Abraham, W. (1999). ‘Preterite decay as a European phenomenon’, Folia Linguistica 33 (1): 11–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abraham, W. and Bayer, J. (eds.) (1993). Dialectsyntax. Opladen: Westdeutscher verlag

Abrahamson, W. H. F. (1812). Versuch einer vollständigen dänischen Sprachlehre für Deutsche

Ackema, P. and Schoorlemmer, M. (1994). ‘The middle constructions and the syntax-semantics interface’, Lingua 93: 59–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackema, P. and Schoorlemmer, M. (1995). ‘Middles and nonmovement’, Linguistic Inquiry 2: 173–197Google Scholar

Adams, M. (1987). ‘From Old French to the theory of pro drop’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 1–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agard, F. (1971). ‘Language and dialect: some tentative postulates’, Linguistics 65, 5–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aitchison, J. (1981). Language Change: Progress or Decay? London: Fontana

Aitchison, J. (1991). 2nd edn. Language Change: Progress or Decay? Douglas, Isle of Man: Fontana

Akselberg, G. (2003). ‘Talevariasjon i Noreg’. In Mæhlum et al. (eds.), Språkmøte. Innføring i sosiolingvistikk. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag, 144–165

Alarcos Llorach, E. (1950, 4th edn. 1968). Fonología española. Madrid: Gredos

Alfonzetti, G. (1992). Il discorso bilingue. Italiano e dialetto a Catania. Milan: Angeli

Alarcos Llorach, E. (1996). ‘“Neutralità” sociolinguistica e “neutralità” strutturale nel discorso italiano-dialetto’. In S. C. Sgroi and S. C. Trovato (eds.), Letterature e lingue nazionali e regionali. Rome: Il Calamo, 65–87

Almagro, A. M. (1993). ‘Semantic information in se-constructions in Spanish’. Working Papers in Linguistics: Grammar and the Lexicon 16: 136–154, University of TrondheimGoogle Scholar

Altenhofen, C. V. (1996). Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul. Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung einer deutschbrasilianischen Dialektvarietät im Kontakt mit dem Portugiesischen. (= Mainzer Studien zur Sprach-und Volksforschung. 21). Stuttgart

Amara, M. H. (1999). Politics and Sociolinguistic Reflexes: Palestinian Border Villages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Andersen, G. (2001). Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation: A Relevance-theoretic Approach to the Language of Adolescents. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Andersen, H. (1973). ‘Abductive and deductive change’, Language 49 (4): 765–793CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andersen, H. (1988). ‘Center and periphery: adoption, diffusion and spread’. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Historical Dialectology. Regional and Social. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 39–83CrossRef

Andersen, H. (1989). ‘Understanding linguistic innovations’. In L. Breivik and E. Jahr (eds.), Language Change. Contributions to the Study of its Causes. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 5–27CrossRef

Angelov, A. (2000). ‘A Balkan political border as a factor for language divergence’, paper presented at the first international conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 1), Barcelona, 29 June–1 July

Appel, C. (2001). Læsning og Bogmarked i 1600-tallets Danmark. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige bibliotek/Museum Tusculanum

Appel, R. (1999). ‘“Ik mix gewoon, no span”. De straattaal van jongeren in Amsterdam’, Onze Taal 68 (1): 140–143Google Scholar

Arašonkava, A. and Mackevič, J. (1968). ‘Ab belaruskix dyjalektnyx rysax zaxodnjaha pahraničča [‘On the Belarusian dialect features of the western border region’]. Slavia Orientalis 17 (3): 273–280

Archangeli, D. and Langendoen, D. T. (1997). Optimality Theory: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell

Arends, J. (ed.) (1995). The Early Stages of Creolization. Amsterdam: Benjamins

Arends, J., Muysken, P., and Smith, N. (eds.) (1995). Pidgins and Creoles. An Introduction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins

Armstrong, N. (1997). Social and Stylistic Variation in Spoken French. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Arnold, J., Blake, R., Davidson, B., Schwenter, S., and Solomon, J. (eds.) (1996). Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory and Analysis. Stanford: CSLI

Asfandiarova, D. (1999): ‘>Mir verzehle doch Lutherisch und die Katholisch< – Dialektmischung im Vokalismus in der deutschen Sprachinsel Prišib/Aleksejevka (Baschkortostan, Russische Föderation)’. In G. Brandt (ed.), Historische Soziolinguistik des Deutschen Ⅳ: Soziofunktionale Gruppe – Kommunikative Anforderungen – Sprachgebrauch. Internationale Fachtagung, Rostock, 13.-16.09.1998. (= Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik. 372). Stuttgart, 241–262

Aubin, H., Frings, T., and Müller, J. (1926). Kulturströmungen und Kultur provinzen in den Rheinlanden. Geschichte, Sprache, Volkshunde. Bonn (Röhrsheid)

Auburger, L. and Kloss, H. (eds.) (1979). Deutsche Sprachkontakte in Übersee. Nebst einem Beitrag zur Theorie der Sprachkontaktforschung. Tübingen

Auer, P. (1988). ‘MHG î and û in the city dialect of Constance’. In Auer and di Luzio, Variation and Convergence Studies in Social Dialectology. Berlin: de Gruyter, 44–75

Auer, P. (1993). Zweidimensionale Modelle für die Analyse von Standard/Dialekt-Variation und ihre Vorläufer in der deutschen Dialektologie. In W. Viereck (ed.), Historische Dialektologie und Sprachwandel. Verhandlungen des internationalen Dialektologen-Kongresses Bamberg 1990: 3–22

Auer, P. (1997). ‘Co-occurrence restrictions between linguistic variables. A case for social dialectology, phonological theory and variation studies’. In F. Hinskens, R. Van Hout, and W. L. Wetzels (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 69–100CrossRef

Auer, P. (1998a). ‘Dialect levelling and the standard varieties in Europe’. In P. Auer (ed.), Dialect Levelling and the Standard Varieties in Europe. Folia Linguistica 32, 1/2, 1–9

Auer, P. (1998b). ‘Führt Dialektaubbau zur Stärkung oder Schwächung der Standardvarietät? Zwei Fallstudien’. In K. Mattheier and E. Radtke (eds.), Standardisierung und Destandardisierung europäischer Nationalsprachen. Frankfurt am Main, etc.: Lang, 129–162

Auer, P. (1999a). ‘Das versteckte Prestige des Türkischen. Zur Verwendung des Türkischen in gemischtetnischen Jugendlichen Gruppen in Hamburg’. In I. Gogolin and B. Nauck (eds.), Migration, gesellschaftliche Differenzierung und Bildung: Resultate des Forschungsschwerpunktprogramms FABER. Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 97–112

Auer, P. (1999b). ‘From code-switching via language mixing to fused lects: towards a dynamic typology of bilingual speech’, International Journal of Bilingualism 3 (4): 309–332CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auer, P. (in press). ‘Phonological Change’. In U. Ammon et al. (eds.), Handbook of Sociolinguistics/Handbuch der Soziolinguistik, 2nd edn. Berlin: de Gruyter

Auer, P. (in press). ‘Europe's sociolinguistic unity; or, a typology of European dialect/standard constellations’. In N. Delbecque et al. (eds.), Perspectives on Variation. Berlin, etc.: Mouton de Gruyter

Auer, P. and Hinskens, F. (1996). ‘The convergence and divergence of dialects in Europe. New and not so new developments in an old area,’ Sociolinguistica 10: 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auer, P., Barden, B., and Großkopf, B. (1997). ‘Long-term linguistic accommodation and its sociolinguistic interpretation: evidence from the inner German migration after the Wende’. In Dialect Migration in a Changing Europe. Frankfurt: Peter Lang

Auer, P.Barden, B., and Grosskopf, B. (1998). ‘Subjective and objective parameters determining “salience” in long-term dialect accommodation’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 2: 163–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar

AvanesaÛ, R. I., Atraxovič, K. K., and Mackevič, J. F. (1963). Dyjalektalahičny atlas belaruskaj movy [Dialectological atlas of the Belarusian language]. Minsk: Vydavectva Akadèmii navuk BSSR

AvanesaÛ, R. I. et al. (1968). Linhvistyčnaja heahrafija i hrupoÛka belaruskix havorak [Linguistic geography and the classification of Belarusian dialects]. Minsk: Navuka i tèxnika

Avila, A. M. (1994). ‘Variación reticular e individual de s/z en el Vernáculo Urbano Malagueño: Datos del barrio de Capuchinos’. Analecta Malacitana 17 (1994): 343–367Google Scholar

Bach, A. (1934, 1950). Deutsche Mundartforschung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Verlag

Baden, J. (1785). Forelæsninger over det Danske Sprog eller Resonneret Dansk Grammatik. Copenhagen: P. Horrebow

Bailey, C.-J. (1973). Variation and Linguistic Theory. Arlington, Va: Center for Applied Linguistics

Bailey, G., Wikle, T., and Tillery, J. (1993). ‘Some patterns of linguistic diffusion’. Language Variation and Change 5: 359–390CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bally, C. (1968). Linguistique générale et linguistique française, 4th edn. Berne: Francke

Bakker, P. and Maarten, M. (eds.) (1994). Mixed Languages. 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT

Bakker, P. and Marcel, C. (eds.) (1991). In the Margin of Romani. Amsterdam (Publikaties van het Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 58)

Bard, E., Robertson, D., and Sorace, A. (1996). ‘Magnitude estimation of linguistic acceptability’, Language 72: 1–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barden, B. and Großkopf, B. (1998). Sprachliche Akkommodation und soziale Integration: sächsische Übersiedler und Übersiedlerinnen im rhein-/moselfränkischen und alemannischen Sprachraum. Tübingen: Niemeyer

Barnes, J. A. (1954). ‘Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish’, Human Relations 7 (1954): 39–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barry, M. V. (1981). ‘The southern boundaries of Northern Hiberno-English speech’. In Michael V. Barry (ed.), Aspects of English Dialects in Ireland: 1, 52–95. Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast

Bauer, L. (1988). ‘What is lenition?’, Journal of Linguistics 24: 381–392CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayard, D. (1990). ‘Minder, Mork and Mindy? (-t) glottalisation and post-vocalic (-r) in younger New Zealand English speakers’. In A. Bell and J. Holmes (eds.), New Zealand Ways of Speaking English. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 149–164

Bayley, R., and Pease-Alvarez, L. (1996). ‘Null and expressed pronoun variation in Mexican-descent Children's Spanish’, in Arnold et al. (eds.): 85–99

Beal, J. (1993). ‘The grammar of Tyneside and Northumbrian English’. In Milroy and Milroy (eds.): 187–213

Beals, K., Denton, J., Knippen, R., Melnar, L., Suzuki, H., and Zeinfeld, E. (eds.) (1994). Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Vol. 2: The Parasession on Variation in Linguistic Theory. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society

Beckman, M. E., Jong, K., Jun, S.-A., and Lee, S.-H. (1992). ‘The interaction of coarticulation and prosody in sound change’. Language and Speech 35(1/2): 45–58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beebe, L. (1981), ‘Social and situational factors affecting communicative strategy of dialect code-switching’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 32: 139–149Google Scholar

Bell, A. (1984). ‘Language style as audience design’, Language in Society 13(2): 145–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, A. (2001). ‘Back in style: reworking audience design’. In P. Eckert and John R. Rickford (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 139–169

Belletti, A. (ed.) (1993). Syntactic Theory and the Dialects of Italy. Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier

Belletti, A. and Shlonsky, U. (1995). ‘The order of verbal complements: a comparative study’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13: 489–526CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bellmann, G. (1998). ‘Between base dialect and standard language’. In P. Auer (ed.), ‘Dialect levelling and the standard varieties in Europe’, Folia Linguistica, 32: 1–2, 23–34CrossRef

Benincà, P. (1996). ‘Agglutination and inflection in northern Italian dialects’. In Parodi et al. (eds.), 59–72

Benincà, P. (ed.) (1989). Dialect Variation and the Theory of Grammar. Dordrecht: Foris

Benincà, P. (1994). La Variazione Sintattica. Bologna: Il Mulino

Benincà, P. (1988). Piccola storia ragionata della dialettologia Italiana. Padua: Unipress

Bennike, V. (n.d.). Three handwritten specimens of the author's own language (Institut for Dansk Dialektsamlings manuskriptsamling)

Bentahila, A. and Davies, Eirlys E. (1998). ‘Codeswitching: an unequal partnership’. In R. Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching Worldwide. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 25–49CrossRef

Berend, N. and Jedig, H. (1991). Deutsche Mundarten in der Sowjetunion. Geschichte der Forschung und Bibliographie. Marburg: Elwert

Bernard, J. R. L. (1969). ‘On the uniformity of Australian English’, Orbis 18: 62–73Google Scholar

Bernstein, J. (1991). ‘DPs in French and Walloon: evidence for parametric variation in nominal head movement’, Probus 3: 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berrendonner, A. (1993). ‘Sujets zéro’. In S. Karaloc and T. Muryn (eds.), ‘Complétude et incomplétude dans les langues romanes et slaves’. Actes du Ⅵe Colloque de linguistique romane et slave, Cracovie, sept 29–oct 3, Cracow: 178–146

Berruto, G. (1970). Dialetto e società industriale nella Valle d'Andorno. Note per una sociologia dei sistemi linguistici, Supplementi al BALI, Torino

Berruto, G. (1989). ‘Tra italiano e dialetto’. In G. Holtus, M. Metzeltin, and M. Pfister (eds.), La dialettologia italiana oggi. Studi offerti a Manlio Cortelazzo, Tübingen, Narr: 107–122

Berruto, G. (1990). ‘Italiano regionale, commutazione di codice e enunciati mistilingui’. In M. Cortelazzo and A. Mioni (eds.), L'Italiano regionale. Rome: Bulzoni, 105–130

Berruto, G. (1995). Fondamenti di sociolinguistica. Rome, Bari: Laterza

Berruto, G. (1997a). ‘Linguistica del contatto e aspetti dell'italianizzazione dei dialetti: appunti di creolistica casalinga’. In G. Holtus, J. Kramer, and W. Schweickard (eds.), Italica et Romanica. Festschrift für Max Pfister zum 65. Geburtstag, Tübingen, Niemeyer: 13–29

Berruto, G. (1997b). ‘Code-switching and code-mixing’. In M. Maiden and M. Parry (eds.), The Dialects of Italy. London, New York: Routledge, 394–400

Bertz, S. (1975). Der Dubliner Stadtdialekt. Doctoral dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg

Bertz, S. (1987). ‘Variation in Dublin English’, Teanga 7: 35–53Google Scholar

Bex, T. and Watts, R. J. (eds.) (1999). Standard English. The Widening Debate. London/ New York: RoutledgeCrossRef

Biber, D. (1988). Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., and Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education

Biberauer, T. (to appear). ‘How real is embedded V2? Evidence from Afrikaans’. In F. Hinskens, H. den Besten, and J. Koch (eds.), Afrikaans. Een drieluik. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag

Bickerton, D. (1975). Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bickerton, D. (1977). ‘Pidginization and creolization: language acquisition and language universals. In A. Valdman (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Indiana University Press, 49–69

Bjerrum, A. (1973). ‘On bilingualism in Slesvig’. In A. Bjerrum, Linguistic Papers. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 51–74

Bjerrum, A. (1990). ‘Sprogskiftet i Sydslesvig og dets Årsager’, Danske Folkemål, 32: 1–34Google Scholar

Blanc, H. (1968). ‘The Israeli koine as an emergent national standard. In J. Fishman, C. Ferguson, and J. Das Gupta (eds.), Language Problems of Developing Nations, New York: John Wiley, 237–251

Blanche-Benveniste, C. (1997). ‘La notion de variation syntaxique dans la langue parlée’, Langue Française 115: 19–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blevins, J. (1995). ‘The syllable in phonological theory’. In J. Goldsmith (ed.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 206–244

Blom, J. P. and Gumperz, J. J. (1972, 2nd edn. 1986). ‘Social meaning in linguistic structures: codeswitching in Norway’. In J. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes, Directions in Sociolinguistics. The Ethnography of Communication. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 407–434

Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. London: Unwin, 9th reprint (1969)

Boberg, C. (2000). ‘Geolinguistic diffusion and the U.S.–Canada border, Language Variation and Change 12: 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boeschoten, H. (1997). ‘Convergence and divergence in migrant Turkish’. In K. Mattheier (ed.), Dialect and Migration in a Changing Europe. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 145–154

Bohnenberger, K. (1913). Die Mundart der deutschen Walliser im Heimattal und in den Aussenorten. (= Beiträge zur Schweizerdeutschen Mundart 6). Frauenfeld

Boissevain, J. (1974). Friends of Friends. Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions. Oxford: Blackwell

Boissevain, J. (1987). ‘Social network’. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sociolinguistics. An International Handbook of Language and Society, (Vol. 1). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. 164–169

Bolognesi, R. (2001). ‘L'arcaicità del Sardo fra stereotipi e teoria del mutamento linguistico’, MS

Borer, H. and Wexler, K. (1987). ‘The maturation of syntax’. In T. Roeper, and E. Williams (eds.), Parameter Setting, Dordrecht: Reidel, 123–172CrossRef

Börjars, K. and Chapman, C. (1998). ‘Agreement and pro-drop in some dialects of English’, Linguistics 36: 71–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Börjars, K., Vincent, N., and Chapman, C. (1996). ‘Paradigms, periphrases and pronominal inflection: a feature-based account’. In G. Booij and J. van Marl (eds.), Yearbook of Morphology 1996, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 155–180

Bortoni-Ricardo, S. M. (1985). The Urbanization of Rural Dialect Speakers. A Sociolinguistic study in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Bott, E. (1957, 2nd edn. 1971). Family and Social Network. London: Tavistock

Bourciez, É. (1967). Éléments de linguistique romane. 5th edn. Révisée par l'auteur et par les soins de Jean Bourciez, Paris

Bourdieu, P. (1984). ‘Capital et marché linguistiques’, Linguistische Berichte 90: 324Google Scholar

Boyce-Hendricks, J. (1998). ‘Immigration and dialect convergence: on the rise in the use of the reflexive pronoun zich in the city dialects of early modern Holland’, Paper presented at the ESF Conference. ‘The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe’ September. University of Reading:17–19

Bozzini, M. (1994), ‘Sulla commutazione di codice italiano/dialetto in Ticino’, unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Zurich

Brandi, P. and Cordin, P. (1989). ‘Two Italian dialects and the null subject parameter’. In Jaeggli and Safir, (eds.): 111–142CrossRef

Brannigan, P. (1996). ‘Tracing that- trace variation’. In J. R. Black and V. Motapanyane (eds.), Microparametric Syntax and Dialect Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 25–40CrossRef

Bredsdorff, J. H. 1933 (1817). ‘Prøve af en efter Udtalen indrettet dansk Retskrivning’. In J. Glahder (ed.), J. H. Bredsdorffs Udvalgte Afhandlinger. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaards Forlag

Bresnan, J. (1995). ‘Linear order, syntactic rank and empty categories: on weak cross-over’. In M. Dalrymple, R. M. Kaplan, J. T. Maxwell, and A. Zaenen (eds.), Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar, Stanford: CSLI, 241–274

Brink, L. and Lund, J. (1975). Dansk Rigsmål 1–2. Lydudviklingen siden 1840 med særlig henblik på sociolekterne i København. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

Britain, D. (1997a). ‘Was/weren't levelling in the East Anglian Fens’. Essex Research Reports in Linguistics. Colchester: University of Essex

Britain, D. (1997b). ‘Dialect contact, focusing and phonological rule complexity: the koineisation of Fenland English’. In C. Boberg, M. Meyerhoff, and S. Strassel (eds.), A Selection of Papers from NWAVE 25. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 4 (1): 141–170

Britain, D. (1997c). ‘Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: “Canadian Raising” in the English Fens’, Language in Society 26: 15–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Britain, D. (1999). ‘As far as analysing grammatical variation and change in New Zealand English <is concerned/ø>’. In A. Bell and K. Kuiper (eds.), New Zealand English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 198–220

Britain, D. (2002a) ‘Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in past tense BE in the English Fens’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(1): 16–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Britain, D. (2002b). ‘Space and spatial diffusion’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 603–637

Britain, D. (2002c). ‘Phoenix from the ashes?: the death, contact, and birth of dialects in England’, Essex Research Reports in Linguistics 41: 42–73Google Scholar

Britain, D. (2003). ‘Geolinguistics – diffusion of language’, in U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K. Mattheier and P. Trudgill (eds.), Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik. An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. 2nd edn. Vol. Ⅰ, Berlin: de Gruyter, 34–48

Britain, D. (forthcoming). ‘Where did New Zealand English come from?’ In R. Harlow, D. Starks, and A. Bell (eds.), The Languages of New Zealand. Wellington: Victoria University Press

Britain, D. and Trudgill, P. J. (1999). ‘Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact’, Transactions of the Philological Society, 97: 245–256CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brøndum-Nielsen, J. (1951). Studier og Tydninger. Copenhagen: Schultz

Brown, G. (1972). Phonological Rules and Dialect Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Brown, L. A. (1981). Innovation Diffusion. London: Methuen

Brown, R. and Gilman, A. (1960). ‘The pronouns of power and solidarity’. In T. A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 253–276

Bücherl, R. F. J. (1982). ‘Regularitäten bei Dialektveränderung und Dialektvariation. Empirisch untersucht am Vokalismus nord-/ mittelbairischer Übergangsdialekte’, Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 49: 1–27Google Scholar

Bullier, A. J. (1981). Le parler franco-mauricien au Natal: une enclave francophone en Afrique du Sud: éléments d'une phonologie. Paris

Burt, R. S. (1984). ‘Network items and the General Social Survey’, Social Networks 6: 293–339CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burzio, L. (1986). Italian Syntax: A Government-Binding Approach. Dordrecht: D. ReidelCrossRef

Butskhrikidze, M. and J. van de Weijer (2001). ‘On de-affrication in Modern Georgian’. In T. van der Wouden and H. Broekhuis (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2001. Amsterdam Philadelphia: Benjamins, 41–51

Butters, R. R. (1990). ‘Current issues in variation theory’. Paper presented at the First International Congress of Dialectologists, 2 August, University of Bamberg

Bybee, J. (2003). ‘Mechanisms of change in grammaticalization: the role of frequency’. In R. Janda and B. Joseph (eds.), Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 602–623CrossRef

Bynon, T. (1983). Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Byrne, A. (1996). ‘An investigation of some extrinsic and intrinsic constraints exerting pressure on phonological variation in Hiberno-English’. Unpublished project report, School of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin

Cajot, J. (1990). ‘Neue Sprachgrenzbildung an der deutschen Staatsgrenze zu Niederländisch-Ostlimburg, Ostbelgien und Luxembourg’. In Kremer and Niebaum (eds.), 125–152

Callary, R. (1975). ‘Phonological change and the development of an urban dialect in Illinois’, Language in Society 4: 155–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, R. (1992). ‘Pronominal and null subject variation in Spanish: constraints, dialects and Functional Compensation. Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania

Carden, Guy (1976). Syntactic and semantic data: replication results. Language in Society: S. 99–104CrossRef

Carroll, S. (1983). ‘Remarks on FOR-TO infinitives’, Linguistic Analysis 12: 415–451Google Scholar

Carter, R. and McCarthy, M. (1999). ‘The English get-passive in spoken discourse: description and implications for an interpersonal grammar’, English Language and Linguistics 3: 41–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cedergren, H. and Sankoff, D. (1974). ‘Variable rules: performance as a statistical reflection of competence’, Language 50: 333–355CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, J. K. (1979). ‘Canadian English’. In J. K. Chambers (ed.), The Languages of Canada. Montreal: Didier

Chambers, J. K. (2002). ‘Patterns of variation including change’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Blackwell, 349–372

Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistic Theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell

Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P. J. (1980) Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P. J. (1998). Dialectology. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Chapman, C. (1995a). ‘A subject–verb agreement hierarchy: evidence from analogical change in modern English dialects’. In R. M. Hogg and L. van Bergen (eds.), Historical Linguistics, Vol. 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 35–44

Cheshire, J. (1982). Variation in an English Dialect: A Sociolinguistic Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cheshire, J. (1985). ‘Never and the problem of where grammars stop’, Polyglot 6, Fiche 1: Dept of Applied Linguistics, Birkbeck College, London

Cheshire, J. (1987). ‘Syntactic variation, the linguistic variable and sociolinguistic theory’, Linguistics 25: 257–282CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, J. (1991a). ‘Variation in the use of ain't in an urban British English dialect’, in Trudgill and Chambers (eds.): 54–73

Cheshire, J. (1991b) (ed.), English Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cheshire, J. (1994). ‘Standardization and the English irregular verbs’. In D. Stein and I. Tieken-Boon (eds.), Towards a Standard English. Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, 115–133

Cheshire, J. (1995). ‘That jacksprat: an interactional perspective on English that’, Journal of Pragmatics 25: 369–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, J., (1998). ‘Taming the vernacular: some repercussions for the study of syntactic variation and spoken grammar’, Te Reo: Journal of the Linguistics Society of New Zealand 41: 6–27Google Scholar

Cheshire, J. (1999). ‘Spoken standard English’, In T. Bex and R. J. Watts (eds.), Standard English: The Widening Debate. London: Routledge, 129–148

Cheshire, J. (2002a). ‘Sex and gender in variationist research’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Blackwell, 423–443

Cheshire, J. (2002b). ‘Border crossing: syntactic and pragmatic variation’. Plenary lecture, Methods in Dialectology Ⅺ, Joensuu, Finland, 6 August 2002

Cheshire, J. (in press). ‘Syntactic variation and beyond: gender and social class variation in the use of discourse-new markers’, Journal of Sociolinguistics

Cheshire, J. and Edwards, V. (1991). ‘Children as sociolinguistic researchers’, Linguistics and Education 3: 225–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, J. and Stein, D. (1997). ‘Nonstandard and standard syntax’. In J. Cheshire and D. Stein (eds.), Taming the Vernacular: From Dialect to Written Standard Language. Harlow: Longman, 1–12

Cheshire, J. and Williams, A. (2002). ‘Information structure in male and female adolescent talk’, Journal of English Linguistics 30: 217–238CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, J., Edwards, V., and Whittle, P. (1989). ‘Urban British dialect grammar: the question of dialect levelling’, English Worldwide 10: 185–225CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, J., Kerswill, P., and Williams, A. (1999). ‘The role of adolescents in dialect levelling’. Final report submitted to the Economic and Social Research Council (ref. R000236180)

Chirrey, D. (1999). ‘Edinburgh: descriptive material’. In P. Foulkes, and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 223–229

Cholewa, Jªrgen (1993). ‘Störungen der lexikalisch-morphologischen Wortverarbeitung bei Aphasie: Ein Literaturüberblick’, In Neurolinguistik 7 (2): 105–126Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1976). ‘Conditions on rules of grammar’, Linguistic Analysis 2: 303–351Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1981a). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris

Chomsky, N. (1981b). ‘Principles and parameters in syntactic theory’. In N. Hornstein and D. Lightfoot (eds.), Explanation in Linguistics. London: Longman, 32–75

Chomsky, N. (1982). Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

Chomsky, N. (1986a). Barriers. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

Chomsky, N. (1986b). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger

Chomsky, N. (1989). ‘Some notes on the economy of derivation and representation’. In I. Laka and A. Mahajan (eds.), MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 10: Functional Heads and Clause Structure, Cambridge, Mass.: Dept of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, 43–74

Chomsky, N. (1993). ‘A minimalist program for linguistic theory’. In K. Hale and S. J. Keyser (eds.), The View from Building 20. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1–52

Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

Chomsky, N. (1999). ‘Derivations by Phase’. Unpublished MS., MIT

Chomsky, N. and Lasnik, H. (1977). ‘Filters and control’, Linguistic Inquiry 8: 425–504Google Scholar

Christen, Helen (1998). ‘Convergence and divergence in the Swiss German dialects’. In P. Auer (ed.), Dialect levelling and the standard varieties in Europe. Folia Linguistica, 32: 1/2, 53–67CrossRef

Christen, Helen (2000). ‘Chamäleons und Fossilien’. In D. Stellmacher (ed.), Dialektologie zwischen Tradition und Neuansätzen. Stuttgart: Steiner, 33–47

Christensen, K. and Taraldsen, K. (1989). ‘Expletive chain formation and past participle agreement in Scandinavian dialects’. In Benincà (ed.): 53–84

Christian, D., Wolfram, W., and Dube, N. (1988). Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. Publication of the American Dialect Society, 74, Tuscaloosa, Al.: University of Alabama Press

Clahsen, H. (1991). ‘Constraints on parameter setting: a grammatical analysis of some acquisition stages in German child language’, Language Acquisition 1: 361–391CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clahsen, H. and Muysken, P. (1986). ‘The availability of UG to adult and child learners: the study of acquisition of German word order’, Second Language Research 2: 92–119Google Scholar

Clark, T. L. (1972). Marietta, Ohio: The Continuing Erosion of a Language Island. Publication of the American Dialect Society, 57. Alabama

Clarke, S. (1986). ‘Sociolinguistic patterning in a New World dialect of Hiberno-English’. In Harris et al. (eds.), Perspectives on the English Language in Ireland. Dublin: CLCS, Trinity College Dublin, 67–81

Clarke, S. (1991). ‘Phonological variation and recent language change in St John's English’. In J. Cheshire, English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 108–122

Clarke, S. (1997). ‘The role of Irish English in the formation of New World Englishes: the case from Newfoundland’. In J. Kallen (ed.), Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 207–225CrossRef

Clemmensen, N. (1994). ‘Bondevenner og bondevenner – to alen af et stykke? En komparativ undersøgelse af de danske og norske bondevenneorganisationer’, Fortid og Nutid 2: 134–157Google Scholar

Clemmensen, N. 2002. ‘Adel under pres. Tysk eller dansk “Sonderweg”’, Historisk Tidsskrift, 102(2): 451–467Google Scholar

Clyne, M. (1967). Transference and Triggering. The Hague: Nijhoff

Coates, J. (1986). Women, Men and Language. London/New York: Longman

Coetsem, F. van (2000). A General and Unified Theory of the Transmission Process in Languge Contact. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter

Collins, B. and Mees, I. M. (1996). ‘Spreading everywhere? How recent a phenomenon is glottalisation in Received Pronunciation?’, English World-Wide 17: 175–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornips, L. (1994). Syntactische variatie in het Algemeen Nederlands van Heerlen (Syntactic variation in Heerlen Dutch). IFOTT 6. Dordrecht: ICG-Printing

Cornips, L. (1996a). ‘The spread of the reflexive adjunct middle in the Limburg dialects: 1885–1994’. In C. Cremer and M. Den Dikken (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 1996. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 45–60

Cornips, L. (1996b). ‘Social stratification, linguistic constraints and inherent variability in Heerlen Dutch: the use of the infinitival complementizers om/voor’. In Arnold et al. (eds.): 453–468

Cornips, L. (1997). ‘De betrouwbaarheid van de schriftelijke enquête Willems (1885): De adjunct middel in de Limburgse dialecten’, Gramma/TTT 5 (2): 61–76Google Scholar

Cornips, L. (1998a). ‘Syntactic variation, parameters and their social distribution’, Language Variation and Change 10 (1): 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornips, L. (1998b). ‘Political borders and converging/diverging dialects and dialects/standard languages in Limburg (The Netherlands) and the surrounding area in Rhineland (Germany) between 1885 and 1994’, Paper presented at the ESF Conference: The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, 17–19 September, University of Reading

Cornips, L. (2000). ‘Variatie in reflexieve middel-constructies in het Heerlense dialect en in de Rijnlandse dialecten’. In H. den Besten, E. Elffers, and J. Luif (eds.), Samengevoegde Woorden. Amsterdam: Dept of Dutch Linguistics, University of Amsterdam, 33–45

Cornips, L. (2000). ‘The use of gaan + infinitive in narratives of older bilingual children of Moroccan and Turkish descent’. In H. de Hoop and T. van der Wouden (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2000, 57–67

Cornips, L. and Hulk, A. (1996). ‘Ergative reflexives in Heerlen Dutch and French’, Studia Linguistica 50 (1): 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornips, L. and Hulk, A. (1999). ‘Affected objects in Heerlen Dutch and Romance’, Languages in Contrast 1(2): 191–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornips, L. and Hulk, A. (2002). ‘Argumentreductie en aspekt in onpersoonlijke intransitieve constructies’, Nederlandse Taalkunde 17, 1. 2–19Google Scholar

Corrigan, K. P. (1993). ‘Hiberno-English syntax: nature vs. nurture in a creole setting’, Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in Linguistics 1: 95–131Google Scholar

Corrigan, K. P. (1996). ‘The acquisition and properties of a contact vernacular grammar’. In A. Ahlqvist and V. Čapková (eds.), Dán do Oide. Dublin: Linguistics Institute of Ireland, 75–94

Corrigan, K. P. (1997). ‘The Syntax of South Armagh English in its Socio-historical Perspective’. Unpub. Ph.D. diss. University College Dublin

Corrigan, K. P. (1998). ‘Inviting the ugly sisters to the ball’. Paper presented at the ESF Conference: The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, 17–19 September, University of Reading

Corrigan, K. P. (2000). ‘What are small clauses doing in South Armagh English, Irish and Planter English?’ In H. L. C. Tristram (ed.), Celtic Englishes Ⅱ. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Verlag, 75–96

Corrigan, K. P. (2003). ‘For-to infinitives and beyond: interdisciplinary approaches to non-finite complementation in a rural Celtic English’. In H. L. C. Tristram (ed.), Celtic Englishes Ⅲ. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Verlag, 318–338

Coseriu, E. (1974). Synchronie, Diachronie und Geschichte. Das Problem des Sprachwandels. Übers. v. Helga Sohre. Munich

Coseriu, E. (1980). ‘“Historische Sprache” und “Dialekt”’. In J. Göschel, P. Ivic, and K. Kehr (eds.), Dialekt und Dialektologie. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 106–122

Coseriu, E. (1981). ‘Los conceptos de “dialecto”, “nivel” y “estilo de lengua” y el sentido proprio de la dialectología’, Lingua española actual 3 (1): 1–32Google Scholar

Coulmas, F. (ed.) (1997). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell

Couper-Kuhlen, E. (1996). ‘The prosody of repetition: on quoting and mimicry’. In E. Couper-Kuhlen and M. Selting (eds.), Prosody in Conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 366–405CrossRef

Coupland, N. (1980). ‘Style-shifting in a Cardiff work-setting’, Language in Society 9: 1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coupland, N. (1984). ‘Accommodation at work: some phonological data and their implications’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46: 49–70Google Scholar

Coupland, N. (1988). Dialect in Use: Sociolinguistic Variation in Cardiff English. Cardiff: University of Wales Press

Coveney, A. (1997). ‘L'approche variationniste et la description de la grammaire du français’, Langue Française 115: 88–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coveney, A. (2000). ‘Vestiges of nous and the 1st person plural verb in informal spoken French’, Language Sciences 22: 447–481CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coveney, A. (2002). ‘Supplement: a critical survey of recent research on grammatical variability, negation and interrogation in French’, Variability in Spoken French. Bristol: Intellect

Craig, C. (1997). ‘Language contact and language degeneration’. In F. Coulmas (ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 257–270

Crain, S. (1991). ‘Language acquisition in the absence of experience’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14: 597–650CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crowley, T. (1992). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Cuevas, I. (2001). ‘Variación social, reticular e individual de las consonantes obstruyentes palatales y dentales en Nueva Málaga’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Área de Lingüística General. Málaga: Universidad de Málaga

Cukor-Avila, P. and Bailey, G. (1996). ‘The spread of urban AAVE: a case study’, in Arnold et al. (eds.): 469–485

Daan, J. (1987). Ik was te bissie … Nederlanders en hun taal in de Verenigde Staten. Zutphen: Walburg

Daan, J., Deprez, K., van Hout, R., and Stroop, J. (1985). Onze veranderende taal. Utrecht/Antwerp: spectrum

Dailey-O'Cain, J. (2000). ‘The sociolinguistic distribution and attitudes towards focuser like and quotative like’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 4: 60–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dal Negro, S. (1998). ‘The Swiss/Italian border: The emergence of new verbal morphosyntax in a Walser dialect’. Paper presented at the ESF Conference: The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, 17–19 September, University of Reading

Damsholt, T. (2000). Fædrelandskærlighed og Borgerdyd. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum

Dauzat, A. (1922). La géographie linguistique. Paris: Flammarion

Davies, P. (1992). ‘The non-Bejing dialect component in Modern Standard Chinese’. In K. Bolton and H. Kwok (eds.), Sociolinguistics Today. International Perspectives. London/New York: Routledge, 192–206

De Graff, M. (1997). ‘Verb syntax in, and beyond, creolization’. In Haegeman (ed.): 64–94

De Vink, L. (2004). ‘Dialect en dialectverandering in Katwijk aan Zee’. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden

De Wulf, E., Taeldeman, J. (forthcoming). ‘Apocope en insertie van –n na sjwa in de zuidelijke Nederlandse dialecten: conditionering en geografie’. To appear in Taal en Tongval

Den Besten, H. Muysken, P., and Smith, N. (1995). ‘Theories focusing on the European input’. In Arends, Muysken, L. and Smith (eds.), 87–98

Denning, K., Inkelas, S., McNair-Knox, F., and Rickford, J. (eds.) (1987). Variation in Language. NWAV-ⅩⅤ at Stanford

Deprez, K. (1981). Naar een eigen identiteit. Resultaten en evaluatie van tien jaar taalsociologisch en sociolingudstisch onderzoek betreffende de standaardtaal in Vlaanderen. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leuven

Déprez, V. and Pierce, A. (1993). ‘Negation and functional projections in early grammar’, Linguistic Inquiry 24: 25–67Google Scholar

Dewulf, H., Keymeulen, J., and Verstraete, F. (1981). ‘Westvlaamse expansie en standaardizering: een sociolingudstische benadering’, Taal en tongval 33, 52–61Google Scholar

Dillard, J. L. (1972). Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House

Dines, E. (1980). ‘Variation in discourse – and stuff like that’, Language in Society 9: 13–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dinges, G. (1923). ‘Ueber unsere Mundarten’. In Beiträge zur Heimatkunde des deutschen Wolgagebiets. Mit einer Karte und einer Tabelle. Pokrowsk a/W: 60–72

Dinges, G. (1925). ‘Zur Erforschung der wolgadeutschen Mundarten. (Ergebnisse und Aufgaben)’, Teuthonista 1(4): 299–313Google Scholar

Dittmar, N. and Schlobinski, P. (1985). ‘Die Bedeutung von sozialen Netzwerken für die Erforschung von Ortssprachen’. In W. Besch and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Ortssprachenforschung. Beiträge zu einem Bonner Kolloquium. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 158–188

Dixon, R. M. W. (1991). A New Approach to English Grammar on Semantic Principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Docherty, G. J. and Foulkes, P. (1999). ‘Derby and Newcastle: instrumental phonetics and variationist studies’. In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 47–71

Docherty, G., Foulkes, P., Parsons, L., Thompson, J., Tillotson, J., and Watt, D. (2000). ‘Phonological variation in child-directed speech’. Paper presented at VIEW 2000, 14–16 September, University of Essex

Docherty, G. J., Foulkes, P., Milroy, J., Milroy, L., and Walshaw, D. (1997). ‘Descriptive adequacy in phonology: a variationist perspective’, Journal of Linguistics 33: 275–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donnan, H. and Wilson, T. (1994). ‘An anthropology of frontiers’. In H. Donnan and T. Wilson (eds.), Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1–14

Dressler, W. U. (1986). ‘Explanation in natural morphology, illustrated with comparative and agent-noun formation’, Linguistics 24: 519–548CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dulson, A. (1933). ‘Einige lautliche Eigentümlichkeiten der wolgadeutschen Mundarten’. In Revolution und Kultur 5. Engels: 46–54Google Scholar

Dulson, A. (1941). ‘Problema skreschtschenija dialektow po materialam jasyka nemzew Powolshja’. In Iswestija Akademii nauk Sojusa SSR, Otdelenie literatury i jasyka 3: 82–96Google Scholar

Dyer, J. A. (2000). ‘Language and identity in a Scottish-English community: a phonological and discoursal analysis’. Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan

Dyer, J. A. (2002). ‘“We all speak the same round here.” Dialect levelling in a Scottish-English community’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 99–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, P. (1988). ‘Sound change and adolescent social structure’, Language in Society 17: 183–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, P. (1989a). Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press

Eckert, P. (1989b). ‘The whole woman: sex and gender differences in variation’, Language Change and Variation 1: 245–268CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, P. (2000). Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. Oxford: Blackwell

Edwards, V. (1993). ‘The grammar of southern British English.’ In J. Milroy and L. Milroy (eds.), Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles. London: Longman, 214–238

Edwards, V., Trudgill, P. J., and Weltens, B. (1984). The Grammar of English Dialect: A Survey of Research. London: ESRC

Eisenberg, P. (1994). Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik. 3rd edn. Stuttgart: MetzlerCrossRef

Eisikovits, E. (1991a). ‘Variation in the lexical verb in inner-Sydney English’, in Trudgill and Chambers (eds.): 120–144

Eisikovits, E. (1991b). ‘Variation in subject–verb agreement in Inner Sydney English’. In J. Cheshire (ed.), English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 235–255

Elordui, A. (1998). ‘Changes in the verb–object agreement system of some Basque dialects’, paper presented at the conference: The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, 17–19 September, Reading

Engelking, A. (1999). ‘The natsyas of the Grodno region of Belarus: a field study’, Nations and Nationalism 5 (2), 175–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Epstein, R. (1994). ‘The development of the definite article in French’. In W. Pagliuca, (ed.), Perspectives on Grammaticalisation. [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 109]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 63–80CrossRef

Epstein, R. (1995). ‘The later stages in the development of the definite article: evidence from French’. In H. Andersen (ed.), Historical Linguistics, 1993. Papers from the 11th International Conference on Historical Linguistics 16–20 August, 1993. [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 124]. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 159–175CrossRef

Erman, B. (1993). ‘Female and male usage of pragmatic expressions in same-sex and mixed-sex interaction’, Language Variation and Change 4: 217–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ervin, S. and Osgood, C. (1954). ‘Second language learning and bilingualism’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49: 139–146Google Scholar

Faarlund, J. T. (1985). ‘Pragmatics in diachronic syntax’, Studies in Language 9: 363–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fagan, S. (1992). The Syntax and Semantics of Middle Constructions. A Study with Special Reference to German. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Farrar, K. and Jones, M. C. (2002). ‘Introduction’. In K. Farrar and M. C. Jones (eds.), Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External and Extra-Linguistic Factors. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–16CrossRef

Fasold, R. W. (1978). ‘Language variation and linguistic competence’. In D. Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods. London: Academic Press, 85–95

Fasold, R. W. (1984). The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell

Fasold, R. W. (1990). The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell

Fasold, R. W. (1991). ‘The quiet demise of variable rules’, American Speech 66: 3–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fasold, R. and Schiffrin, D. (eds.) (1989). Language Change and Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Feagin, C. (1979). Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistics Study of the White Community. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Feldbæk, O. (1990). ‘Den lange Fred’. In O. Olsen (ed.), Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie 1700–1800, Vol. 9. Copenhagen: Gyldendal & Politiken

Feldbæk, O. (ed.) (1991–92). Dansk Identitetshistorie, Vols. 1–4. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel

Feldbæk, O. (1994). ‘National identity in eighteenth-century Denmark’. In C. Bjørn, A. Grant, and K. Stringer (eds.), Nations, Nationalism and Patriotism in the European Past. Copenhagen: Academic Press, 137–145

Ferrara, K. and Bell, B. (1995). ‘Sociolinguistic variation and discourse function of constructed dialogue introducers: the case of be + like’, American Speech 70: 265–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Filppula, M. (1995). ‘The story of language contact in Ireland: how unique, how universal?’, Teanga 15: 31–48Google Scholar

Foldvik, A. K. (n.d.). ‘The pronunciation of r in Norwegian with special reference to the spread of dorsal r’. Unpublished paper

Foley, J. (1977). Foundations of Theoretical Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Ford, C. E. (2001). ‘At the intersection of turn and sequence: negation and what comes next’. In M. Selting and E. Couper-Kuhlen (eds.), Studies in Interactional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 51–79CrossRef

Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (eds.) (1999). Urban voices. Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold

Foulkes, P., Docherty, G., and Watt, D. J. L. (1999). ‘Tracking the emergence of structured variation’, Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 7: 1–25Google Scholar

Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (1999). ‘Urban voices: overview’. In P. Foulkes and G. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 1–24

Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (2000). ‘Another chapter in the story of /r/: “labiodental” variants in British English’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 4: 30–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franceschini, R. (1998). ‘Code-switching and the notion of code in linguistics: proposals for a dual focus model’. In P. Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation. Language, interaction and identity. London/New York: Routledge, 51–72

Friedemann, M.-A. and Rizzi, L. (eds.) (2000). The Acquisition of Syntax. London: Longman

Frings, Th. (1936). Die Grundlagen des Meissnischen Deutsch. Halle (Niemeyer)

Frings, Th. (1956). Sprache und Geschichte. Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag

Gadet, F. (1997). ‘La variation, plus qu'une écume’, Langue Française 115: 5–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gal, S. (1979). Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press

Gal, S. (1998). ‘Cultural bases of language use among German-speakers in Hungary’. In P. Trudgill and J. Cheshire (eds.): The Sociolinguistics Reader. Vol. 1: Multilingualism and Variation. London: 113–121

Gamrath, H. (1980). Københavns Historie, Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

García, E. C. (1985). ‘Shifting variation’, Lingua 67: 189–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geeraerts, D., Grondelaers, S., and Speelman, D. (1999). Convergentie en divergentie in de Nederlandse woordenschat. Een onderzoek naar kleding-en voetbaltermen. Amsterdam: Publikaties van het Meertensinstituut

Geerts, G. (1983). ‘Brabant als een centrum van standaardtaalontwikkeling in Vlaanderen’, Forum der Letteren 24: 55–63Google Scholar

Geerts, G., Haeseryn, W., de Rooy, J., and Van den Toorn, M. (eds.) (1984). Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff

Gerner, H. 1919 (1690). ‘Epitome Philologiæ Danicæ’, in H. Bertelsen (ed.), Danske Grammatikere, Vol. 3. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 251–318

Gerritsen, M. (1999). ‘Divergence of dialects in a linguistic laboratory near the Belgian–Dutch–German border: similar dialects under the influence of different standard languages’, Language Variation and Change 11 (1): 43–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giacalone Ramat, A. (1995). ‘Code-switching in the context of dialect/standard language relations’. In L. Milroy and P. Muysken (eds.), One speaker, Two Languages. Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 45–67CrossRef

Giegerich, Heinz, J. (1992). English Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Giles, H. (1973). ‘Accent mobility: a model and some data. Anthropological Linguistics 15, 87–105Google Scholar

Giles, H. (ed.) (1984). The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46

Giles, H. and Bourhis, R. Y. (1976). ‘Black speakers with white speech – a real problem?’ In G. Nickel (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress Applied Linguistics Vol. 1, Stuttgart: Hochschul-Verlag, 575–84

Giles, H., Bourhis, R., and Taylor, D. (1977). ‘Towards a theory of language in inter-ethnic group relations’. In H. Giles (ed.), Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press, 307–348

Giles, H. and Coupland, N. (1991). Language: Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press

Giles, H., Coupland, N., and Coupland, J. (1991). ‘Accommodation theory. Communication, context, and consequences’. In idem (eds.), Contexts of Accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and Paris: Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme, 1–68CrossRef

Giles, H., Hewstone, M., Ryan, E. B., and Johnson, P. (1987). ‘Research on language attitudes’. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sociolinguistics. An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 585–598

Giles, H., Mulac, A., Bradac J., and Johnson, P. (1987). ‘Speech accommodation theory: the first decade and beyond’. In M. McLaughlin (ed.), Communication Yearbook, 10. Beverley Hills: Sage, 13–48CrossRef

Giles, H. and Powesland, P. (1997/1975). ‘Accommodation theory’. In N. Coupland and A. Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A Reader. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 232–239. (Reprinted from Giles, H. and Powesland, P. (1975). Speech Style and Social Evaluation. London: Academic Press, 154–170.)

Giles, H. and Powesland, P. F. (1975). Speech Style and Social Evaluation. London: 154–185

Giles, H. and Ryan, E. B. (1982). ‘Prolegomena for developing a social psychological theory of language attitudes’. In Ryan and Giles (eds.): 208–223

Giles, H. and Smith, P. M. (1979). ‘Accommodation theory: optimal levels of convergence’. In H. Giles and R. St. Clair (eds.), Language and Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Gilles, P. (1998a). ‘Virtual convergence and dialect levelling in Luxembourgish’. In P. Auer (ed.), Dialect Levelling and the Standard Varieties in Europe, Folia Linguistica 32: 1–2, 69–82

Gilles, P. (1998b). ‘Die Emanzipation des Lëtzebuergeschen aus dem Gefüge der deutschen Mundarten’, Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, 117: 20–35Google Scholar

Gilles, P. (1999). Dialektausgleich im Lëtzebuergeschen: zur phonetisch-phonologischen Fokussierung einer Nationalsprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer

Glauser, B. (2000). ‘The Scottish/English border in hindsight’. In J. Kallen, F. Hinskens and J. Taeldeman (eds.), 65–78CrossRef

Glinka, S., et al. (eds.) (1980). Atlas gwar wschodniosłowiańskich Białostocczyzny [Atlas of East Slavonic dialects of the Białystok region]. Wrocław: PAN

Goebl, H. (2000). ‘Langues standards et dialectes locaux dans la France du Sud-Est et l'Italie septentrionale sous le coup de l'effet-frontière: une approche dialectométrique’, IJSL 145: 181–215CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goeman, A. C. M. and Taeldeman, J. (1996). ‘Fonologie en morfologie van de Nederlandse dialecten. Een nieuwe materiaalverzameling en twee nieuwe atlasprojecten’, Taal en Tongval 48: 38–59Google Scholar

Golato, A. (2000). ‘An innovative German quotative for reporting on embodied action: Und ich so/und er so “and I'm like/and he's like”, Journal of Pragmatics 32 (1): 29–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldschmidt, T. (2000). ‘Het succes van een blind, passief proces’, NRC Handelsblad, 15 Dec. 35

Goossens, J. (1962). ‘Die gerundeten Palatalvokale im niederländischen Sprachraum’. Zeitschrift für deutsche Mundartforschung ⅩⅪⅩ: 312–328Google Scholar

Goossens, J. (1970), ‘Niederländische Mundarten vom Deutschen aus gesehen’, Niederdeutsches Wort Band 10: 61–80Google Scholar

Goossens, J. (1974). ‘Historische en moderne taalgeografie’. In A. van Loey and J. Goossens, Historische Dialectologie. Amsterdam: K.N.A.W

Goossens, J. (1977). Deutsche Dialektologie. Berlin/New York: Sammlung Göschen, 2205CrossRef

Goossens, J. (1988). ‘Zur Lage des Niederdeutschen und ihrer Erforschung’, Michigan Germanic Studies 12: 1–20Google Scholar

Gordon, E., Campbell, L., Hay, J., Maclagan, M., Sudbury, A., and Trudgill, P. (2004). New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Granovetter, M. (1973). ‘The strength of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–1380CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grassi, C. and Pautasso, M. (1989). Prima roba il parlare … Lingue e dialetti dell'emigrazione biellese. Milan: Electa

Grčević, M. (2002). ‘Some remarks on recent lexical changes in the Croatian language’. In R. Lučić (ed.), Lexical Norm and National Language. Lexicography and Language Policy in South-Slavic Languages after 1989. Munich: Sagner, 150–163

Greenberg, R. (2000). ‘Language politics in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: the crisis over the future of Serbian’, Slavic Review 59 (3): 625–640CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gregersen, F. and Pedersen, I. L. (eds.) (1991a). The Copenhagen Study in Urban Sociolinguistics, Vols. 1–2. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel

Gregersen, F. and Pedersen, I. L. (1991b). ‘Copenhagen as a speech community’. In K. L. Berge and U.-B. Kotsinas (eds.), Storstadsspråk och storstadskultur i Norden. Stockholm: Meddelanden från Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Stockholms universitet. MINS 34: 57–69

Gregersen, F. and Pedersen, I. L. (2000). ‘A la Recherche du Word order Not Quite. A methodological progress report’. In S. C. Herring, P. van Reenen, and L. Schøsler (eds.), Textual Parameters in Older Languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 393–431

Grinjowa, N. M. (1990). ‘Interferenzerscheinungen im grammatischen System einer niederdeutschen Mundart in der Sowjetunion infolge intensiver Sprachkontakte’. Unpublished MS

Grootaers, L. (1942). ‘De aangeblazen h in het oosten van het land’. In Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie: 217–225

Großkopf, B., Barden, B., and Auer, P. (1996). ‘Dialektanpassung bei sächsischen “Übersiedlern” – Ergebnisse einer Longitudinalstudie’. In N. Boretzky et al. (eds.), Areale, Kontakte, Dialekte. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 139–166

Grundtvig, S. (1872). Dansk Haandordbog. Med den af Kultusministeriet anbefalede Retskrivning. Copenhagen

Guilfoyle, E. (1986). ‘Hiberno-English: a parametric approach’. In J. Harris, D. Little, and D. Singleton (eds.), Perspectives on the English Language in Ireland. Dublin: CLCS, TCD, 121–132

Gumperz, J. J. (1968). ‘The speech community’. In P. P. Grignioli (ed.), Language and Social Context. Harmondsworth: 219–231

Gumperz, J. J. (ed.) (1982). Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Gumperz, J. J. (1997). ‘On the interactional bases of speech community membership’. In G. R. Guy, C. Feagin, D. Schiffrin, and J. Baugh (eds.) (1998), Towards a Social Science of Language. Papers in Honor of William Labov. Vol. Ⅱ. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 182–203CrossRef

Gumperz, J. J. and Wilson, R. (1971). ‘Convergence and creolization: a case from the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian border’. In D. H. Hymes (ed.), Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 151–168

Guy, G. (1974). ‘Variation in the group and the individual: the case of final stop deletion’, Pennsylvania Working Papers on Linguistic Change and Variation 1 (4): 1–75Google Scholar

Guy, G. (1994). ‘The phonology of variation’. In CLS 30: Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Vol. 2: The Parasession on Variation in Linguistic Theory. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 133–149

Gvozdanović, J. (in press). ‘Slavische Sprachen an der zweiten Jahrtausendwende’. In T. Berger (ed.), Funktionale Studien zur slavistischen Sprachwissenschaft

Haag, K. (1929–30). ‘Sprachwandel im Lichte der Mundartgrenzen’. Theutonista 6 (1): 1–35Google Scholar

Haas, W. (1978). Sprachwandel und Sprachgeographie. Untersuchungen zur Struktur der Dialektverschiedenheit am Beispiele der schweitzerdeutschen Vokalsysteme. Wiesbaden: Steiner

Haberland, H. (1994). ‘Danish’. In E. König and J. van der Auwera (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London/New York: 313–348

Haegeman, L. (1988). ‘Register variation in English: some theoretical observations’, Journal of English Linguistics 20 (2): 230–248CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haegeman, L. (1990). ‘Understood subjects in English diaries’, Multilingua 9: 157–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haegeman, L. (ed.) (1997). The New Comparative Syntax. London: Longman

Haeseryn, W. et al. (1997). Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst. Second edition. 2 vols. Groningen: Martinus Nijhoff

Hagen, A. (1982). ‘Schuchardts ideeën over dialectvariatie: betekenis en waarderingsgeschiedenis’. In P. van de Craen and R. Willemyns (eds.), Sociolinguistiek en ideologie. Brussels: 233–261

Hägerstrand, T. (1967). Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Hale, K. and Keyser, S. (1993). ‘On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations’, in K. Hale and S. Keyser (eds.), The View from Building 20. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 53–110

Hale, M. (1994). ‘Review of Lightfoot 1991’, Language 70: 141–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hannan, K. (1996). Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia. New York: Peter Lang

Harman, Lesley D. (1988). The Modern Stranger. On Language and Membership. Berlin: Mouton de GruyterCrossRef

Harris, J. (1983). ‘The Hiberno-English I've it eaten construction: what is it and where does it come from?’, Teanga 3: 30–43Google Scholar

Harris, J. (1984). ‘English in the north of Ireland’. In P. J. Trudgill (ed.), Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 115–134

Harris, J. (1990). ‘Segmental complexity and phonological government’, Phonology 7: 255–300Google Scholar

Harris, J. (1994). English Sound Structure. Oxford: Blackwell

Harris, J. (1996). ‘Syntactic variation and dialect divergence’. In R. Singh (ed.), Towards a Critical Sociolinguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 31–59CrossRef

Harris, J. and Kaye, J. (1990). ‘A tale of two cities: London glottaling and New York City tapping’, The Linguistic Review 7: 251–274CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, J., Little, D. and Singleton, D. (eds.), Perspectives on the English Language in Ireland. Dublin: Centre for Language and Communication Studies, Trinity College Dublin: 67–81

Hartman Keiser, S., Hinskens, F., Migge, B., and Strand, E. (1997). ‘The Northern Cities Shift in the Heartland? A study of radio speech in Columbus, Ohio’. In K. Ainsworth and D. en M. D'Imperio (eds.), Papers From the Linguistics Laboratory. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 50: 41–68

Haugen, E. (1966/1972). ‘Dialect, language, nation’. In The Ecology of Language. Essays by Einar Haugen. Selected and introduced by A. S. Dil (1972). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 237–254

Haugen, E. (1976). The Scandinavian Languages. London: Faber & Faber

Hay, J. and Sudbury, A. (2002). ‘The fall and rise of /r/: rhoticity and /r/-sandhi in Early New Zealand English. In Selected Papers from NWAV 30, University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 8.3: 281–295

Henriksen, C. C. (1979). ‘Indføring’. In [reprint of] H. Bertelsen (ed.), Danske Grammatikere, Vols. 1–6. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel, Vol. 6: 3*–30*

Henry, A. (1992). ‘Infinitives in a for-to dialect’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10: 279–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henry, A. (1994). ‘Singular concord in Belfast English’, Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 12: 134–176Google Scholar

Henry, A. (1995). Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Henry, A. (1996). ‘Indirect questions in Belfast English and the analysis of embedded verb-second’, Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 13: 161–172Google Scholar

Henry, A. (1997a). ‘The syntax of Belfast English’. In J. Kallen (ed.), Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 89–108

Henry, A. (1997b). ‘Viewing change in progress: the loss of V2 in Hiberno-English imperatives’. In van Kemenade and Vincent (eds.): 273–296

Henry, P. L. (1958). ‘A linguistic survey of Ireland: preliminary report’, Lochlann 1: 49–208Google Scholar

Hernández-Campoy, J. (2000). ‘Requisitos teórico-metodológicos para el estudio geolinguístico del dialecto murciano’. In J. M. Jiménez Cano (ed.), Estudios sociolinguísticos del dialecto murciano. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia

Herrgen, J. (1986). Koronalisierung und Hyperkorrektion; das palatale Allophon des /CH/-Phonems und seine Variation im Westmitteldeutschen. Wiesbaden: Steiner

Herson Finn, V. (1996). ‘What is “Nash”? Toward a Theory of Ethnolect in the South Slavic Dialect Continuum’. Unpublished Ph.D. diss. Ohio State University

Hewitt, R. (1986). White Talk, Black Talk: Inter-racial Friendship and Communication amongst Adolescents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hickey, R. (1999a). ‘Developments and change in Dublin English’. In E. H. Jahr (ed.), Language Change: Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 209–243

Hickey, R. (1999b). ‘Dublin English: current changes and their motivation’. In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 265–281

Hinskens, F. (1986). ‘Primaire en secundaire dialectkenmerken; een onderzoek naar de bruikbaarheid van een vergeten (?) onderscheid’. In J. Creten, G. Geerts, and K. Jaspaert (eds.), Werk-in-uitvoering; momentopname van de sociolingudstiek in België en Nederland. Leuven/Amersfoort: Acco, 135–158

Hinskens, F. (1992). ‘Dialect levelling in Limburg: structural and sociolinguistics aspects.’ Ph.D. thesis, Nijmegen

Hinskens, F. (1993a). ‘Dialect als lingua franca? Dialectgebruik in het algemeen en bij grensoverschrijdend contact in het Nederrijnland en Twente’. In L. Kremer (ed.), Diglossiestudien. Dialekt und Hochsprache im niederländisch-deutschen Grenzland, Landeskundliches Institut Westmünsterland: Vreden, 209–245

Hinskens, F. (1993b). ‘Dialectnivellering en regiolectvorming; bevindingen en beschouwingen’. In F. Hinskens, C. Hoppenbrouwers, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), Dialectverlies en regiolectvorming (= Taal en tongval 46), 40–61

Hinskens, F. (1996). Dialect Levelling in Limburg: Structural and Sociolinguistic Aspects. Linguistische Arbeiten, Tübingen: Niemeyer

Hinskens, F. (1998a). ‘Dialect levelling: a two-dimensional process’, Folia Linguistica 32: 35–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinskens, F. (1998b). ‘Variation studies in dialectology and three types of sound change’, Sociolinguistica 12: 155–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinskens, F. (2001). ‘Koineisation and creole genesis. Remarks on Jeff Siegel's contribution’. In N. Smith and T. Veenstra (eds.), Creolisation and Contact. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 199–218

Hinskens, F., Kallen, J. L., and Taeldeman, J. (2000). ‘Merging and drifting apart. Convergence and divergence of dialects across political borders’. In J. L. Kallen, F. Hinskens, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), International Journal of the Sociology of Language 145: Convergence and Divergence of Dialects across European Borders. Berlin/New York: 1–28

Hinskens, F. and van Hout, R. (1994). ‘Testing theoretical phonological aspects of word-final t-deletion’. In W. Viereck (ed.), Verhandlungen des Internationalen Dialektologenkongresses Bamberg 1990. Band 3, 197–310

Hinskens, F., van Hout, R., and Wetzels, L. (1997). ‘Balancing data and theory in the study of phonological variation and change.’ In F. Hinskens, R. van Hout, and L. Wetzels (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1–33CrossRef

Hock, H. (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics. 2nd edn. Berlin: Mouton de GruyterCrossRef

Hock, H. H. and Joseph, B. (1996). Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter

Hoekstra, T. (1992). ‘Aspect and theta theory’, in I. M. Roca (ed.), Thematic Structure. Its role in Grammar. Berlin/New York: Foris, 145–174CrossRef

Hoekstra, T. and Roberts, I. (1993). ‘Middles in Dutch and English’. In E. Reuland and W. Abraham (eds.), Knowledge and Language Vol. Ⅱ, Lexical and Conceptual Structure. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 185–222

Hofer, L. (2000). ‘Urban dialects in Basel, Switzerland: variation, change and attitudes’. In J. Fontana, L. McNally, M. Turell, and E. Vallduví (eds.), ICLaVE 1. Proceedings of the first International Conference on Language Variation in Europe. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 101–109

Hoffman, S. (2002). ‘Are low-frequency complex prepositions grammaticalised? On the limits of corpus data – and the importance of intuitions’

Hofmann, E. (1963). ‘Sprachsoziologische Untersuchungen über den Einfluß der Stadtsprache auf Mundartsprechende Arbeiter’, Marburger Universitätsbund. Jahrbuch 1963. Marburg: 201–281

Hogg, M. A. and Abrams, D. (1988). Social Identifications. A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. London/New York: Routledge

Holmberg, A. (1986). Word Order and Syntactic Features in the Scandinavian Languages and in English. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Stockholm University

Holmes, J. (1994). ‘New Zealand flappers: an analysis of t voicing in New Zealand English’, English World-Wide 15: 195–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmes, J. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London/New York: Longman

Holmes, J. (1995a). Women, Men and Politeness. Harlow: Longman

Holmes, J. (1995b). ‘Glottal stops in New Zealand English: an analysis of variants of word-final /t/’, Linguistics 33: 433–463CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmquist, J. C. (1988). Language Loyalty and Linguistic Variation. A Study in Spanish Cantabria. Dordrecht/Providence: Foris

Hoppenbrouwers, C. (1990). Het regiolect: van dialect tot Algemeen Nederlands. Muiderberg: Coutinho

Hopper, P, and Traugott, E. C. (1993). Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hornung, M. (1994). ‘Die sogenannten zimbrischen Mundarten der Sieben und Dreizehn Gemeinden in Oberitalien’. In M. Hornung (ed.), Die deutschen Sprachinseln in den Südalpen: Mundarten und Volkstum. Hildesheim, Zürich, New York. (Studien zur Dialektologie, 3): 19–43

Horvath, B. M. (1985). Variation in Australian English: The Sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Horvath, B. and Horvath, R. (2001). ‘A multilocality study of a sound change in process: the case of /l/ vocalisation in New Zealand and Australian English’, Language Variation and Change 13 (1): 37–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hostrup, C. (1889). Komedier, Vols. 1–3. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

Høysgaard, J. P. (1920) (1747). ‘Accentuered og Raisonnered Grammatica’. In H. Bertelsen (ed.), Danske Grammatikere, Vol. 4. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

Hudson, R. A. (1984). Word Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell

Hudson, R. A. (1985). ‘A psychological and socially plausible theory of language structure’. In D. Schiffrin (ed.), Meaning, Form and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, 150–159

Hudson, R. A. (1986). ‘Sociolinguistics and the theory of grammar’, Linguistics 24: 1053–1078CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hudson, R. A. (1990). English Word Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell

Hudson, R. A. (1995). ‘Syntax and sociolinguistics’. In J. Jacobs, A. von Stechow, W. Sternefeld, and T. Vennemann (eds.), Syntax: An International Handbook, Vol. Ⅱ. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1514–1528

Hudson, R. A. (1996). Sociolinguistics. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Hudson, R. A. (1997a). ‘Inherent variability and linguistic theory’, Cognitive Linguistics 8: 73–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hudson, R. A. (1997b). ‘The rise of auxiliary DO: verb-non-raising or category-strengthening’, Transactions of the Philological Society 95: 41–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huffines, M. (1989). ‘Case usage among the Pennsylvania German sectarians and nonsectarians’. In N. Dorian (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence. Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 211–226CrossRef

Huffines, M. (1994). ‘Directionality of language influence: the case of Pennsylvania German and English’. In N. Berend and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sprachinselforschung. Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: 47–58

Hughes, G. A. and Trudgill, P. (1995). English Accents and Dialects. 3rd edn. London: Arnold

Hulk, A. and Cornips, L. (2000). ‘Reflexives in middles and the syntax-semantics interface’. In H. Bennis and M. Everaert (eds.), Interface Strategies. KNAW-series. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 207–222

Hume, [ A.]. (1877–78). ‘Remarks on the Irish dialect of the English language’, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 3rd ser., 6: 93–140Google Scholar

Hunnius, K. (1990). ‘Französische Flexionslehre’. In Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL). Hrsgg. v./Edité par Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt. Bd./Volume Ⅴ, 1: Französisch. Le français. Tübingen: 59–71

Hutterer, C. J. (1975). Die germanischen Sprachen. Ihre Geschichte in Grundzügen. 2. Aufl. 1987. Budapest

Hutterer, C. J. (1982). ‘Sprachinselforschung als Prüfstand für dialektologische Arbeitsprinzipien’. In W. Besch, U. Knoop, W. Putschke, and H. E. Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Halbbd. 2. Berlin/ New York

Hyams, N. (1986). Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel

Hyams, N. and Wexler, K. (1993). ‘On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language’, Linguistic Inquiry 24: 421–459Google Scholar

Hyman, L. M. (1975). Phonology: Theory and Analysis. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston

Hymes, Dell (1971). ‘Introduction to section Ⅲ’. In D. Hymes (ed.), Pidginisation and Creolisation of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 65–90

Ihalainen, O. (1991). ‘Periphrastic do in affirmative sentences in the dialect of East Somerset’, in Trudgill and Chambers (eds.): 148–160

Itogi (2000). Itogi perepisi naselenija Respubliki Belarus [Results of the Population Census of the Republic of Belarus]. Minsk: Gosudarstvennyj komitet statistiki Respubliki Belarus’

Ivars, A. M. (1998). ‘Urban colloquial Swedish in Finland’. In P. Auer (ed.), Dialect levelling and the standard varieties in Europe. Folia Linguistica: 32, 1/2, 101–114CrossRef

Jacobsen, H. G. (1973). Sprogrøgt i Danmark i 1930rne og 1940rne. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

Jacobson, S. (1985). ‘Synonymy and hyponymy in syntactic variation’, Papers from the Third Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation, 7–17

Jacobson, S. (1989). ‘Some approaches to syntactic variation’. In Fasold and Schiffrin (eds.): 381–394CrossRef

Jaeggli, O. (1986). ‘Passive’. Linguistic Inquiry 17: 587–622Google Scholar

Jaeggli, O. and Safir, K. (eds.) (1989). The Null Subject Parameter. Dordrecht: Kluwer

Jahr, E. H. (1988). ‘Social dialect influence in language change: the halting of a sound change in Oslo Norwegian’. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Historical Dialectology: Regional and Social. Berlin/New York/Amsterdam, Mouton de Gruyter: 329–335CrossRef

Jahr, E. H. (1996). Nynorsk språkforskning – en historisk oversikt, in C. Henriksen et al. (eds.), Studies in the Development of Linguistics in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Oslo: Novus, 84–101

Janich, N. and Greule, A. (eds.) (2002). Sprachkulturen in Europa. Tübingen: Narr

Jaspaert, K. (1986). ‘Statuut en structuur van standaardtalig Vlaanderen’. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leuven

Jaspaert, K. and Kroon S. (1988). ‘The relationship between language attitudes and language choice’. In R. van Hout and U. Knops (eds.), Language Attitudes in the Dutch Language Area. Dordrecht: Foris, 157–171CrossRef

Jedig, H. H. (1966). Laut-und Formenbestand der niederdeutschen Mundart des Altai-Gebietes. (Sitzungsberichte der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Philologisch-historische Klasse, 112/5.) Berlin

Jones, E. and Eyles, J. (1977). An Introduction to Social Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Jørgensen, J. N. (1980). Det flade a vil sejre. Skrifter om anvendt og matematisk lingvistik 7. Copenhagen: Institut for anvendt og matematisk lingvistik, 67–124

Jørgensen, J. N. and Kristensen, K. (1994). Moderne sjællandsk. En undersøgelse af unge sjællænderes talesprog. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Forlag

Jørgensen, J. N. and Kristensen, K. (1995). ‘On boundaries in linguistic continua’. Language Variation and Change 7: 153–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joseph, J. E. (1987). Eloquence and Power. The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Frances Pinter

Kachru, B. B. (1983). The Indianization of English. The English Language in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press

Kaeding, F. W. (1897). Häufigkeitswörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Festgestellt durch einen Arbeitsausschuss der deutschen Stenographie-Systeme. In 15 Lieferungen. Steglitz bei Berlin

Kahn, D. (1976). ‘Syllable-based Generalizations in English Phonology’. Dissertation, MIT

Kaisse, E. M. (1993). ‘Rule reordering and rule generalization in Lexical Phonology: a reconsideration’. In S. Hargus and E. M. Kaisse (eds.), Studies in Lexical Phonology, Phonetics and Phonology, 4. London: Academic Press, 343–363CrossRef

Kaisse, E. M. and Shaw, P. A. (1985). ‘On the theory of Lexical Phonology’, Phonology Yearbook 2: 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kallen, J. (1991). ‘Sociolinguistic variation and methodology: after as a Dublin variable’. In J. Cheshire (ed.), English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61–74CrossRef

Kallen, J. (1994). ‘English in Ireland’. In R. Burchfield (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 148–196CrossRef

Kallen, J. (ed.) (1997a). Focus on Ireland, Varieties of English around the World, G21. Amsterdam: Benjamins

Kallen, J. (1997b). ‘Irish English: context and contacts’. In J. Kallen (ed.), Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1–33

Kallen, J. (2000). ‘Two languages, two borders, one island: some linguistic and political borders in Ireland. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 145: 29–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kallen, J. and Kirk, J. (2001). ‘Convergence and divergence in the verb phrase in Irish Standard English’. In J. Kirk, and D. ÓBaoill (eds.), Language Links: The Languages of Scotland and Ulster. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona, 59–79

Kaschuba, W. (1990). ‘German Bürgerlichkeit after 1880. Culture as a symbolic practice. In B. Stråth (ed.), Language and the Construction of Class Identities. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University, 223–252

Katsoyannou, M. and Karyolemou, M. (1998). ‘Structural similarities of unrelated dialects: Calabrese and Greco in contact’. Paper presented at the conference on the ‘Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe’, Reading, 17–19 September

Kaufmann, G. (1997). Varietätendynamik in Sprachkontaktsituationen. Attitüden und Sprachverhalten rußlanddeutscher Mennoniten in Mexiko und den USA. (VarioLingua, 3) Frankfurt am Main

Kayne, R. (1989a). ‘Null subjects and clitic climbing’. In Jaeggli and Safir (eds.): 239–261

Kayne, R. (1989b). ‘Facets of Romance past participle agreement’. In Benincà (ed.): 85–104

Kayne, R. (1994). The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press

Keel, W. D. (1994). ‘Reduction and loss of case marking in the noun phrase in German-American language islands: internal development or external interference?’ In N. Berend and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sprachinselforschung. Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: 93–104

Keene, D. (2000). ‘Metropolitan values: migration, mobility and cultural norms, London 1100–1700’. In L. Wright (ed.), The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 93–116CrossRef

Keller, R. (1994). Sprachwandel. Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache. Tübingen: Francke/UTB

Kemmer, S. and Barlow, M. (2000). ‘Introduction: a usage-base conception of language’. In M. Barlow and S. Kemmer (eds.), Usage-based Models of Language. Stanford: CSLI Publications, ⅶ–ⅹⅹⅷCrossRef

Kenstowicz, M. (1994). Phonology in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell

Kerswill, P. E. (1994a). Dialects Converging: Rural Speech in Urban Norway. Oxford: Clarendon

Kerswill, P. E. (1994b). ‘A new dialect in a new city: children's and adult's speech in Milton Keynes’. Final Report. Project founded by the Economic and Social Research Council (1990–1994 R000232376). Reading

Kerswill, P. E. (1996a), ‘Divergence and convergence of sociolinguistic structures in Norway and England’. In P. Auer, F. Hinskens, and K. Mattheier (eds.), Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Europe (Sociolinguistica 10), 90–104

Kerswill, P. E. (1996b). ‘Children, adults and language change’, Language Variation and Change 8: 177–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kerswill, P. E. (2001). ‘Mobility, meritocracy and dialect levelling: the fading (and phasing) out of Received Pronunciation’. In P. Rajame (ed.), British Studies in the New Millennium: Challenge of the Grassroots. Proceedings of the 3rd Tartu Conference on British Studies, University of Tartu, Estonia, August 2000. Also at http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/rp.htm

Kerswill, P. E. (2002a). ‘Koineization and accommodation’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 669–702

Kerswill, P. E. (2002b). ‘Models of linguistic change and diffusion: new evidence from dialect levelling in British English’. In S. Varlokosta and M. Georgiafentis (eds.), Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 6: 187–216

Kerswill, P. E. (2002c). ‘A dialect with “great inner strength”? The perception of nativeness in the Bergen speech community’. In D. Long and D. Preston (eds.), A Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 153–173

Kerswill, P. E. (2003). ‘Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English’. In D. Britain and J. Cheshire (eds.), Social Dialectology. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 223–243CrossRef

Kerswill, P. E. (2004). ‘Social dialectology’. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K. Mattheier and P. Trudgill (eds.), Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik. An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. 2nd edn. Vol. Ⅰ, Berlin: de Gruyter, 22–33

Kerswill, P. E. (2005). ‘Migration and language’. In U. Ammon, K. Mattheier, and P. Trudgill (eds.), Handbook of Sociolinguistics, 2nd edn., Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter

Kerswill, P. E. and Williams, A. (1997). ‘Investigating social and linguistic identity in three British schools’. In U-B Kotsinas, A-B Stenström, and A.-M. Malin (eds.), Ungdomsspråk I Norden. Föredrag från ett forskarsymposium [Youth Language in the Nordic countries: Papers from a research symposium]. Series: MINS, No. 43. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, Department of Nordic Languages and Literature, 159–176

Kerswill, P. E. and Williams, A. (1999). ‘Mobility versus social class in dialect levelling: evidence from new and old towns in England’, Cuadernos de Filologia Inglesa 8: 47–57Google Scholar

Kerswill, P. E. and Williams, A. (2000). ‘Creating a new town koine: children and language change in Milton Keynes’, Language in Society 29(1): 65–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kerswill, P. E. and Williams, A. (2002a). ‘“Salience” as an explanatory factor in language change: evidence from dialect levelling in urban England’. In M. C. Jones and E. Esch (eds.), Contact-induced Language Change. An Examination of Internal, External and Non-linguistic Factors. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 81–110

Kerswill, P. E. and Williams, A. (2002b). ‘Dialect recognition and speech community focusing in new and old towns in England: the effects of dialect levelling, demography and social networks’. In D. Long and D. Preston (eds.), A Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 175–206

Kerswill, P. E. and Williams, A. (2005). ‘New towns and koinéisation: linguistic and social correlates’, Linguistics 43 (5)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keyser, S. J. and Roeper, T. (1984). ‘On the middle and ergative constructions in English’, Linguistic Inquiry 15: 381–416Google Scholar

Kikai, A., Schleppegrell, M., and Tagliamonte, S. (1987). ‘The influence of syntactic position on relativization strategies’. In Denning et al. (eds.): 266–277

King, R. D. (1969). Historical Linguistics and Generative Grammar. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

King, R. and Nadasdi, T. (1996). ‘Sorting out morphosyntactic variation in Acadian French: the importance of the linguistic marketplace’. In Arnold et al. (eds.), 113–128

Kingsmore, R. K. (1995). Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press

Kiparsky, P. (1968). ‘Linguistic universals and linguistic change’. In E. Bach and R. Harms (eds.), Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, 170–202

Kiparsky, P. (1972). ‘Explanation in phonology’. In S. Peters (ed.), Goals of Linguistic Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 189–227

Kiparsky, P. (1985). ‘Some consequences of Lexical Phonology’, Phonology Yearbook 2: 85–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiparsky, P. (1992). ‘Analogy’, in W. Bright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 56–61

Kiparsky, P. (1995). ‘The phonological basis of sound change’. In J. Goldsmith (ed.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, 640–670

Kirchner, R. (2000). ‘Geminate inalterability and lenition’, Language 76: 509–545CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirchner, R. (2001). An Effort Based Approach to Consonant Lenition. London: Routledge

Klausmann, H. (2000). ‘Changes of dialect, code-switching, and new winds of usage: the divergence of dialects along the border between Germany and France in and around the region of the Oberrhein’. In J. Kallen, F. Hinskens, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), 109–130

Klemola, J. (1997). ‘A note on the use of data from non-standard varieties of English in linguistic argumentation’. In R. Hickey and S. Puppel (eds.), Language History, and Linguistic Modelling: Festschrift für Jacek Fisiak. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 959–967

Kloeke, G. (1927). De Hollandsche expansie in de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw en haar weerspiegeling in de hedendaagsche Nederlandsche dialecten. Proeve eener historisch-dialect-geografische synthese. s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff

Kloss, H. 1967, ‘“Abstand languages” and “Ausbau languages”’, Anthropological linguistics 9 (7), 29–41Google Scholar

Kloss, H. (1980). ‘Deutsche Sprache außerhalb des geschlossenen deutschen Sprachgebiets’. In H. P. Althaus, H. Henne, and H. E. Wiegand (eds.), Lexikon der germanistischen Linguistik. Tübingen: 537–546CrossRef

Knoke, D. and Kuklinski, J. H. (1982). Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage

Knowles, G. (1973). Scouse: The Urban Dialect of Liverpool. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds

Kocka, J. (1993). ‘The European pattern and the German case’. In J. Kocka and M. Allen (eds.), Bourgeois Society in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Oxford: Berg, 3–39

Koerner, K. (1989). ‘Toward a history of modern sociolinguistics’. American Speech 66 (1): 57–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

König, E. and van der Auwera, J. (eds.) (1994). The Germanic Languages. London, New York

König, W. (2001), dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag

Koster, J. and May, R. (1982). ‘On the constituency of infinitives’, Language 58: 116–143CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kotsinas, U-B. (1988a). ‘Immigrant children's Swedish – a new variety?’, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 9, (1/2): 129–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kotsinas, U-B. (1988b). ‘Stockholmsspråk i förändring’. In G. Petterson (ed.), Studier i svensk språkhistoria. Lundastudier i nordisk språkvetenskap. Lund: Lund University Press, 133–147

Kotsinas, U-B. (1994). Ungdomsspråk. Uppsala: Hallgren and Fallgren

Kremer, L. (1979). Grenzmundarten und Mundartgrenzen. Köln: Böhlau Verlag

Kremer, L. and Niebaum, H. (eds.) (1990a). Grenzdialekte. Studien zur Entwicklung kontinentalwestgermanischer Dialektkontinua (Germanistische Linguistik 101–103)

Kremer, L. and Niebaum, H. (1990b). Zur Einführung: Grenzdialekte als Gradmesser des Sprachwandels. In Kremer and Niebaum (eds.)

Kristensen, K. (2003). ‘Standard Danish, Copenhagen Sociolects, and regional varieties in the 1900s’. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 159: 29–44Google Scholar

Kristensen, K. and Thelander, M. (1984). ‘On dialect levelling in Denmark and Sweden’, Folia linguistica 18: 223–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kristiansen, T. (1990). Udtalenormering i skolen. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

Kristiansen, T. (1991). ‘Sproglige normidealer på Næstvedegnen. Kvantitative sprogholdningsstudier’. Ph.D. diss., University of Copenhagen

Kristiansen, T. (1996). ‘Det gode sprogsamfund: det norske eksempel’, Nydanske Studier og almen kommunikationsteori 21: 9–22Google Scholar

Kristiansen, T. (1997). ‘Language attitudes in a Danish cinema’. In N. Coupland and A. Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics. A Reader and Coursebook. London: Macmillan, 291–305CrossRef

Kristiansen, T. (1998). ‘The role of standard ideology in the disappearance of the traditional Danish dialects’. Folia Linguistica 32 (1–2): 115–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kristiansen, T. (2001). ‘Two standards: one for the media and one for the school’, Language Awareness 10(1): 9–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kristiansen, T. (2003). ‘The youth and the gatekeepers: reproduction and change in language norm and variation’. In A. Georgakopoulou and J. K. Androutsopoulos (eds.), Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 279–302CrossRef

Kristiansen, T. (2004). ‘Social meaning and norm-ideals for speech in a Danish community’. In A Jaworski, N. Coupland, and D. Galasinski (eds.), Metalanguage. Social and Ideological Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 167–192CrossRef

Kristiansen, V. (1866). Bidrag til en Ordbog over Gadesproget og saakaldt daglig Tale. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup

Kroch, A. S. (1978). ‘Toward a theory of social dialect variation’, Language in Society 7: 17–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kroch, A. S. (1980). ‘Resumptive pronouns in English relative clauses’. Paper presented at the LSA Annual Meeting, San Antonio

Kroch, A. S. (1989). ‘Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change’, Language Variation and Change 1: 199–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kroch, A. S. (1994). ‘Morphosyntactic variation’. In Beals et al.(eds.): 180–201

Kroch, A. S. (2001). ‘Syntactic change’. In M. Baltin and C. Collins (eds.), The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory. Malden: Blackwell, 699–729CrossRef

Kroch, A. S. and Small, C. (1978). ‘Grammatical ideology and its effect on speech’. In D. Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods, New York: Academic Press, 45–55

Kroch, A. S. and Taylor, A. (1994). ‘The Loss of OV Word Order in Middle English’. Unpublished MS, University of Pennsylvania

Krug, M. G. (2000). Emerging English modals: A Corpus-based Study of Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

Kruijsen, J. (1995). ‘Geografische patronen in taalcontact. Romaans leengoed in de Limburgse dialecten van Haspengouw’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Nijmegen

Kuhn, W. (1934). Deutsche Sprachinsel-Forschung. Geschichte, Aufgaben, Verfahren. Plauen i. Vogtl. (Ostdeutsche Forschungen, 2)

Labelle, M. (1992). ‘Change of state and valency’, Journal of Linguistics 28: 375–414CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1963). ‘The social motivation of a sound change’, Word 19: 273–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics

Labov, W. (1969). ‘Contraction, deletion and inherent variability of the English copula’, Language 45: 715–762CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1972a). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

Labov, W. (1972b). Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

Labov, W. (1972c). ‘The study of language in its social context’. In W. Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 183–259

Labov, W. (1972d). ‘Negative attraction and negative concord in English grammar’, Language 48: 773–818CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1973). ‘The social setting of linguistic change’. In T. A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 11, 195–251

Labov, W. (1974). ‘Language change as a form of communication’. In A. Silverstein (ed.), Human Communcation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, NJ, 221–256

Labov, W. (1975). What is a Linguistic Fact? Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press

Labov, W. (1978). ‘Where does the sociolinguistic variable stop? A reply to B. Lavandera’, Texas Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, 44. Austin: SW Educational Development Laboratory

Labov, W. (1981). ‘Resolving the Neogrammarian controversy’, Language 57: 267–308CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1984). ‘Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation’. In J. Baugh and J. Sherzer (eds.), Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 28–53

Labov, W. (1989). ‘The child as linguistic historian’, Language Variation and Change 1: 85–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1990). ‘The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change’. In Language Variation and Change 2, 205–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labov, W. (1991). ‘The boundaries of a grammar: inter-dialectal reactions to positive any more’, in Trudgill and Chambers (eds.): 273–288

Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell

Labov, W. (1996). ‘When intuitions fail’, Papers from the 32nd Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 32: 76–106Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1997). ‘Resyllabification’. In F. Hinskens, R. van Hout, and W. L. Wetzels (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 145–179CrossRef

Labov, W. (2001). Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 2: Social Factors. Blackwell: Oxford

Labov, W., Cohen, P., Robins, C., and Lewis, J. (1968). A Study of the Non-standard English of Negro and Puerto-Rican Speakers in New York City. Co-operative Research Report 3288, Vols. Ⅰ and Ⅱ, Philadelphia: US Regional Survey

Labov, W. and Harris, W. (1986). ‘The facto segregation of Black and White vernaculars’. In D. Sankoff (ed.), Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–24CrossRef

Landa, A. and Franco, J. (1996). ‘Two issues in null objects in Basque Spanish: morphological decoding and grammatical permeability’. In K. Zagona (ed.), Grammatical Theory and Romance Languages, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 159–168CrossRef

Landa, A. and Franco, J. (1998). ‘Dialect divergence in Spain and the syntactic stronghold of Basque Spanish’. Paper presented at the ESF conference ‘The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe’, 17–19 September, University of Reading

Lang, E. (1996). ‘Das Deutsche im typologischen Spektrum. Einführung in den Band’. In Deutsch – typologisch. Hrsgg. v. Ewald Lang and Gisela Zifonun. (Institut für deutsche Sprache. Jahrbuch 1995.) Berlin/New York: 7–15

Langacker, R. (1990). Concept, Image and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

Langacker, R. (1994). ‘Cognitive grammar’. In R. Asher (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 590–593

Lanthaler, F. (1997). ‘Deutsche Varietäten in Südtirol’. In G. Stickel (ed.), Varietäten des Deutschen. Regional-und Umgangssprachen. Berlin: De Gruyter, 364–383

Lass, R. (1980). On Explaining Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Lass, R. and Anderson, J. M. (1975). Old English Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Lausberg, H. (1962). Romanische Sprachwissenschaft, Vol. Ⅲ: Formenlehre. Zweiter Teil. Berlin

Lavandera, B. (1978). ‘Where does the sociolinguistic variable stop?’, Language in Society 7: 171–183CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lavandera, B. (1984). Variación y Significado. Buenos Aires: Hachette

Le Page, R. (1997). ‘The evolution of a sociolinguistic theory of language’. In F. Coulmas (ed.): 15–32

Page, R. (1980). ‘Projection, focusing, diffusion, or, steps towards a sociolinguistic theory of language, illustrated from the Sociolinguistic Survey of Multilingual Communities, Stages I: Cayo District, Belize (formerly British Honduras), and Ⅱ: St Lucia. York Papers in Linguistics 9: 9–32Google Scholar

Le Page, R. B. and Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Leahy, D. J. (1915). ‘A Study of English, as Spoken in Cork City’. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University College Cork

Lefèbvre C. (1989). ‘Some problems in defining syntactic variables: the case of WH- questions in Montreal French’. In Fasold and Schiffrin (eds.): 351–366CrossRef

Lemieux, M. (1987). ‘Clitic placement in the history of French’. In Denning et al. (eds.): 278–299

Levelt, W., and Kelter, S. (1982). ‘Surface form and memory in question answering’, Cognitive Psychology 14: 78–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levin, I. (1844). Dansk Lydlære og Dansk Kjønslære. Copenhagen: Samfundet til dansk Literaturs Fremme

Levinson, S. (1988). ‘Conceptual problems in the study of regional and cultural style’. In N. Dittmar and P. Schlobinski (eds.), The Sociolinguistics of Urban Vernaculars. Berlin: de Gruyter, 161–190

Lightfoot, D. W. (1979). Principles of Diachronic Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Lightfoot, D. W. (1988). ‘Creoles, triggers and universal grammar’. In C. Duncan-Rose and T. Vennemann (eds.), Rhetorica, Pragmatica, Syntactica: A Festschrift for R. P. Stockwell. New York: Routledge, 97–106

Lightfoot, D. W. (1989). ‘The child's trigger experience: degree-0 learnability’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12(2): 321–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lightfoot, D. W. (1991). How to Set Parameters: Arguments from Language Change. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

Lightfoot, D. W. (1996). Language Acquisition and Language Change. Oxford: Blackwell

Lightfoot, D. W. (1999). The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell

Lightfoot, D. W. and Hornstein, N. (eds.) (1994). Verb Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Lilja, S. (1995). ‘Stockholms befolkningsutveckling före 1800’, Historisk Tidskrift 3: 304–337Google Scholar

Lilja, S. (1996). ‘Stockholm under huvudstädernas sekler. Stockholms befolkningsutveckling i jämförande perspektiv’, Historisk Tidskrift 3: 339–361

Linke, A. (1991). ‘Zum Sprachgebrauch des Bürgertums in 19. Jh’. In R. Wimmer (ed.), Das 19. Jahrhundert. Sprachgeschichtliche Wurzeln des heutigen Deutsch (Ids-Jahrbuch 1990). Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 250–281

Lippi-Green, R. L. (1989). ‘Social network integration and language change in progress in a rural alpine village’, Language in Society 18: 213–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Løkensgard Hoel, O. (1996). Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865. KULT skriftserie nr. 51. Oslo: Norges forskningsråd

Louden, M. L. (1994). ‘Syntactic change in multilingual language islands’. In N. Berend and K. J. Mattheier, Klaus, J. (eds.), Sprachinselforschung. Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: 73–91

Lumtzer, V. (1894). Die Leibitzer Mundart. Halle/J. (= H. Paul and W. Braune (eds.) Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 18)

Lund, J. (1996). ‘Guldalderens lyd. Om diktion og hverdagssprog’. In Scaverius, B. (ed.), Guldalderens verden. Copenhagen: Gyldendal: 177–183

Lundén, T. (1973). ‘Interaction across an “open” international boundary: Norway–Sweden’. In Strassoldo, R. (ed.) (1973). Contini e regiono. Trieste: Edizioni LINT. 147–161

Macaulay, R. K. S. (1991). Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lasses in Ayr. New York: Oxford University Press

Macaulay, R. K. S. (2001). ‘You're like “why not?” The quotative expressions of Glasgow adolescents’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(1): 3–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macaulay, R. K. S. (2002a). ‘Discourse variation’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Blackwell, 283–305

Macaulay, R. K. S. (2002b). ‘Extremely interesting, very interesting, or only quite interesting? Adverbs and social class’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 398–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mackey, W. F. (1988). ‘Geolinguistics: its scope and principles’. In C. H. Williams (ed.), Language in Geographic Context. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 20–45

MacMahon, M. K. C. (1998). ‘Phonology’. In S. Romaine (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 373–535

Mæhlum, B. (1992). ‘Dialect socialization in Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Spitsbergen): a fruitful chaos’. In E. H. Jahr (ed.), Language Contact and Language Change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 117–130CrossRef

Mæhlum, B. (1996). ‘Code-switching in Hemnesberget – myth or reality?’, Journal of Pragmatics 25: 749–761CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mæhlum, B. (1997). Dølamål: dialektene i Bardu og Målselv. Målselv: Målselv Mållag

Mæhlum, B. (2003). ‘Normer’. In Mæhlum et al. (eds.): Språkmøte. Innføring i sosiolingvistikk. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag, 86–102

Mæhlum, B. (in press). ‘Sociolinguistic structures chronologically Ⅲ: Norwegian’. In The Nordic Languages. An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Language. Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter

Magner, T. (1992). ‘Urban vernaculars and the standard language in Yugoslavia’. In R. Bugarski and C. Hawkesworth (eds.), Language Planning in Yugoslavia. Columbus, Oh.: Slavica Publishers, 189–199

Mak, G. (1998). Hoe God verdween uit Jorwerd. Een Nederlands dorp in de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam/Antwerp: Atlas

Marcato, G., Ursini, F., and Politi, A. (1974). Dialetto e italiano. Status socioeconomico e percezione sociale del fenomeno linguistico. Pisa: Pacini

Marshall, J. (2004). Language Change and Sociolinguistics. Rethinking Social Networks. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacmillanCrossRef

Maschler, Y. (2002). ‘On the grammaticalization of ke'ilu “like”, lit. “as if”, in Hebrew talk-in-interaction’, Language in Society 31: 243–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matras, Y. (2001). ‘Identifying and explaining convergent processes’, talk delivered at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the German Linguistics Society (DGfS), Leipzig, 28 February–1 March

Mattheier, K. (1980). Pragmatik und Soziologie der Dialekte; Einführung in die kommunikative Dialektologie des Deutschen. Heidelberg

Mattheier, K. (1991). ‘Standardsprache als Sozialsymbol’. In R. Wimmer (Hrg.) Das 19. Jahrhundert. Sprachgeschichtliche Wurzeln des heutigen Deutsch. Berlin/New York: IdS Jahrbuch 1990: 41–72

Mattheier, K. (1996). ‘Varietätenkonvergenz. Überlegungen zu einem Baustein einer Theorie der Sprachvariation’. In P. Auer, F. Hinskens, and K. Mattheier (eds.), Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Europe (Sociolinguistica 10), 31–52CrossRef

Mattheier, K. (1997). ‘Methoden der Sprachinselforschung’. In H. Goebl, P. H. Nelde, Z. Stary, and W. Wölck (eds.), (1996/97). Kontaktlinguistik/Contact linguistics/Linguistique de contact. Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung. An international handbook of contemporary research. Manuel international des recherches contemporaines. Halbbd. 1. Berlin/New York: 812–819

Mazur, J. (1996). ‘Konvergenz und Divergenz in den polnischen Sprachvarietäten’. In P. Auer, F. Hinskens, and K. Mattheier (eds.), Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Europe (Sociolinguistica 10), 53–74CrossRef

McCafferty, K. (1998). ‘Shared accents, divided speech community? Change in Northern Ireland English’, Language Variation and Change, 10(2): 97–121CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCloskey, J. (1991). ‘Clause structure, ellipsis and proper government in Irish’, Lingua 85: 259–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCloskey, J. (1992). ‘Adjunction, selection and embedded verb second’, Working Paper LRC-92–07. Linguistics Research Center, University of California at Santa Cruz

McCloskey, J. and Hale, K. (1984). ‘On the syntax of person-number inflection in Modern Irish’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory: 1, 487–533Google Scholar

McConvell, P. (1988). ‘Mix-im-up: aboriginal codeswitching, old and new’, in M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching. Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 97–149CrossRef

McMahon, A. M. S. (1995). Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Meechan, M. and Foley, M. (1994). ‘On resolving disagreement: linguistic theory and variation – There's bridges’, Language Variation and Change 6: 63–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mees, I. (1987). ‘Glottal stop as a prestigious feature in Cardiff English’, English World-Wide 8: 25–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mesthrie, R. (1992). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. London: Routledge

Meyerhoff, M. (2002). ‘Communities of practice’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 526–548

Mhac an Fhailigh, É. (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Miller, J. (1993). ‘The grammar of Scottish English’, in Milroy and Milroy (eds.): 99–138

Miller, J. and Brown, K. (1982). ‘Aspects of Scottish English syntax’, English World-Wide 3: 3–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, J. (1992). Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell

Milroy, J. (2000). ‘Historical description and the ideology of the standard language’. In L. Wright (ed.), The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 11–28CrossRef

Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1985a). Authority in Language. Investigating Language Prescription and Standardization. London: Routledge

Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1985b). ‘Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation’, Journal of Linguistics 21: 339–384CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1993/1998). ‘Mechanisms of change in urban dialects: the role of class, social network and gender’, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3: 57–78. Reprinted in P. Trudgill and J. Cheshire (eds.), The Sociolinguistic Reader Ⅰ (1998): 179–195

Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1997). ‘Varieties and variation’. In F. Coulmas (ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 47–64

Milroy, J., Milroy, L., and Hartley, S., (1994). ‘Local and supra-local change in British English: the case of glottalisation’, English World-Wide 15: 1–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, J., Milroy, L., Hartley, S., and Walshaw, D. (1994). ‘Glottal stops and Tyneside glottalization: competing patterns of variation and change in British English’, Language Variation and Change 6: 327–358CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, L. (1980). Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell

Milroy, L. (1982). ‘Social network and linguistic focusing’. In S. Romaine (ed.) (1982), Sociolinguistic Variation in Speech Communities. London: Edward Arnold, 141–153

Milroy, L. (1984a). ‘What a performance! Some problems with the competence-performance distinction’. In R. Hawkins and J. Harris (eds.), Sheffield Working Papers in Linguistics. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 40–55 (also published in 1985 with the same title in Australian Journal of Linguistics 51: 1–17)

Milroy, L. (1984b). ‘Comprehension and context: successful communication and communicative breakdown’, in P. J. Trudgill (ed.), Applied Sociolinguistics. London: Academic Press, 7–31

Milroy, L. (1986). ‘Questions and answers; an analysis of the discourse structure of interviews’. In Harris, J., Little, D. and Singleton, D. (eds.), Perspectives on the English Language in Ireland. Dublin: Centre for Language and Communication Studies, Trinity College, Dublin, 49–63

Milroy, L. (1987a). Observing and Analysing Natural Language. Oxford: Blackwell

Milroy, L. (1987b). Language and Social Networks. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell

Milroy, L. (1992). ‘New perspectives in the analysis of sex differentiation in language’. In K. Bolton and H. Kwok (eds.), Sociolinguistics Today. International Perspectives. London/New York: Routledge, 163–179

Milroy, L. (1996). ‘Review of Henry (1995)’, Language in Society 25: 471–475CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, L. (1999). ‘Standard English and language ideology in Britain and the United States’. In Bex and Watts: 173–206

Milroy, L. (2002a). ‘Introduction: mobility, contact and language charge – working with contemporary speech communities?’ Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6(1): 3–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, L. (2002b). ‘Social networks’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell: 550–572

Milroy, L. and Gordon, M. (2003). Sociolinguistics. Method and Interpretation. Oxford: BlackwellCrossRef

Milroy, L. and Margrain, S. (1980). ‘Vernacular language loyalty and social network’. In Language in Society 9: 43–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, L. and Milroy, J. (1992). ‘Social network and social class: towards an integrated sociolinguistic model’, Language in Society 21(1): 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milroy, L. and Milroy, J. (eds.) (1993). Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles. London: Longman

Minervini, L. (1998). ‘Dialect convergence in the formation of Judeo-Spanish (16th cent.)’. Paper presented at the conference on The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, Reading, 17–19 September

Mitchell, J. C. (ed.) (1969). Social Network in Urban Situations. Manchester: Manchester University Press

Mitzka, W. (1922). ‘Dialektgeographie der Danziger Nehrung’. In Zeitschrift für deutsche Mundarten

Møller, J. and Quist, P. (2003). ‘Research on youth and language in Denmark’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 159: 57–72Google Scholar

Mondéjar, J. (1991). ‘Andaluz’. In Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik Ⅵ. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 430–446

Montoya Abad, B. (1995). ‘L'observació del canvi fonologic en el català balear’, in M. T. Turrell Julià (ed.), La sociolingüitica de la variació. Barcelona (PPU), 165–219

Moore, G. (1990). ‘Structural determinants of men's and women's personal networks’, American Sociological Review 55: 726–735CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moreno Fernández, F. (1996). ‘Metodología del “Proyecto para el estudio sociolingüístico del español de España y de América’ (PRESEEA), Lingüística 8: 257–287Google Scholar

Moretti, M. (1988). La differenziazione interna di un continuum dialettale. Indagine a Cevio (TI). Zurich: Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft

Mugglestone, L. (1995). ‘Talking Proper’. The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Mühlhäusler, P. (1997). Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Expanded and revised edition. London: University of Westminster Press

Mummendey, A. (1999). ‘Gesellschaftlicher Umbruch und soziale Identität. Sozialpsychologische Perspektiven’. Talk delivered to the SFB 417, Universität Leipzig, 24 November 1999

Münstermann, H. and van Hout, R. (1986). ‘Taalattitudes contra geschiktheid en gebruik’. In J. Creten, G. Geerts, and K. Jaspaert (eds.), Werk-in-uitvoering; momentopname van de sociolinguïstiek in België en Nederland. Leuven/Amersfoort: Acco, 235–248

Muysken, P. (1981). ‘Halfway between Spanish and Quechua: the case for relexification’. In A. Highfield and A. Valsman (eds.), Historicity and Variation in Creole Studies. Ann Arbor: Karoma, 52–78

Muysken, P. (1989). ‘The morphology/syntax interface in Quechua dialectology’. In Benincà (ed.): 41–52

Muysken, P. (1995). ‘Ottersum revisited: style shifting and code-switching’. Paper presented at the Dutch Tweede Sociolinguïstische Conferentie, 18–19 May, 1995, Lunteren, The Netherlands

Muysken, P. (1999a). ‘Three processes of borrowing: borrowability revisited’. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Bilingualism and Migration. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 229–246

Muysken, P. (1999b). Talen. De Toren van Babel. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

Muysken, P. (2000). ‘Radical modularity and the possibility of sociolinguistics’. Paper presented at the Sociolinguistics Symposium 2000, 27–29 April, University of the West of England, Bristol

Muysken, P. and Smith, N. (1995). ‘The study of pidgin and creole languages’. In J. Arends, P. Muysken, and N. Smith (eds.), Pidgins and Creoles. An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3–14

Muysken, P. and Veenstra, T. (1995). ‘Universalist approaches’. In J. Arends, P. Muysken, and N. Smith (eds.), Pidgins and Creoles. An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 121–134

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling Languages. Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Myers-Scotton, C. (1997). ‘“Matrix language recognition” and “morpheme sorting” as possible structural strategies in pidgin/creole formation’. In A. K. Spears and D. Winford (eds.), The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 151–174

Myers-Scotton, C. (1999). ‘Compromise structural strategies in codeswitching’. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Bilingualism and Migration. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 211–227CrossRef

Naro, A. (1981). ‘The social and structural dimensions of a syntactic change’, Language 57: 63–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nelde, P. (2001). ‘Die neue Mehrsprachigkeit – Perspektiven einer europäischen Sprachpolitik’. Inaugural address upon the accession to the ‘Leibnizprofessur’ at the University of Leipzig

Nespor, M. and Vogel, I. (1986). Prosodic Phonology. Dordrecht/Riverton: Foris

Nesse, A. (1998). ‘Determining linguistic contacts in the past: the case of Low German and Bergen Norwegian’. Paper presented at the conference on The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, Reading, 17–19 September

Newbrook, M. (1999). ‘West Wirral: norms, self-reports and usage’. In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 90–106

Newton, B. (1972). The Generative Interpretation of Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Niebaum, H. (1990). ‘Staatsgrenze als Bruchstelle? Die Grenzdialekte zwischen Dollart und Vechtegebiet’. In Kremer and Niebaum (eds.): 49–83

Niedzielski, N. and Giles, H. (1996). ‘Linguistic accommodation’. In H. Goebl et al. (eds.), Kontaktlinguistik – Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung, Vol. 1(1), 332–342

Nielsen, N. Å. (1952). ‘Abrahamsons og Todes oplysninger om rigsmålsudtalen omkring 1800’. In Sprog og Kultur, Vol. 19: 33–57

Nishida, C. (1994). ‘The Spanish reflexive clitic se as an aspectual class marker’, Linguistics 32: 425–458CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nortier, J. (2001). Murks en straattaal. Vriendschap en taalgebruik onder jongeren. Amsterdam: Prometheus

Nöth, D. (1994). ‘Spuren der verlernten Muttersprache? Beobachtungen zum Artikelgebrauch beim Sprachwiedererwerb von Rußlanddeutschen’. Unpublished MS. Berlin

Nyman, L. (1997). ‘Einige Beobachtungen zu Varietäten und Varietätenausgleich im Niederdeutsch der Orenburger Rußland-Mennoniten’. In Historische Soziolinguistik des Deutschen Ⅲ. Sprachgebrauch und sprachliche Leistung in sozialen Schichten und soziofunktionalen Gruppen. Internationale Fachtagung Rostock/Kühlungsborn 15.–18.9.1996. Hrsgg. v. Gisela Brandt. Stuttgart: 261–276

Ó Baoill, D. P. (1990). ‘Language contact in Ireland: the Irish phonological substratum in Irish-English’. In G. A. Edmondson et al. (eds.), Development and Diversity: Language Variation across Time and Space. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington, 147–172

Ó Baoill, D. P. (1997). ‘The emerging Irish phonological substratum in Irish English’. In J. Kallen (ed.), Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 73–87CrossRef

Ó Cuív, B. (1944). The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Ó Curnáin, B. (1998). ‘Polygenesis of a third plural pronoun in West Galway Irish’. Paper presented at the ESF Conference: The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, 17–19 September, University of Reading

Odlin, T. (1989). Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Omdal, H., (1977). ‘Høyangermålet – en ny dialekt’, Språklig Samling 18: 7–9Google Scholar

Omdal, H., (1994). ‘From the valley to the city: language modification and language attitudes’. In B. Nordberg (ed.), The Sociolinguistics of Urbanization. The Case of the Nordic Countries. Berlin: de Gruyter, 116–148CrossRef

Orton, H., Dieth, E., and Wakelyn, M. (1968). The Survey of English Dialects, Vol. 4 (the Southern Counties). Leeds: E. J. Arnold

Paardekooper, P. (2001). ‘Hoe zacht is saft?’ Onze taal 6: 153Google Scholar

Paasi, A. (1996). Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish–Russian Border. New York: Wiley

Pandeli, H., Eska, J. F., Ball, M. J., and Rahilly, J. (1997). ‘Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 27: 65–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paolillo, J. C. (1997). ‘Sinhala diglossia: discrete or continuous variation?’, Language in Society 26(2): 269–296CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pardy, A. (1987). ‘To examine the distribution of the sociolinguistic variable (t) across different contexts’. Unpublished project report, School of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin

Parodi, C., Quicoli, C., Saltarelli, M., and Zubizareta, M. L. (eds.) (1996). Aspects of Romance Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Patrick, P. (2002). ‘The speech community’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell

Paul, H. (1870/5th edn. 1920). Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. 5e Auflage. Halle: Niemeyer

Pautasso, M. ‘“Competenza sbilanciata” e parlato narrativo: passaggi di codice e enunciati mistilingui in emigrati biellesi di ritorno’. In G. Berruto and A. A. Sobrero (eds.), Studi di sociolinguistica e dialettologia italiana offerti a Corrado Grassi, Galatina, Congedo: 123–150

Pearce, E. (1995). ‘Diachronic change and negation in French’. In L. Haegeman (ed.), Rivista di Linguistica (thematic issue) The Syntax of Sentential Negation, 301–328

Pedersen, I. L. (1996). ‘Regionalism and linguistic change’. In P. Auer, F. Hinskens, and K. Mattheier (eds.), Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in Europe (Sociolinguistica 10), 75–89CrossRef

Pedersen, I. L. (1997). ‘Sprogarter og sprogforandring i 1800-tallet’. In P. Widell and M. Kunøe (eds.), 6. Møde om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog til minde om Peter Skautrup 1896–1996. Århus: Institut for Nordisk Sprog og Litteratur, 237–245

Pedersen, I. L. (1998). ‘Stylistic convergence and social divergence: on the emergence of socially stratified spoken standards in the Nordic countries’. Paper presented at the conference on The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, Reading, 17–19 September

Pedersen, I. L. (2000). ‘Urban and rural dialects of Slesvig: political boundaries in the millenial retreat of Danish in Slesvig’. In J. Kallen, F. Hinskens, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), Dialect Convergence and Divergence Across European Borders = International Journal of the Sociology of Language 145: 131–151

Pedersen, I. L. (2001). ‘Bymålenes stilling i Danmark’. In M. Saari (ed.), Våra språk i tid och rum. Helsingfors: Institutionen för nordiska språk och litteratur, 169–180

Pedersen, I. L. (2003). ‘Traditional dialects of Danish and the de-dialectalization 1900–2000’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 159: 9–28Google Scholar

Pedersen, I. L. (in press). ‘Sociolinguistic structures chronologically I: Danish’. In The Nordic Languages. An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter

Pedersen, K. M. (1999). ‘Genusforenklingen i københavnsk’, Danske Folkemål 41: 79–106Google Scholar

Pellegrini, G. B. (1972). ‘La classificazione delle lingue romanze e i dialetti italiani’. In G. B. Pellegrini (ed.), Saggi sul ladino dolomitico e sul friulano, Adriatica: Bari, 239–268

Peterson, J. (1996). ‘Sociolinguistic interviewer style variation: hyperconvergence in the other informant’. In M. Meyerhoff (ed.), (N) WAVES and MEANS: A Selection of Papers from NWAVE 24 = University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 3(1): 159–170

Pierce, A. (1992). Language Acquisition and Syntactic Theory. Dordrecht: Kluwer

Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: Harper-Collins

Pintzuk, S. (1991). ‘Phrase Structures in Competition: Variation and Change in Old English Word Order’. Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania

Pintzuk, S. (1993). ‘Verb seconding in Old English: verb movement to INFL’, The Linguistic Review 10: 5–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pizzolotto, G. (1991). Bilinguismo ed emigrazione in Svizzera. Italiano e commutazione di codice in un gruppo di giovani. Bern: Lang

Platzack, C. (1987). ‘The Scandinavian languages and the null subject parameter’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 377–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poeppel, D., and Wexler, K. (1993). ‘The full competence hypothesis of clause structure in early German’, Language 69: 1–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pohl, J. (1978). ‘Communication field and linguistic field: the influence of the border (France and Belgium) on the French Language’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 15: 85–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polenz, P. von (1999). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Bd. 3. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter

Policansky, L. (1976). ‘Syntactic variation in Belfast English’, Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 5: 217–231Google Scholar

Policansky, L. (1982). ‘Grammatical variation in Belfast English’, Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 6: 37–66Google Scholar

Pollard, C. and Sag, I. (1987). Information-based Syntax and Semantics. Stanford: CSLI

Pop, S. (1950). La dialectologie. Aperçu historique et méthodes d'enquêtes linguistiques. Première partie: dialectologie Romane. Louvain: ‘Chez l'auteur’

Poplack, S. (1980). ‘“Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English y termino en español”: toward a typology of code-switching’, Linguistics 18: 581–618CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poplack, S. and Tagliamonte, S. (1996). ‘Nothing in context: variation, grammaticization and past time marking in Nigeria Pidgin English’. In P. Baker (ed.), Changing Meanings, Changing Functions. London: University of Westminster Press, 71–94

Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage

Preston, D. (1996). ‘Whaddayaknow?: the modes of folk linguistic awareness’, Language Awareness 5(1): 40–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Preston, D. (ed.) (1999). Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Vol. 1. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John BenjaminsCrossRef

Prince, E. (1992). ‘The ZPG letter: subjects, definiteness and information status’. In William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Discourse Description: Diverse Linguistic Analyses of a Fundraising Text. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 295–325CrossRef

Pulleyblank, D. (1997). ‘Optimality Theory and features’. In D. Archangeli and D. T. Langendoen (eds.), Optimality Theory: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell, 59–101

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Srantrik, J. (1995). A Grammer of Contemporary English. Harlow: Longman

Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell

Radford, A., Atkinson, M., Britain, D., Clahsen, H., and Spencer, A. (1999). Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Ramge, H. (1982). Dialektwandel im mittleren Saarland. Saarbrücken: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Landeskunde im Saarland – Band 30

Rampton, B. (1995). Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. Harlow: Longman

Rein, K. (1994). ‘Die Geschichte rußlanddeutscher Täufergruppen in Amerika und ihre Bedeutung für die Sprachinsel-und Sprachkontaktforschung’. In N. Berend and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sprachinselforschung: eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: 193–203

Reitan, J. (1928). ‘Oplysninger om målet i Bardo og Målselven’, Maal og Minne 1928: 1–35Google Scholar

Requena, F. (1995). ‘Determinantes estructurales de las redes sociales en los hombres y las mujeres’. Papers 45 (1995): 33–41

Requena, F. (1996). Redes sociales y cuestionarios. Madrid: CIS

Rickford, J. (1987). The haves and have nots: sociolinguistic surveys and the assessment of speaker competence. Language in Society: 16(2): 149–177CrossRef

Rickford, J. (1988). ‘Connections between sociolinguistics and pidgin-creole studies’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 71: 51–57Google Scholar

Rickford, J., Mendoza-Denton, N., Wasow, T., and Espinoza, J. (1995). ‘Syntactic variation and change in progress: loss of the verbal coda in topic-restricting as far as constructions’, Language 71: 102–131CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riehl, C. (2001). ‘Das Deutsche im Sprachkontakt: individuelle und universelle Entwicklungstendenzen’. Paper presented at the 23rd Jahrestagung of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft. Leipzig, March

Rizzi, L. (1991). ‘Residual verb second and the wh-criterion’, Technical Reports in Formal and Computational Linguistics, 2, University of Geneva

Roberts, I. G. (1985). ‘Agreement parameters and the development of English modal auxiliaries’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3: 21–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roberts, I. G. (1993). Verbs and Diachronic Syntax: A Comparative History of English and French. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic

Roberts, I. G. (1997). ‘Directionality and word order change in the history of English’. In van Kemenade and Vincent (eds.): 397–426

Robertson, R. (1993). Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture. Repr. London: Sage

Roeper, T. and Weissenborn, J. (1990). ‘How to make parameters work: comments on Valian’. In L. Frazier and J. de Villiers (eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 147–162CrossRef

Rogier, D. (1994). ‘De verspreiding van een sociaal hooggewaardeerd taalkenmerk: de huig-R rond Gent’, Taal en Tongval, themanummer 7: R-zes visies op een kameleon: 45–53

Romaine, S. (1980a). ‘The relative clause marker in Scots English: diffusion, complexity and style as dimensions of syntactic change’, Language in Society 9: 221–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. (1980b). ‘A critical overview of the methodology of urban British sociolinguistics’, English World Wide 1(2): 163–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. (1980c). ‘On the problem of syntactic variation: a reply to Beatriz Lavandera and William Labov’. Working Papers in Sociolinguistics 82. Austin, Texas: South-West Educational Development Laboratory

Romaine, S. (1981). ‘Syntactic complexity, relativization and stylistic levels in Middle Scots’, Folia Linguistica Historica 2: 56–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. (1982a). Socio-historical Linguistics: Its Status and Methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Romaine, S. (1982b). ‘What is a speech community?’ In S. Romaine (ed.), Sociolinguistic Variation in Speech Communities. London: Edward Arnold, 13–24

Romaine, S. (1984a). ‘Relative clauses in child language, pidgins and creoles’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 4: 257–281CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. (1984b). ‘The status of sociological models and categories in explaining linguistic variation’, Linguistiche Berichte 90: 25–80Google Scholar

Romaine, S. (1984c). ‘On the problem of syntactic variation and pragmatic meaning in sociolinguistic theory’, Folia Linguistica 18: 409–437CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Romaine, S. (1989a). ‘Pidgins, creoles, immigrant and dying languages’. In N. Dorian (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 369–384

Romaine, S. (1989b). Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell

Romaine, S. (1998). ‘Introduction’. In S. Romaine (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. Ⅳ 1776–1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Rosenberg, P. (1994a). ‘Varietätenkontakt und Varietätenausgleich bei den Rußlanddeutschen: Orientierungen für eine moderne Sprachinselforschung’. In N. Berend and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sprachinselforschung: eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: 123–164

Rosenberg, P. (1994b). ‘Sprachgebrauchsstrukturen und Heterogenität der Kommunikationsgemeinschaft bei den Deutschen in der GUS – eine empirische Studie’. In P.-P. König and H. Wiegers (eds.), Satz – Text – Diskurs. Akten des 27. Linguistischen Kolloquiums, Münster 1992. Bd. 2. Tübingen: 287–298

Rosenberg, P. (1997). ‘Die Sprache der Deutschen in Rußland’. In G. Stricker (ed.), Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas. Ruβland. Berlin: Siealer, 585–608

Rosenberg, P. (1998). ‘Deutsche Minderheiten in Lateinamerika’. In Particulae particularum. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Harald Weydt. Herausgegeben von Theo Harden und Elke Hentschel. Tübingen: 261–291

Rosewarne, D. (1984). ‘Estuary English’, Times Educational Supplement 42, 19 October

Røyneland, U. (2000). ‘Is age-grading always a potential problem in apparent time studies?’ In J. Fontana, L. McNally, M. Turell, and E. Vallduví (eds.), ICLaVE 1. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Language Variation in Europe. Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 187–196

Rumley, D. and Minghi, J. (eds.) (1991). The Geography of Border Landscapes. London: Routledge

Russell, P. (1995). An Introduction to the Celtic Languages. London: Longman

Russo, M., and Roberts, J. (1999). ‘Linguistic change in endangered dialects: the case of alternation between avoir and être in Vermont French’, Language Variation and Change 11(1): 19–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ryan, E. B. and Giles, H. (eds.) (1982). Attitudes Towards Language. Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold

Ryckeboer, H. (2000). ‘The role of political borders in the millenial retreat of Dutch (Flemish) in the north of France’. In J. Kallen, F. Hinskens, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), 79–108

Sadowski, A. (1995). Pogranicze polsko-białoruskie: tożsamość mieszkańców [The identity of the inhabitants of the Polish–Belarusian border region]. Białystok: Transhumana

Sahlins, P. (1989). Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Berkeley: University of California Press

Salmons, J. (1994). ‘Naturalness and morphological change in Texas German’. In N. Berend and K. J. Mattheier (eds.), Sprachinselforschung. Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: 59–72

Samuels, M. (1972). Linguistic Evolution – with Special Reference to English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Sándor, K. (1998). ‘Political changes as an accelerating factor in syntactic change in varieties of Hungarian’. Paper presented at the ESF conference The Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, 17–19 September, University of Reading

Sandøy, H. (1998a). ‘Talenorm i NRK’. In R. Vatvedt Fjeld and B. Wangensteen (eds.), Normer og Regler. Festskrift til Dag Gundersen 15. januar 1998. Oslo: Nordisk forening for leksikografi: 158–170

Sandøy, H. (1998b). ‘The diffusion of a new morphology in Norwegian dialects’. In P. Auer (ed.), Dialect Levelling and the Standard Varieties in Europe (= Folia Linguistica 32(12): 83–100)

Sandøy, H. (2000). ‘Utviklingslinjer i moderne norske dialektar’, Folkmålsstudier 39: 345–384

Sandøy, H. (2003a). ‘Språkendring, kontakt og spreiing’. In Mæhlum et al. (eds.), Språkmøte. Innføring i sosiolingvistikk. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag, 196–247

Sandøy, H. (2003b). ‘Types of society and language change in the Nordic countries’. In B.-L. Gunnarson et al. (eds.), Language Variation in Europe. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Dept. of Scandinavian Languages, 53–76

Sankoff, D. (1988). ‘Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation’. In F. Newmeyer (ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Ⅳ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 140–161CrossRef

Sankoff, D. and Labov, W. (1979). ‘On the uses of variable rules’, Language in Society 8: 189–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sankoff, G. (1973). ‘Above and beyond phonology in variable rules’. In C.-J. Bailey and R. W. Shuy (eds.), New Ways of Analysing Variation in English. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 44–61

Sankoff, G. (1974). ‘A quantitative paradigm for the study of communicative competence’. In R. Bauman and J. Sherzer (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 18–49

Sankoff, G. and Vincent, D. (1977). ‘L'emploi productif du ne dans le Français parlé à Montréal’, Le Français Moderne 45: 243–256Google Scholar

Sapir, E. (1921). Language. An Introduction to the Study of Speech. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Saporta, S. (1965). ‘Ordered rules, dialect differences, and historical processes’, Language 41: 218–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarhimaa, A. (2000). ‘The divisive frontier: the impact of the Russian–Finnish border on Karelian’. In J. Kallen, F. Hinskens, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), Dialect Convergence and Divergence across European borders (International Journal of the Sociology of Language 145: 153–180)

Sasse, H.-J. (1985). ‘Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel: Die Gräzisierung der albanischen Mundarten Griechenlands’. Papiere zur Linguistik 32: 37–95Google Scholar

Saville-Troike, Muriel (1982). The Ethnography of Communication. An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell

Scheibman, J. (2002). Point of View and Grammar: Structural Patterns of Subjectivity in American English Conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Scherre, M. M. P. (2001). ‘Phrase-level parallelism effect on noun phrase number agreement’, Language Variation and Change 13(1): 91–107CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scheuringer, H. (1990). ‘Bayerisches Bairisch und österreichisches Bairisch. Die deutsch-österreichische Staatsgrenze als “Sprachgrenze”?’ In Kremer and Niebaum (eds.): 361–381

Schilling-Estes, N. (2000). ‘On the nature of insular and post-insular dialects: innovation, variation and differentiation’. Paper presented at Sociolinguistics Symposium 2000, 27–29 April, University of the West of England. [To appear in a Special Issue of the Journal of Sociolinguistics, edited by Lesley Milroy.]

Schilling-Estes, N. and Wolfram, W. (1994). ‘Convergent explanation and alternative regularization patterns: were/weren't levelling in a vernacular English variety’, Language Variation and Change 6: 273–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schirmunski, V. M. (1928). Die deutschen Kolonien in der Ukraine. Geschichte, Mundarten, Volkslied, Volkskunde. Charkow

Schirmunski, V. M. (1930). ‘Sprachgeschichte und Siedelungsmundarten’, Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift ⅩⅧ, 113–122 (Teil Ⅰ), 171–188 (Teil Ⅱ)

Schirmunski, V. M. (1962). Deutsche Mundartkunde. Vergleichende Laut-und Formenlehre der deutschen Mundarten. Berlin

Schlobinski, P. (1997). The Sociolinguistics of Berlin Urban Vernacular. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

Schmeller, J. A. (1984). Cimbrisches Wörterbuch, das ist deutsches Idioticon der Ⅶ und ⅩⅢ communi in den venetianischen Alpen. Edited and introduced by J. Bergmann. Vienna: Bracemüller. Re-edited as Über die Sogenannten Cimbern der Ⅶ. und ⅩⅢ. Communen auf den Venedischen Alpen und ihre Sprache. Landshut: Curatorium Cimbricum Bavarense, 1985

Schmidt, J. (1872). Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau

Schmieger, R. (1998). ‘The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131: 125–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schuchardt, H. (1870). Über die Klassifikation der romanischen Mundarten. Leipziger Probevorlesung. Graz, 1900

Schuchardt, H. (1885). Über die Lautgesetze, gegen die Junggrammatiker. Berlin: Oppenheim

Schwitalla, J. (2002). ‘Kohäsion statt Kohärenz. Bedeutungsverschiebungen nach dem Sprecherwechsel – vornehmlich in Streitgesprächen’. In A. Deppermann and T. Spranz-Fogasy (eds.), Be-deuten: Wie Bedeutung im Gespräch entsteht. Tübingen: Stauffenburg, 106–118

Sebba, M. (1997). Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. London: Macmillan

Seip, D. A. (1916). Grundlaget for det norske Riksmaal. Kristiania: Olaf Nordlis Forlag

Seip, D. A. (1920). ‘Til Riksmålets Forhistorie’. Maal og Minne 1920: 129–142

Selkirk, E. O. (1982). ‘The syllable’. In H. van der Hulst and N. Smith (eds.), The Structure of Phonological Representations, Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Foris, 337–383

Selkirk, E. O. (1984). Phonology and Syntax: The Relation Between Sound and Structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

Sells, P., Rickford, J. R., and Wasow, T. (1996a). ‘An optimality theoretic approach to variation in negative inversion in AAVE’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14: 591–627CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sells, P., Rickford, J. R., and Wasow, T. (1996b). ‘Variation in negative inversion in AAVE: an optimality theoretic approach’. In J. Arnold, R. Blake, B. Davidson, S. Schwenter, and J. Solomon (eds.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis. Stanford: CSLI, 161–176

Selting, M. (1983). ‘Institutionelle Kommunikation: Stilwechsel als Mittel strategischer Interaktion’, Linguistische Berichte 86: 29–48Google Scholar

Seppänen, A. (1999). ‘Dialectal variation in English relativization’, Lingua 109: 15–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shuy, R. (1990). ‘A brief history of American sociolinguistics’, Historiographia Linguistica 17(1/2): 183–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siebenhaar, B. (1999). Sprachvariation, Sprachwandel und Einstellung. Der Dialekt der Stadt Aarau in der Labilitätszone zwischen Zürcher und Berner Mundartraum. Stuttgart: Steiner

Siegel, J. (1985). ‘Koines and koineization’, Language in Society 14(3): 357–378CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siegel, J. (1987). Language Contact in a Plantation Environment. A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Siegel, J. (1992). ‘Language change and culture change among Fiji Indians’. In T. Dutton (ed.), Culture Change, Language Change. Case Studies from Melanesia (= Pacific Linguistics C120: 91–113)

Siegel, J. (1993). ‘Dialect contact and koineization’. In J. Siegel (ed.), Koines and koineization (= International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99: 105–121)

Siegel, J. (1997). ‘Mixing, leveling, and pidgin/creole development’. In A. K. Spears and D. Winford (eds.), The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 111–149CrossRef

Siegel, J. (2001). ‘Koine formation and creole genesis’. In N. Smith and T. Veenstra (eds.), Creolisation and Contact. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 175–197CrossRef

Sihler, A. L. (2000). Language History: An Introduction. Amsterdam: Benjamins

Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Singh, R. (1981). ‘On some “redundant compounds” in modern Hindi’, Recherches linguistiques à Montreal/Montreal working papers in linguistics: 17, 169–175Google Scholar

Singh, R. (1995). ‘Rethinking the relationship between phonology and loan phonology’, Folia Linguistica 29: 395–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singh, R. and Ford, A. (1989). ‘A closer look at so-called variable rule processes’. In Fasold and Schiffrin (eds.): 367–379

Skautrup, P. (1944–1970). Det danske sprogs historie, Vols. 1–5. Copenhagen: Gyldendal

Smith, Neil (1989). The Twitter Machine: Reflections on Language. Oxford: Blackwell

Smith, Norval (2000). ‘Dependency Theory meets OT: a proposal for a new approach to segmental structure’. In J. Dekkers, F. van der Leeuw, and J. van der Weijer (eds.), Optimality Theory. Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 234–276

Smith, Norval (1979). ‘The nonacquisition of a phonological rule: a case of Frisian influence?’ In M. Gerritsen (ed.), Taalverandering in Nederlandse dialekten. Honderd jaar dialektvragenlijsten 1879–1979. Muiderberg: Coutinho, 244–249

Smits, C. (1996). Disintegration of Inflection. The Case of Iowa Dutch. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics

Snyder, W. (2001). ‘On the nature of syntactic variation. Evidence from complex predicates and complex word-formation’, Language 77(2): 324–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sobin, N. (1987). ‘The variable status of COMP-trace phenomena’, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 33–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sobrero, A. A. (1996). ‘Italianization and variations in the repertoire: the Koinai’, Sociolinguistica 10: 105–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar

‘Sprachwandels’. In Kremer and Niebaum (eds.): 7–21

Stilling, N. P. (1987). De nye Byer. Stationsbyernes befolkningsforhold og funktion 1840–1940. Viborg: Selskabetfor Stationsbyforskning

Straczuk, J. (1999). Język a tożsamość człowieka w warunkach społecznej wielojęzyczności [Language and identity in the context of societal multilingualism]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Strassoldo, R. (ed.) (1973). Confini e regioni. Trieste: Edizioni LINT

Strassoldo, R. and Gubert, R. (1973). ‘The boundary. An overview of its current theoretical status’. In Strassoldo (ed.): 29–57

Stråth, B. (ed.) (1990). Language and the Construction of Class Identities. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University

Ström, A. and Schirmunski, V. M. (1926/1927). ‘Deutsche Mundarten an der Newa’. In Teuthonista 3(1–2): 39–62Google Scholar

Stroop, J. (1998). Poldernederlands. Waardoor het ABN verdwijnt. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker

Stuart-Smith, J. (1999). ‘Glasgow: accent and voice quality’. In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 203–222

Stuart-Smith, J. (2001). ‘Should variationists worry about the influence of TV on speech?’ Plenary lecture given at the 3rd UK Language Variation Conference, Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, 19–22 July

Stubbe, M. and Holmes, J. (1995). ‘“You know”, “eh” and other “exasperating expressions”: An analysis of social and stylistic variation in the use of pragmatic devices in a sample of New Zealand English’, Language and Communication 15: 63–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sudbury, A. (2000). ‘Dialect contact and koinéisation in the Falkland Islands: development of a southern hemisphere English?’ Ph.D. thesis, University of Essex

Sudbury, A. (2001). ‘Falkland Islands English: a southern hemisphere variety?’, English World Wide 22: 55–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sundgren, E. (2000). ‘A Swedish case study of language change in real time: the impact of integration in the local community on linguistic behaviour’. Paper presented at the Ist International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 1), Barcelona, 29 June–1 July

Suñer, M. and Lizardi, C. (1995). ‘Dialectal variation in an argumental/non-argumental asymmetry in Spanish’, in J. Amastae, G. Goodall, M. Montalbetti, and M. Phinney (eds.), Contemporary Research in Romance Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 187–203CrossRef

Svensson, L. (1981). Ett fall av språkvård under 1600-talet. Lundastudier i nordisk språkvetenskap. Lund: Walter Ekstrand

Swigart, L. (1992). ‘Two codes or one? The insiders’ view and the description of codeswitching in Dakar’. In C. M. Eastman (ed.), Codeswitching, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon: 83–102CrossRef

Syv, P. (1919) (1685). ‘Den danske Sprog-Kunst’. In Henrik Bertelsen (ed.), Danske Grammatikere, Vol. 3. Copenhagen: Gyldendal: 147–250

Taeldeman, J. (1978). De vokaalstruktuur van de Oostvlaamse dialecten. Amsterdam: K.N.A.W

Taeldeman, J. (1984). ‘Joas Lambrechts “Nederlandsche Spellijnghe” (1550) als spiegel van het (Laat-) Middelgentse vokaalsysteem’. In W. J. J. Pijnenburg, K. Roelandts, and V. F. Vanacker (eds.), Feestbundel Maurits Gysseling. Leuven: 325–334

Taeldeman, J. (1985). De klankstruktuur van het Gentse dialect. Ghent: Recueil Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte

Taeldeman, J. (1993). ‘Dialectresistentie en dialectverlies op fonologisch gebied’. In F. Hinskens, C. Hoppenbrouwers, and J. Taeldeman (eds.), Dialectverlies en regiolectvorming (Taal en tongval 46, 102–119)

Taeldeman, J. (1998). ‘Levelling phenomena in the Flemish dialects: some observations on their teleology’. In P. Auer (ed.), Dialect Levelling and the Standard Varieties in Europe, Folia Linguistica 32, 11–22CrossRef

Taeldeman, J. (1999). ‘Het Gents. Een eiland in het Oost-Vlaamse dialectgebied’. In J. Kruijsen and N. van der Sijs (eds.), Honderd jaar stadstaal. Amsterdam/Antwerp: Uitg. Contact, 273–287

Taeldeman, J. (2000). ‘Polarisering’, Taal en tongval 52, 227–244Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. (1997). ‘Obsolescence in the English perfect? Evidence from Samaná English’, American Speech 72(1): 33–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taeldeman, J. (1998). ‘Was/were variation across the generations: view from the city of York’, Language Variation and Change, 10(2): 153–191Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. and Hudson, R. (1999). ‘Be like et al. beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(2): 147–172CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. and Poplack, S. (1988). ‘How Black English PAST got to the present: evidence from Samaná’, Language in Society 17(4): 513–533CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. and Smith, J. (1999). ‘Analogical levelling in Samaná English’, Journal of English Linguistics 27(1): 8–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Teleman, U. (2002). Ära, rikedom & reda. Svensk språkvård och språkpolitik under äldre nyare tid. Stockholm: Norstedts ordbok

Tenny, C. L. (1987). Grammaticalizing Aspect and Affectedness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Thakerar, J. N., Giles, H., and Cheshire, J. (1982). ‘Psychological and linguistic parameters of speech accommodation theory’. In C. Fraser and K. R. Scherer (eds.), Advances in the Social Psychology of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 205–255

Thelander, M. (1980). ‘De-dialectalisation in Sweden’. FUMS Rapport No. 86. Uppsala: Uppsala University

Thelander, M. (1982). ‘A qualitative approach to the quantitative data of speech variation’. In S. Romaine (ed.), Sociolinguistic Variation in Speech Communities. London: Edward Arnold, 65–83

Thomas, A. R. (1972). ‘A note on dialect borrowing’, Studia Celtica 7: 163–167Google Scholar

Thomason, S. G. and Kaufmann, T. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press

Thorsen, P. K. (1929) (1906). ‘Hvor gammelt er det nye i det danske sprog?’ In Afhandlinger og Breve, Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Schønbergske 84–86

Thurneysen, R. (1946). A Grammar of Old Irish. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Tibiletti Bruno, M. G. (1974). ‘Integrazione linguistica degli anziani in un paese del Varesotto’. In Dal dialetto alla lingua. Pisa: Pacini, 195–227

Tode, J. C. (1797). Neue Dänische Grammatik für Deutsche. Copenhagen

Tokc’, S. (2000). ‘Etničnyja pracesy na terytoryi belaruska-pol'skaha pamežža Û ⅩⅨ – na pačatku ⅩⅩ stahoddzja [Ethnic processes on the territory of the Belarusian-Polish border region in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries]. In E. Smułkowa and A. Engelking (eds.), Język a tożsamość na pograniczu kultur [Language and identity in cultural borderlands]. Białystok: Katedra Kultury Białoruskiej Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 101–114

Tollfree, L. (1999). ‘South East London English: discrete versus continuous modelling of consonantal reduction’. In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 163–184

Tollfree, L. (2001). ‘Variation and change in Australian consonants: reduction of /t/’. In D. Blair and P. Collins (eds.), English in Australia. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 45–67CrossRef

Tönnies, F. (1887). Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Leipzig: Fues

Torgersen, E. N., and Kerswill, P. E. (2004). ‘Internal and external motivation in phonetic change: dialect levelling outcomes for an English vowel shift’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 8(1): 24–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toribio, A. J. (1993). ‘Parametric Variation in the Licensing of Nominals’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Toribio, A. J. (1996). ‘Dialectal variation and the licensing of null referential and expletive pronouns’, in Parodi et al. (eds.): 409–432

Toribio, A. J. (2000). ‘Intralingual variation’. Paper presented at Sociolinguistics Symposium 2000, 27–29 April, University of the West of England, Bristol

Torp, A. (2001). ‘Retroflex consonants and dorsal /r/: mutually excluding innovations? On the diffusion of dorsal /r/ in Scandinavian’. In H. Van de Velde and R. van Hout (eds.), R-atics. Etudes et Travaux (Bruxelles), No. 4: 75–90

Tottie, G. and Rey, M. (1997). ‘Relativization strategies in Earlier African American Vernacular English’, Language Variation and Change 9: 219–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trask, R. L. (1996). Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold

Trautmann, M. (1880). ‘Besprechung einiger schulbücher nebst bemerkungen über die rlaute’, Anglia 3, 201–222Google Scholar

Trosterud, T. (1989). ‘The null subject parameter and the new mainland Scandinavian word order: a possible counter example from a Norwegian dialect’. In J. Niemi (ed.), Papers from the 11th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics 1: 87–100

Trudgill, P. J. (1972). ‘Sex, covert prestige and linguistic change in the urban British English of Norwich’, Language in Society 1: 179–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trudgill, P. J. (1974a). The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Trudgill, P. J. (1974b). ‘Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic geography’, Language in Society 3: 215–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trudgill, P. J. (1978). ‘Introduction: sociolinguistics and sociolinguistics’. In P. Trudgill (ed.), Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English. London: Edward Arnold, 1–18

Trudgill, P. J. (1983a). ‘Linguistic change and diffusion. Description and explanation in geolinguistics’. In P. Trudgill (ed.), On Dialect. Oxford: Blackwell, 52–87

Trudgill, P. J. (1983b). On Dialect. Oxford: Blackwell

Trudgill, P. J. (1986). Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell

Trudgill, P. J. (1988). ‘On the role of dialect contact and interdialect in linguistic change’. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Historical Dialectology. Regional and Social. Berlin/New York/Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, 547–563CrossRef

Trudgill, P. J. (1990). The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell

Trudgill, P. J. (1992). ‘Dialect contact, dialectology and sociolinguistics’. In K. Bolton and H. Kwok (eds.), Sociolinguistics Today. International Perspectives. London/New York: Routledge, 71–79

Trudgill, P. J. (1994). ‘Language contact and dialect contact in linguistic change’. In K. Ulla-Britt and J. Helgander (eds.), Dialektkontakt, Språkkontakt och Språkföråndring i Norden. Föredrag Från ett Forskarsymposium. Stockholm: Institutionen För Nordiska Språk, Stockholms Universitet, 13–22

Trudgill, P. J. (1996). ‘Dialect typology: isolation, social network and phonological structure’. In G. R. Guy et al., Towards a Social Science of Language, Vol. 1. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 3–22CrossRef

Trudgill, P. J. (1998). ‘The chaos before the order: New Zealand English and the second stage of new-dialect formation’. In E. H. Jahr (ed.), Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–11

Trudgill, P. J. (1999). ‘Norwich: endogenous and exogenous linguistic change’. In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 124–140

Trudgill, P. J. (2000). ‘Sociolinguistics and sociolinguistics once again’. Sociolinguistica 14: 55–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trudgill, P. J. (2002a). ‘The sociolinguistics of modern RP’. In P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistic Variation and Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 171–180

Trudgill, P. J. (2002b). ‘Linguistic and social typology’. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell. 707–728

Trudgill, P. J. (2004). New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Trudgill, P. J. and Chambers J. K. (eds.) (1991). Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation. London: Longman

Trudgill, P. J., Gordon, E., Lewis, G., and Maclagan, M. (2000). ‘Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English’, Journal of Linguistics 36: 299–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turner, B. (1996). The Blackwell Companion to Social Theory. Oxford: Blackwell

Valian, V. (1991). ‘Syntactic subjects in the early speech of American and Italian children’, Cognition 40: 21–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vammen, H. (1990). ‘Bourgeois mentality in Denmark 1730–1900’. In B. Stråth (ed.), Language and the Construction of Class Identities. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University, 283–310

Van Bree, C. (1990). Historische Taalkunde. Leuven/Amsterdam: Acco

Van Bree, C. (1994). ‘The development of so-called Town Frisian’. In P. Bakker and M. Mous (eds.), Mixed Languages. 15 Case studies in language intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT, 69–82

Van Bree, C. (1997). Een oud onderwerp opnieuw bekeken: het Ingweoons. Farewell address, Leiden University: Leiden University Press

Van Coetsem, F. (1988). Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordrecht/Providence: Foris

Van Coetsem, F. (2000). A General and Unified Theory of the Transmission Process in Language Contact. Heidelberg: Winter

Van de Velde, H. (1996). ‘Variatie en verandering in het gesproken Standaard-Nederlands (1935–1993)’. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Nijmegen

Van der Horst, J. and Marschall, F. (1992). Korte geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal. Amsterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar

Van Kemenade, A. (1987). ‘Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English’. Unpublished Ph.D. diss., Rijksuniversiteit, UtrechtCrossRef

Van Kemenade, A. (1993). ‘Parametric change and the history of English impersonals’. Paper presented at the LAGB, 14 September, Bangor, UCNW

Van Kemenade, A. (1994). ‘Old and Middle English’. In E. König and J. van der Auwera (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London/New York: 110–141

Van Kemenade, A. and Vincent, N. (eds.) (1997). Parameters of Morphosyntactic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Van Marle, J. (1997). ‘Dialect versus standard language: nature versus culture’. In J. Cheshire and D. Stein (eds.), Taming the Vernacular. From Dialect to Written Standard Language. London/New York: Longman, 13–34

Van Ness, S. (1994). ‘Pennsylvania German’. In E. König and J. van der Auwera (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London/New York: 420–438

Van Oostendorp, M. (1997). ‘Style levels in conflict resolution’. In F. Hinskens, R. van Hout, and L. Wetzels (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 207–229CrossRef

Van Riemsdijk, H. C. (1978). A Case Study in Syntactic Markedness. Dordrecht: Foris

Vandekerckhove, R. (1998). ‘Code-switching between dialect and standard language as a graduator of dialect loss and dialect vitality. A case study in West Flanders’. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 65: 280–292Google Scholar

Verstegen, V. (1942). ‘De Westgermaanse sk in de Zuidnederlandse dialecten’. In Handelingen Koninklijke Commissie voor Toponymie en Dialectologie 16: 31–42 + 2 mapsGoogle Scholar

Vikør, L. S. (1993). The Nordic Languages. Oslo: Novus

Vikør, L. S. (1994). Språkplanlegging. Prinsipp og praksis. Oslo: Novus

Vikør, L. S. (2001). The Nordic languages. Their Status and Interrelations. Oslo: Novus

Vikør, L. S. (2002). ‘The Nordic language area and the languages in the north of Europe’. In The Nordic Languages. An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages, Vol. 1. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter: 1–12

Villena, J. A. (1994). La ciudad lingüística. Fundamentos críticos de la sociolingüística urbana. Granada: Universidad

Villena, J. A. (1996). ‘Convergence and divergence in a standard dialect continuum: networks and individuals in Malaga’. In Auer and Hinskens (eds.) (1996): 112–137

Villena, J. A. (2001). La continuidad del cambio lingüístico. Tendencias conservadoras e innovadoras en la fonología del español. Granada: Universidad

Villena, J. A. and Requena, F. (1996). ‘Género, educación y uso lingüístico: la variación social y reticular de s y z en la ciudad de Málaga’. Lingüística 8: 548Google Scholar

Vinje, F. E. (1984). ‘“Damer sier kjød”. Dannet dagligtale dengang og nå’. In B. Fossestøl et al. (eds.), Festskrift til Einar Lundeby, 3 Oktober 1984. Oslo: Novus, 211–236

Vinje, F. E. (1987). Rent ut sagt – En veiledning i østnorsk standardtalespråk. Oslo: Novus

Vinje, F. E. (1998). ‘Talemålsnormering i NRK’. In Vatvedt Fjeld and B. Wangensteen (eds.), Normer og Regler. Festskrift til Dag Gundersen 15. januar 1998. Oslo: Nordisk forening for leksikografi, 143–157

von Unwerth, W. (1918). Proben deutschrussischer Mundarten aus den Wolgakolonien und dem Gouvernement Cherson. (Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philologisch-historische Klasse. 11). Berlin

Voortman, B. (1994). Regionale variatie in het taalgebruik van notabelen. Een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek in Middelburg, Roermond en Zutphen. Ph.D. thesis University of Amsterdam: IFOTT

Wang, W. S.-Y. (ed.) (1977). The Lexicon in Phonological Change. The Hague: Mouton

Wängler, H. H. (1963). Rangwoerterbuch hochdeutscher Umgangssprache. Marburg

Wassermann, S. and Galaskiewicz, J. (eds.) (1994). Advances in Social Network Analysis. Research in the Social and Behavioural Sciences. London & Thousand Oaks: Sage

Wassermann, S. and Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press

Watt, D. and Milroy, L. (1999). ‘Patterns of variation and change in three Newcastle vowels: is this dialect levelling?’ In P. Foulkes and G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 25–46

Watts, R. J. (2000). ‘Mythical strands in the ideology of prescriptivism’. In L. Wright (ed.), The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29–48CrossRef

Weijnen, A. (1977). The Value of the Map Configuration. Special issue of Mededelingen van de Nijmeegse Centrale voor Dialect-en Naamkunde

Weiner, E. J. and Labov, W. (1983). ‘Constraints on the agentless passive’, Journal of Linguistics 19: 29–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton

Weinreich, U. (1954). ‘Is a structural dialectology possible?’, Word 10(2/3): 388–400CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weinreich, U., Labov, W., and Herzog, M. (1968). ‘Empirical foundations for a theory of language change’. In W. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel (eds.), Directions for Historical Linguistics; a Symposium. Austin: University of Texas Press, 95–188

Weinrich, H. (1985). Textgrammatik der französischen Sprache, 1. Aufl. 1982. Stuttgart: Nachdruck

Weissenborn, J., Goodluck, H., and Roeper, T. (eds.) (1992). Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Wellman, B. (1998). ‘Structural analysis: from metaphor to substance’. In B. Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz (eds.), Social Structures: A Network Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English, 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Wessén, I. (1937). ‘Vårt riksspråk. Några huvudpunkter av dess historiska utveckling’. In Modermålslärarnas förenings årsskrift

White, L. (1989). Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Widmark, G. (1991). ‘Boksvenska och talsvenska. Om språkarter i nysvenskt talspråk’, Språk och Stil Ny följdl: 157–197

Wiese, R. (2001). ‘The unity and variation of (German) /r/’. In H. Van de Velde and R. van Hout (eds.), R-atics. Etudes et Travaux (Brussels), No. 4: 11–26

Wiesinger, P. (1983). ‘Deutsche Dialektgebiete außerhalb des deutschen Sprachgebiets: Mittel-, Südost-und Osteuropa’. In W. Besch, U. Knoop, W. Putschke, and H. E. Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Halbbd. 2. Berlin/New York: 900–929CrossRef

Williams, A. and Kerswill, P. (1999). ‘Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull’. In P. Foulkes and G. Docherty (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 141–162

Williams, G. (1992). Sociolinguistics. A Sociological Critique. London/New York: Routledge

Wilson, J. and Henry, A. (1998). ‘Parameter setting within a socially realistic linguistics’, Language in Society 27: 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar