The chapter describes the main nature conservation challenges in Portugal, its main policy responses and actions, and their achievements and lessons, primarily over the last 40 years. This covers the country’s natural characteristics, habitats and species of particular importance; the status of nature and main pressures affecting it; nature conservation policies (including biodiversity strategies), legislation, governance and key actors; species measures (e.g. Species Action / Recovery Plans, and dealing with conflicts with the Wolf Canis lupus); protected areas and networks; general conservation measures (e.g. development planning and impacts assessment, habitat management and alien invasive species); nature conservation costs, economic benefits and funding sources; and biodiversity monitoring. Likely future developments are also identified. Conclusions are drawn on what measures have been most effective and why, and what is needed to improve the implementation of existing measures and achieve future nature conservation goals.