The first sixteen words of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, according to which ‘Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof’, contains an inherent conflict between its clauses that has generated more litigation at the Supreme Court than any education-related topic in its history. In other words, while Americans are free to believe in what they wish, the US Supreme Court and other courts have interpreted the First Amendment as not permitting the government from taking any actions, such as aiding religious institutions or permitting prayer in state-sponsored activities such as public schools, for fear of establishing a state religion. At the same time, although the Federal Constitution forbids Congress from establishing religion, since the Supreme Court extended the same prohibition to state governments, individuals have the same rights against the federal or state governments with regard to religion in the public marketplace (state constitutions typically include similar provisions).

When disputes arise under the First Amendment with regard to prayer and religious expression by students in public schools, the lack of judicial clarity, coupled with what can be interpreted as judicial hostility, has led to the near banishment of many student-led religious activities in many public schools. This unhappy state of affairs with regard to the Religion Clauses resulted in large part by the Supreme Court's inability to create separate and distinct standards when dealing with the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.