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5 - Nontraumatic pediatric emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2010

By
Harvey Teo  and
David Stringer
Edited by
Heike E. Daldrup-Link  and
Charles A. Gooding
Heike E. Daldrup-Link
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Charles A. Gooding
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
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Type
Chapter
Information
Essentials of Pediatric Radiology
A Multimodality Approach
 , pp. 98 - 137
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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References

Everard, ML (2009) Acute bronchiolitis and croup. Pediatr Clin North Am 56(1), 119–33, x–xi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroud, RH, Friedman, NR (2001) An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis. Am J Otolaryngol 22, 268–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swischuk, Nasal passages, mandible and upper airway. In Imaging of the Newborn, Infant and Young Child, 4th edn., ed. Swischuk, (Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 1997) pp. 159–98.Google Scholar
Swischuk, , Smith, PC, Fagan, CJ (1974) Abnormalities of the pharynx and larynx in childhood. Semin Roentgenol 9, 283–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobol, SE, Zapata, S (2008) Epiglottitis and croup. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 41(3), 551–66, ix.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yadav, SP, Singh, J, Aggarwal, N, Goel, A (2007) Airway foreign bodies in children: experience of 132 cases. Singapore Med J 48(9), 850–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Zerella, JT, Dimler, M, McGill, LC, Pippus, KJ (1998) Foreign body aspiration in children: value of radiography and complications of bronchoscopy. J Pediatr Surg 33, 1651–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Lone, E, Elphick, HE, Robinson, PJ (2008) Spontaneous pneumothorax in children: when is invasive treatment indicated?Pediatr Pulmonol 43(1), 41–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swischuk, (1988) Two lesser known but useful signs of neonatal pneumothorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol 151, 135–7.Google Scholar
McNichol, KN, Williams, HB (1973) Spectrum of asthma in children. I. Clinical and physiological components. Br Med J 4, 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tal, A, Bavilski, C, Yohai, Det al. (1983) Dexamethasone and salbutamol in the treatment of acute wheezing in infants. Pediatrics 71, 13.Google ScholarPubMed
Yawn, BP, Wollan, P, Kurland, M, Scanlon, P (2002) A longitudinal study of the prevalence of asthma in a community population of school-age children. J Pediatr 140(5), 576–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janik, JS, Ein, SH, Filler, RMet al. (1981) An assessment of the surgical treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 16, 225–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blickman, JGPediatric Radiology (St. Louis: Mosby, 1994) pp. 57–110.Google Scholar
Hutson, JM, Beastley, SW, Woodward, AA (eds.) Jones' Clinical Paediatric Surgery, 4th edn. (Melbourne: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1992) pp. 121–32.Google Scholar
John, SD, Swischuck, Pediatric gastrointestinal tract. In Diagnostic Ultrasound, 2nd edn., ed. Rumack, CM, Wilson, CM, Charboneau, JW (St. Louis: Mosby, 1998) pp. 1717–47.Google Scholar
Laney, DW, Balistreri, WFThe gastrointestinal tract and liver. In Rudolph's Fundamentals of Pediatrics, ed. Rudolph, AM, Kamei, RK (Stamford: Appleton and Lange, 1998) pp. 395–417.Google Scholar
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 275–81.Google Scholar
Blickman, JGPediatric Radiology (St. Louis: Mosby, 1994) pp. 57–110.Google Scholar
Darani, A, Mendoza-Sagaon, M, Reinberg, O (2005) Gastric volvulus in children. J Pediatr Surg 40(5), 855–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 298–9.Google Scholar
Dufour, D, Delaet, MH, Dassonville, M, Cadranel, S, Perlmutter, N (1992) Midgut malrotation, the reliability of sonographic diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol 22(1), 21–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAlister, WH, Kronemer, KA (1996) Emergency gastrointestinal radiology of the newborn. Radiol Clin North Am 34(4), 819–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Snyder, WH, Chaffin, L (1954) Embryology of the intestinal tract: presentation of 10 cases of malrotation. Ann Surg 140, 368–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 311–32.Google Scholar
Applegate, KE (2008) Intussusception in children: imaging choices. Semin Roentgenol 43(1), 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del-Pozo, G, Gonzalez-Spinola, J, Gomez-Anson, Bet al. (1996) Intussusception: trapped peritoneal fluid detected with US—relationship to reducibility and ischemia. Radiology 201, 379–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooker, RL, Hernanz-Schulman, M, Yu, C, Kan, JH (2008) Radiographic evaluation of intussusception: utility of left-side-down decubitus view. Radiology 248(3), 987–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peh, WC, Khong, PL, Chan, KLet al. (1996) Sonographically guided hydrostatic reduction of childhood intussusception using Hartmann's solution. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167(5), 1237–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 421–34.Google Scholar
Strouse, PJ, DiPietro, MA, Saez, F (2003) Transient small-bowel intussusception in children on CT. Pediatr Radiol 33, 316–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erez, I, Rathause, V, Vacian, Iet al. (2002) Preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative findings of inguinal hernias in children: A prospective study of 642 children. J Pediatr Surg 37(6), 865–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graf, JL, Caty, MG, Martin, DJ, Glick, PL (2002) Pediatric hernias. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 23(2), 197–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, LC, Merkle, EM, Thompson, WM (2006) Review of internal hernias: radiographic and clinical findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186(3), 703–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnelly, LF, Frush, DP, O'Hara, SM, Johnson, ND, Bisset, GS 3rd (1998) CT appearance of clinically occult abdominal hemorrhage in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 170(4), 1073–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, VL (2000) Gastrointestinal bleeding in infancy and childhood. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29(1), 37–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, AK, Wong, AL (2002) Lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 18(4), 319–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Hara, SM (1997) Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Radiol Clin North Am 35(4), 879–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 210–13.Google Scholar
Chang, WL, Yang, YH, Lin, YT, Chiang, BL (2004) Gastrointestinal manifestations in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a review of 261 patients. Acta Paediatr 93(11), 1427–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, B, O'Halpin, D (1994) Sonographic evaluation of the abdomen in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin Radiol 49(5), 320–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 406–8.Google Scholar
Puig, S, Staudenherz, A, Felder-Puig, R, Paya, K (2008) Imaging of appendicitis in children and adolescents: useful or useless? A comparison of imaging techniques and a critical review of the current literature. Semin Roentgenol 43(1), 22–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosendahl, K, Aukland, SM, Fosse, K (2004) Imaging strategies in children with suspected appendicitis. Eur Radiol 14(Suppl. 4), L138–L145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 520–4.Google Scholar
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 553–5.Google Scholar
Gunther, P, Schenk, JP, Wunsch, Ret al. (2006) Acute testicular torsion in children: the role of sonography in the diagnostic workup. Eur Radiol 16(11), 2527–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, JA, Cain, MP (2006) Pediatric urologic emergencies and urgencies. Pediatr Clin North Am 53(3), 513–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, EP, Bhatt, S, Rubens, DJ, Dogra, VS (2007) Testicular torsion: twists and turns. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 28(4), 317–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearl, MS, Hill, MC (2007) Ultrasound of the scrotum. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 28(4), 225–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicoletta, JA, Lande, MB (2006) Medical evaluation and treatment of urolithiasis. Pediatr Clin North Am 53(3), 479–91, vii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamaya, A, Shin, L, Chen, B, Desser, TS (2008) Emergency gynecologic imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 29(5), 353–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rousseau, V, Massicot, R, Darwish, AAet al. (2008) Emergency management and conservative surgery of ovarian torsion in children: a report of 40 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 21(4), 201–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fefer, S, Ellsworth, P (2006) Prenatal hydronephrosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 53(3), 429–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riccabona, M, Avni, FE, Blickman, JGet al. (2009) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology. Minutes of the ESPR uroradiology task force session on childhood obstructive uropathy, high-grade fetal hydronephrosis, childhood haematuria, and urolithiasis in childhood. ESPR Annual Congress, Edinburgh, UK, June 2008. Pediatr Radiol 39(8), 891–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caird, MS, Flynn, JM, Leung, YLet al. (2006) Factors distinguishing septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(6), 1251–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwack, KS, Cho, JH, Lee, JHet al. (2007) Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: gadolinium-enhanced MRI finding of decreased perfusion at the femoral epiphysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(2), 437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uziel, Y, Butbul-Aviel, Y, Barash, Jet al. (2006) Recurrent transient synovitis of the hip in childhood. Longterm outcome among 39 patients. J Rheumatol 33(4), 810–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, WJ, Im, SA, Lim, GYet al. (2006) MR imaging of transient synovitis: differentiation from septic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 36(11), 1154–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamzam, MM (2006) The role of ultrasound in differentiating septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Pediatr Orthop B 15(6), 418–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebag, G, Ducou, Pointe, H, Klein, Iet al. (1997) Dynamic gadolinium enhanced subtraction MR imaging. A simple technique for the early diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Preliminary results. Pediatr Radiol 27, 216–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uno, A, Hattori, T, Noritake, K, Suda, H (1995) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in the evolutionary period: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with bone scintigraphy. J Pediatr Orthop 15(3), 362–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wall, EJ (1999) Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 11(1), 76–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loder, RT (1996) The demographics of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. An international multicenter study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 322, 8–27.Google Scholar
Loder, RT (1998) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Am Fam Physician 57(9), 2135–42, 2148–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Tins, B, Cassar-Pullicino, V, McCall, I (2009) The role of pre-treatment MRI in established cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Eur J Radiol 70(3), 570–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everard, ML (2009) Acute bronchiolitis and croup. Pediatr Clin North Am 56(1), 119–33, x–xi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroud, RH, Friedman, NR (2001) An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis. Am J Otolaryngol 22, 268–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swischuk, Nasal passages, mandible and upper airway. In Imaging of the Newborn, Infant and Young Child, 4th edn., ed. Swischuk, (Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 1997) pp. 159–98.Google Scholar
Swischuk, , Smith, PC, Fagan, CJ (1974) Abnormalities of the pharynx and larynx in childhood. Semin Roentgenol 9, 283–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobol, SE, Zapata, S (2008) Epiglottitis and croup. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 41(3), 551–66, ix.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yadav, SP, Singh, J, Aggarwal, N, Goel, A (2007) Airway foreign bodies in children: experience of 132 cases. Singapore Med J 48(9), 850–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Zerella, JT, Dimler, M, McGill, LC, Pippus, KJ (1998) Foreign body aspiration in children: value of radiography and complications of bronchoscopy. J Pediatr Surg 33, 1651–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Lone, E, Elphick, HE, Robinson, PJ (2008) Spontaneous pneumothorax in children: when is invasive treatment indicated?Pediatr Pulmonol 43(1), 41–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swischuk, (1988) Two lesser known but useful signs of neonatal pneumothorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol 151, 135–7.Google Scholar
McNichol, KN, Williams, HB (1973) Spectrum of asthma in children. I. Clinical and physiological components. Br Med J 4, 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tal, A, Bavilski, C, Yohai, Det al. (1983) Dexamethasone and salbutamol in the treatment of acute wheezing in infants. Pediatrics 71, 13.Google ScholarPubMed
Yawn, BP, Wollan, P, Kurland, M, Scanlon, P (2002) A longitudinal study of the prevalence of asthma in a community population of school-age children. J Pediatr 140(5), 576–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janik, JS, Ein, SH, Filler, RMet al. (1981) An assessment of the surgical treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 16, 225–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blickman, JGPediatric Radiology (St. Louis: Mosby, 1994) pp. 57–110.Google Scholar
Hutson, JM, Beastley, SW, Woodward, AA (eds.) Jones' Clinical Paediatric Surgery, 4th edn. (Melbourne: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1992) pp. 121–32.Google Scholar
John, SD, Swischuck, Pediatric gastrointestinal tract. In Diagnostic Ultrasound, 2nd edn., ed. Rumack, CM, Wilson, CM, Charboneau, JW (St. Louis: Mosby, 1998) pp. 1717–47.Google Scholar
Laney, DW, Balistreri, WFThe gastrointestinal tract and liver. In Rudolph's Fundamentals of Pediatrics, ed. Rudolph, AM, Kamei, RK (Stamford: Appleton and Lange, 1998) pp. 395–417.Google Scholar
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 275–81.Google Scholar
Blickman, JGPediatric Radiology (St. Louis: Mosby, 1994) pp. 57–110.Google Scholar
Darani, A, Mendoza-Sagaon, M, Reinberg, O (2005) Gastric volvulus in children. J Pediatr Surg 40(5), 855–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 298–9.Google Scholar
Dufour, D, Delaet, MH, Dassonville, M, Cadranel, S, Perlmutter, N (1992) Midgut malrotation, the reliability of sonographic diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol 22(1), 21–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAlister, WH, Kronemer, KA (1996) Emergency gastrointestinal radiology of the newborn. Radiol Clin North Am 34(4), 819–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Snyder, WH, Chaffin, L (1954) Embryology of the intestinal tract: presentation of 10 cases of malrotation. Ann Surg 140, 368–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 311–32.Google Scholar
Applegate, KE (2008) Intussusception in children: imaging choices. Semin Roentgenol 43(1), 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del-Pozo, G, Gonzalez-Spinola, J, Gomez-Anson, Bet al. (1996) Intussusception: trapped peritoneal fluid detected with US—relationship to reducibility and ischemia. Radiology 201, 379–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooker, RL, Hernanz-Schulman, M, Yu, C, Kan, JH (2008) Radiographic evaluation of intussusception: utility of left-side-down decubitus view. Radiology 248(3), 987–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peh, WC, Khong, PL, Chan, KLet al. (1996) Sonographically guided hydrostatic reduction of childhood intussusception using Hartmann's solution. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167(5), 1237–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 421–34.Google Scholar
Strouse, PJ, DiPietro, MA, Saez, F (2003) Transient small-bowel intussusception in children on CT. Pediatr Radiol 33, 316–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erez, I, Rathause, V, Vacian, Iet al. (2002) Preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative findings of inguinal hernias in children: A prospective study of 642 children. J Pediatr Surg 37(6), 865–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graf, JL, Caty, MG, Martin, DJ, Glick, PL (2002) Pediatric hernias. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 23(2), 197–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, LC, Merkle, EM, Thompson, WM (2006) Review of internal hernias: radiographic and clinical findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186(3), 703–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnelly, LF, Frush, DP, O'Hara, SM, Johnson, ND, Bisset, GS 3rd (1998) CT appearance of clinically occult abdominal hemorrhage in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 170(4), 1073–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, VL (2000) Gastrointestinal bleeding in infancy and childhood. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29(1), 37–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, AK, Wong, AL (2002) Lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 18(4), 319–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Hara, SM (1997) Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Radiol Clin North Am 35(4), 879–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 210–13.Google Scholar
Chang, WL, Yang, YH, Lin, YT, Chiang, BL (2004) Gastrointestinal manifestations in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a review of 261 patients. Acta Paediatr 93(11), 1427–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, B, O'Halpin, D (1994) Sonographic evaluation of the abdomen in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin Radiol 49(5), 320–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 406–8.Google Scholar
Puig, S, Staudenherz, A, Felder-Puig, R, Paya, K (2008) Imaging of appendicitis in children and adolescents: useful or useless? A comparison of imaging techniques and a critical review of the current literature. Semin Roentgenol 43(1), 22–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosendahl, K, Aukland, SM, Fosse, K (2004) Imaging strategies in children with suspected appendicitis. Eur Radiol 14(Suppl. 4), L138–L145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 520–4.Google Scholar
Stringer, DA, Babyn, PPediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention (Toronto: BC Decker, 2000) pp. 553–5.Google Scholar
Gunther, P, Schenk, JP, Wunsch, Ret al. (2006) Acute testicular torsion in children: the role of sonography in the diagnostic workup. Eur Radiol 16(11), 2527–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, JA, Cain, MP (2006) Pediatric urologic emergencies and urgencies. Pediatr Clin North Am 53(3), 513–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, EP, Bhatt, S, Rubens, DJ, Dogra, VS (2007) Testicular torsion: twists and turns. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 28(4), 317–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearl, MS, Hill, MC (2007) Ultrasound of the scrotum. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 28(4), 225–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicoletta, JA, Lande, MB (2006) Medical evaluation and treatment of urolithiasis. Pediatr Clin North Am 53(3), 479–91, vii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamaya, A, Shin, L, Chen, B, Desser, TS (2008) Emergency gynecologic imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 29(5), 353–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rousseau, V, Massicot, R, Darwish, AAet al. (2008) Emergency management and conservative surgery of ovarian torsion in children: a report of 40 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 21(4), 201–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fefer, S, Ellsworth, P (2006) Prenatal hydronephrosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 53(3), 429–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riccabona, M, Avni, FE, Blickman, JGet al. (2009) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology. Minutes of the ESPR uroradiology task force session on childhood obstructive uropathy, high-grade fetal hydronephrosis, childhood haematuria, and urolithiasis in childhood. ESPR Annual Congress, Edinburgh, UK, June 2008. Pediatr Radiol 39(8), 891–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caird, MS, Flynn, JM, Leung, YLet al. (2006) Factors distinguishing septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(6), 1251–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwack, KS, Cho, JH, Lee, JHet al. (2007) Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: gadolinium-enhanced MRI finding of decreased perfusion at the femoral epiphysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(2), 437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uziel, Y, Butbul-Aviel, Y, Barash, Jet al. (2006) Recurrent transient synovitis of the hip in childhood. Longterm outcome among 39 patients. J Rheumatol 33(4), 810–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, WJ, Im, SA, Lim, GYet al. (2006) MR imaging of transient synovitis: differentiation from septic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 36(11), 1154–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamzam, MM (2006) The role of ultrasound in differentiating septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Pediatr Orthop B 15(6), 418–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebag, G, Ducou, Pointe, H, Klein, Iet al. (1997) Dynamic gadolinium enhanced subtraction MR imaging. A simple technique for the early diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Preliminary results. Pediatr Radiol 27, 216–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uno, A, Hattori, T, Noritake, K, Suda, H (1995) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in the evolutionary period: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with bone scintigraphy. J Pediatr Orthop 15(3), 362–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wall, EJ (1999) Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 11(1), 76–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loder, RT (1996) The demographics of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. An international multicenter study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 322, 8–27.Google Scholar
Loder, RT (1998) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Am Fam Physician 57(9), 2135–42, 2148–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Tins, B, Cassar-Pullicino, V, McCall, I (2009) The role of pre-treatment MRI in established cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Eur J Radiol 70(3), 570–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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