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57 - Levorphanol

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2012

Howard S. Smith  and
Marco Pappagallo
Edited in consultation with
Stephen M. Stahl
Howard S. Smith
Affiliation:
Academic Director of Pain Management, Albany Medical College
Marco Pappagallo
Affiliation:
Director, Pain Management and Medical Mentoring, New York Medical Home for Chronic Pain
Stephen M. Stahl
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
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Chapter
Information
Essential Pain Pharmacology
The Prescriber's Guide
 , pp. 259 - 266
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

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References

American Pain SocietyPrinciples of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute Pain and Cancer PainGlenview, ILAmerican Pain Society 2003
Fine, PGPortenoy, RKA Clinical Guide to Opioid AnalgesiaMinneapolis, MNMcGraw-Hill 2004
Gallagher, ROpioids in chronic pain management: navigating the clinical and regulatory challengesJ Fam Pract 2004 53 S23Google Scholar
Gourlay, DLHeit, HAUniversal Precautions revisited: managing the inherited pain patientPain Med 2009 10 S115Google Scholar
Heit, HAAddiction, physical dependence, and tolerance: precise definitions to help clinicians evaluate and treat chronic pain patientsJ Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2003 17 15Google Scholar
Heit, HAGourlay, DLUrine drug testing in pain medicineJ Pain Symptom Manage 2004 27 260Google Scholar
Korkmazsky, MGhandehari, JSanchez, ALin, HMPappagallo, MFeasibility study of rapid opioid rotation and titrationPain Physician 2011 14 71Google Scholar
Pappagallo, M.Incidence, prevalence, and management of opioid bowel dysfunctionAm J Surg 2001 182 11SGoogle Scholar
Raja, SHaythornthwaite, JPappagallo, MOpioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized-placebo controlled trialNeurology 2002 59 1015Google Scholar
Smith, HSThe metabolism of opioid agents and the clinical impact of their active metabolitesClin J Pain 2011 27 824Google Scholar
Smith, HSOpioid metabolismMayo Clin Proc 2009 84 613Google Scholar
Smith, HS.Opioid Therapy in the 21st CenturyOxford, UKOxford University Press 2008
Swegle, JMLogemann, CManagement of common opioid-induced adverse effectsAm Family Phys 2006 74 1347Google Scholar

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