Introduction

In the preceding chapter, we showed that ICT4D/e-government projects are transformation processes that should be managed as such to favor a successful transformation of the institutions in which they are implemented. We emphasized the importance of launching a Transformation Pilot Process (TPP) to:

1. • Involve all stakeholders;

2. • Help decision makers identify clear goals and create favorable conditions for the project;

3. • Create a Pilot Team and assign its members clear responsibilities and adequate resources;

4. • Involve champions at all levels of the institution to support the transformation process;

5. • Find a solution and implement it in a part of the institution which is welcoming to the transformation (the pilot cell); and

6. • Develop initial methodological guidelines in order to prepare the institution's transformation at a larger scale.

If the TPP has been successful and well received by all stakeholders, the institution might want to spread the transformation to the whole institution. This is often called the “scaling-up” of the solution. Spreading the transformation to the whole institution can be thought of as a project in itself (or even a series of projects) that must also be carefully managed.

In developing countries, the additional important challenge that arises is to make the transformation sustainable (Kendall 2010). Indeed, a large number of ICT4D projects are developed with external help and support (international funds, external teams such as the External Advisory Team (EAT) and External Development Team (EDT)) that will not be available after the project's completion.