INTRODUCTION

Twenty years ago, standard clinical practice regarding the treatment of infants with intersex conditions and differences of sex development reached a critical turning point, particularly on the question of what gender to assign the affected children and whether their gender assignments should be reinforced with surgical interventions. Prior to this period, prominent clinicians tended to minimise as anomalous the statements of aggrieved adults whose bodies had been surgically modified in childhood and who suffered physical pain, genital dysfunction, loss of fertility, and sexual sensitivity, as well as those who considered the interventions a violation of their identity and personal integrity. By 1997, however, case studies had been published confirming rejections of gender assignments by older minors and adults who had been subjected to medical gender-conforming procedures in childhood. These disclosures led to the first reform guidelines proposing that while a social gender assignment for infants could be expected to continue, clinical practice should be more open to recognition of diverse gender identities and resistant to surgical interventions designed to reinforce an assigned gender. On the whole, however, clinical practitioners did not appear to embrace these guidelines. Rather, while the calls for practice changes were expected to ‘accelerate the re-examination of the clinical care of the intersex patient’, they instead marked the start of a period of a ‘crisis in clinical management’, one in which many clinicians found it difficult to change their practices without scientific evidence conclusively proving that all gender-conforming medical interventions are too risk-laden or unnecessary to support gender assignment on infants and young children.

Concerned about the quality of evidence supporting clinical practice, a group of prominent expert-clinicians organised several invitational gatherings of their colleagues to review gender-assignment practices and the medical interventions used to reinforce them. The first of these gatherings took place in Chicago in 2005 and was dubbed the Chicago Consensus, which led to the publication of a Consensus Statement the following year. This Consensus Statement recommended caution for a limited number of interventions but acknowledged that the lack of long-term outcome data was a ‘major shortfall’ of clinical practice, including gender assignment in infancy.