smith, J. and Urban, W., Bloomington, IN (1977)
Mazeika, R.J. (1994), ‘Of cabbages and kings’, Journal of Medieval History 20 Google Scholar
Muldoon, J. (1979), Popes, lawyers and infidels: the Church and the non-Christian world 1250–1550, Liverpool
Nicholson, H. (1993), Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights: images of the military Orders, Leicester
Olins, P. (1925), The Teutonic Knights in Latvia, Riga
,Peter of Dusberg’s Chronicle, in Scriptores rerum prussicarum, ed. Hirsch, T., Toeppen, M. and Strehlke, E., 5 vols., Leipzig (18611874) 1
,Peter of Dusberg’s Chronicle, in Scriptores rerum prussicarum, new edn with German trans. by Scholz, C. and Wojtecki, D., Darmstadt (1984)
Preußenland und Deutscher Orden: Festschrift K. Forstreuter (1958), Würzburg
Purcell, M. (1975), Papal crusading policy, Leiden
Rowell, S. (1994), Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1290–1345, Cambridge
Sedlar, J.W. (1994), East-central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, Washington, DC
Stern, I. (1982), ‘Crime and punishment among the Teutonic Knights’, Speculum 57 Google Scholar
Szacherska, S. (1988), ‘Valdemar II’s expedition to Pruthenia’, Mediaeval Scandinavia 12 Google Scholar
Treitschke, H. (1942), Treitschke’s origins of Prussianism, trans. Paul, E. C., London
Tumler, M. (1955), Der Deutsche Orden im Wenden, Wachsen und Wirken bis 1400, Vienna
Tumler, M. and Arnold, U. (1981), Der Deutsche Orden von seinem Ursprung bis zur Gegenwart, Marburg
Urban, W. (1973), ‘The organisation of the defence of the Livonian frontier in the thirteenth century’, Speculum 48 Google Scholar
Urban, W. (1980), The Prussian Crusade, Washington, DC
Urban, W. (1989), The Samogitian Crusade, Chicago
Urban, W. (1994), The Baltic Crusade, 2nd edn, Chicago
,Wigand of Marburg, ‘Cronica nova prutenica’, in Scriptores rerum prussicarum, ed. Hirsch, T., Toeppen, M. and Strehlke, E., 5 vols., Leipzig (18611874) 11 Google Scholar
Wippermann, W. (1979), Der Ordenstaat als Ideologie: das Bild des Deutschen Ordens in der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung und Publizistik, Berlin

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×