Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1829. See Spix and Agassiz (1829, 1831)

+Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1833–44. Recherches sur les poissons fossiles. 5 volumes, with Atlas of 369 plates and supplement. Neuchâtel, 1420 pp. [“Research on fossil fishes”; Agassiz; Ganoid(s); Megatooth shark; Scales]

Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1835. [Affinities and distribution of the fishes of the family Cyprinidae.] Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. [As summarized by Richard *Owen; Beards]

Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1844. On the classification of fishes. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 37: 132–43. [Agassiz]Google Scholar

Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1846. On the Ichthyological Fossil Fauna of the Old Red Sandstone. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 41: 17–49. [Original published in 1844/45 as “Monographie des poissons fossiles du vieux grès rouge, ou système dévonien des Iles Britanniques.”; Threefold parallelism]Google Scholar

Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1849. On the differences between progressive, embryonic, and prophetic types in the succession of organized beings through the whole range of geological time. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. First Meeting, held in Philadelphia, September 1848: 432–8. [Threefold parallelism]

#Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1850. Lake Superior: its character, vegetation, and animals, compared with those of other similar regions. Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, Boston. [p. 33 *Gar-pike *Ganoid of F.W. in N. America; p. 34 Another ancient Fish in F.W.; 36 On lowness, because like Embryo; 252 On embryonic forms not deserving a separate class; 255 Ganoid &c in F. W.; 260 Reptilian characters of Ganoid, ‘embodying prospective view of another class’; 285 Excellent case of Percopsis of Chalk, which combined characters, which soon diverged, intermediate between *Ctenoids and *Cycloids; I wonder whether this agrees with Müllers [1844] classification, as seen in Owen [1846] Lectures; if Fish properly classed whether so related to geologi. Formation; 289 Hardly one Family in which some species are not both Marine and & F.W.; 292 case of variability in a *Perch, good as for Agassiz; 317 *Esox boreus is made distinct by Agassiz; 327 Account of uniformity of *Salmonidae by uniformity of conditions; 352 Range of Cyprinoids p. 363; 374 Are F.W. Fish of N. America distinct; p. 375 On F.W. Fish being analogous with those of Europe & Asia; 377 On *shoals created as shoals, Marginalia 11–12; Ctenoid Cycloid; Trout-perch]

+Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1851. Observations on the Blind Fish of the Mammoth cave. American Journal of Science and Arts, 2nd Series 11: 127–8. [Cavefishes]

+Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1857a. On some young gar pikes from Lake Ontario. American Journal of Science and Arts, 2nd Series 23: 284. [Gar-pike]

#Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1857b. Contribution to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. 1. Part 1: Essay on Classification. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Treubner and Co., London. [p. 15 Amblyopsis very remote affinities; 30 isolated Fam. of Fishes … What? Abnormal? Amblyopsis is so; 37 admits that conditions do not explain distribution; 82 On classification of Fishes Marginalia 9, 10]

Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1865. Lettre de M. Agassiz relative à la faune ichthyologique de l'Amazonie datée d'Ega, du 22 Septembre, 1865. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie et Biologie animale, Sér. 5 4: 382–3. [Mouth-brooding]Google Scholar

Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe. 1883. The Tortugas and the Florida Reefs. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 107–34. [Where Agassiz finds that CD's theory of coral reef formation does not apply to Florida reefs. He later extended this rejection to all coral reefs, thus ending up, here as well, on the losing side of a major scientific debate; Agassiz; Cocos Islands]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

+Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe and Elizabeth Cary Agassiz. 1868. A Journey in Brazil, 4th edition. Ticknor and Fields, Boston, 540 pp. [For details on the expedition of which this book is a popular account, see http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/neoich/expeditions/Thayer Agassiz; Cichlidae (II)]

#Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe and Augustus Addison Gould. 1848. Principles of Zoology. Part 1: Comparative Physiology. Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, Boston. [p. 31 Blind cavern fish & Crabs; 165 Arctic Region not one bright bird or Fish with varied hue proof of action of external conditions; 179 Rivers of U. States some fish in common, some distinct. Marginalia 14]

+Alison, William Pulteney. 1847. Instinct. In: Robert B. Todd (ed.), The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. 3. London. [Altruism]

Allen, , Gerald, R. 1985. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Species Catalogues. Rome, Vol. 6, ⅵ + 208 pp. [Snappers]Google Scholar

Allen, Gerald R. and William F. Smith-Vaniz. 1994. Fishes of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). No. 412, 21 pp. [Cocos Islands]

Alvarez, Walter. 1998. T. rex and the crater of doom. Random House, New York. ⅻ + 185 pp. [A fascinating account of the research that provided the clinching evidence that the impact of an extraterrestrial object, 65 million years ago in the Yucatan Peninsula, did the dinosaurs in, along with many other organisms; Extinction; Lyell]

Alves-Gomes, J. A. 2001. The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective. Journal of Fish Biology 58(6): 1489–1511. [Transition]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andersson, Malte. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 599 pp. [Sexual selection]

Andrew, John C. and Patrick, Gentien. 1982. Upwelling as a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystem: A Solution to Darwin's Question? Marine Ecology Progress Series 8: 257–69. [Food webs]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Anon. 1854. Descriptive Catalogue of the Fossil Organic Remains of Reptilia and Pisces Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London. [This museum, which received some of the Beagle samples, is also known as the ‘Hunterian’; Megatooth shark]

+,Anon. 1871. Spawning of the capelin. American Naturalist 5: 119–20. [Capelin]Google Scholar

Anon. 1986. Sharks: silent hunters of the deep. Reader's Digest, Sydney, 208 pp. [Hippopotamus]

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Aristotle. 1962. Historia Animalium. Translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Vol. 4. In: J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross (eds.), The Work of Aristotle. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 633 pp. + index. [Quote is on p. 570; Eel]

Armstrong, Patrick H. 1985. Charles Darwin in Western Australia: a young scientist's perception of an environment. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, 80 pp. [King George”s Sound]

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Armstrong, Patrick H. 1992a. Darwin's Desolate Islands: a Naturalist in the Falklands, 1833 and 1834. Picton Publishing, Chippenham, ⅹⅱ + 147 pp. [Falkland Islands]

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Armstrong, Patrick H. 1992c. Charles Darwin's last Island: Terceira, Azores, 1836. Geowest (University of Western Australia) no. 27, 64 pp. [Azores]

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Bacon, Francis. 1620. Novum Organum. London. [The version consulted here was translated and edited – with other parts of The Great Instauration – by Peter Urbach and John Gibson, 1994. Chicago, Open Court, 334 pp. Aphorism 95 in ‘Book I’ shows that Bacon did not suggest, as many believe, that science, the ‘new tool’ of his title, should consist only of accumulating facts (i.e. ‘things’), and ignore theories (‘webs’): “[t]hose who have handled the science have been either Empiricists or Rationalists. Empiricists, like ants collect things and use them. The Rationalists, like spider webs spin out webs by themselves. The middle way is that of the bee, which gathers its material from the flowers in the garden and field, but then transforms and digests it by a power of its own.” Autobiography; Lizards; Popper]

#Baer, Karl Ernst von. 1828–37. Untersuchungen über die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Fische; nebst einem Anhang über die Schwimmblase. Leipzig. [The contents of this contribution, ‘Studies on the ontogeny of fishes, with an appendix on the swim-bladder’, were summarized by T. Huxley in a letter to CD, which he annotated (Correspondence, Sept. 17, 1858); however, CD does not cite von Baer, nor C. Vogt, also mentioned in the letter, when discussing this organ in Origin]

+Baer, Karl Ernst von. 1828 & 1837. Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere: Beobachtung und Reflexion. Königsberg. Erster Theil, 271 pp. Zweiter Theil, 315 pp. [“On the ontogeny of animals: observations and reflections. In two parts.” CD probably read a partial translation, cited as follows on the von Baer web page: “Fragments relating to Philosophical Zoology. Selected from the Works of K. E. von Baer. – Scientific memoirs, natural history. Ed. by A. Henfrey and Thomas H. Huxley. London, 1853, Vol. 7, pp. 176–238”; Progress]

Bagnis, Raymond, Loussan, E. and Thevenin, S.. 1974. Les intoxications par poissons perroquet aux Iles Gambier. Médecine Tropicale 34(4): 523–7. [“Poisonings through parrotfishes in the Gambier Islands”; Ciguatera; Parrotfishes]Google Scholar

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Balon, Eugene K. 1995a. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture 129: 3–48. [Carp; Koi]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Bancroft 1834: see Griffith and Smith (1834)

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Barlow, Nora (ed.) 1933. Charles Darwin's Diary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited from the MS. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹ + 451 pp. [Diary]

Barlow, Nora (ed.) 1958. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882, with original omissions restored. Edited with Appendix and Notes by his grand-daughter. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 253 pp. [Autobiography]

Barlow, Nora (ed.) 1963. Darwin's Ornithological Notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series 2: 203–78. [Birds; Ornithological Notes]

Barlow, Nora (ed.) 1967. Darwin and Henslow: the growth of an idea. Letters 1831–1860, edited by Nora Barlow for the Bentham-Moxon Trust. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, ⅻ + 251 pp. [Correspondence; Henslow]

Barrett, Paul H. (ed.) 1977. The collected papers of Charles Darwin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Vol. 1, ⅹⅷ + 277 pp.; Vol. 2, ⅷ + 326 pp. [Collected papers; Words]

Barrett, Paul H. and Howard E. Gruber (eds.) 1980. Metaphysics, Materialism, & the Evolution of Mind: early writings of Charles Darwin. Transcribed and annotated by P. Barrett, with a commentary by H. E. Gruber. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, ⅹⅹⅳ + 228 pp. [Notebooks]

Barrett, Paul H., and Richard Broke Freeman (eds.) 1989. The Works of Charles Darwin. Pickering & Chatto, London, 29 volumes. [Fish; Jenyns (I); Words; Works of Charles Darwin]

Barrett, Paul H., Peter J. Gautrey, Sandra Herbert, David Kohn and Sydney Smith (eds.) 1987. Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836–1844: geology, transmutation of species, metaphysical enquiries. British Museum (Natural History), London, and Cornell University Press, Ithaca and New York, ⅷ + 747 pp. [Notebooks]

Barrett, Paul H., Donald Jerome Weinshank and Timothy T. Gottleber (eds.) 1981. A concordance to Darwin's Origin of Species, first edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, ⅹⅴ + 834 pp. [Concordance]

Barrett, Paul H., Donald J. Weinshank, Paul Ruhlen, Stephan J. Ozminski and Barbara Newell-Berghage. 1986. A concordance to Darwin's The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, ⅸ + 515 pp. [Refers to the first edition (1872); Concordance]

Barrett, Paul H., Donald J. Weinshank, Paul Ruhlen and Stephan J. Ozminski. 1987. A concordance to Darwin's The Descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, ⅹ + 1137 pp. [Concordance]

Barrie, Annemarie. 1992. The Professional's Book of Koi. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 160 pp. [Koi]

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Bennett, John Hughes. 1841. Treatise on the oleum jecori aselli, or cod liver oil as a therapeutic agent in certain forms of gout, rheumatism and scrofula; with cases. London. [Cod liver oil]

Berg, Leo Simonevich. 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 310 pp. [“Classification of recent Fish-likes and Fishes”; German translation of the second Russian edition of a contribution whose first edition (1944) was translated into English and widely used and cited; Cichlidae]

Berglund, Anders and Gunilla, Rosenqvist. 1993. Selective males and ardent females in pipefishes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32: 331–6. [Pipefishes (I)]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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#Bianconi, Giovanni Giuseppe. 1875. La Théorie darwinienne et la création dite indépendante: lettre à M. Ch. Darwin. Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna. [“Darwinian theory and so-called independent creation. Letter to Mr CD”; translated from Italian by G. A. Bianconi; nothing of importance; p. 186 why three bones & not in fin of fish or water Beetle; Marginalia 58]

Bigelow, H. B. and W. C. Schroeder. 1948. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Sharks. Memoir Sears Foundation on Marine Research no. 1, Part 1: Lancelets, Cyclostomes, Sharks, pp. 59–546. New Haven. [Great white shark]

Bird, Eric C. F. 1994. Physical setting and geomorphology of coastal lagoons. In: Björn Kjerfve (ed.) Coastal Lagoon Processes, pp. 9–39. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. [Lagoon]

Blanc, M., J. L. Gaudet, P. Banarescu and Jean-Claude Hureau. 1971. European inland water fish: a multilingual catalogue. Fishing News (Books) Ltd, London. [Fossils]

Bleeker, Pieter. 1855. Over eenige visschen van Van Diemensland. Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 2: 1–30 + 31. [“On a few fishes from Van Diemensland” (= Tasmania), Australia; Flatfishes]Google Scholar

+Bloch, Marcus Eliezer. 1782–84. Oekonomische Naturgeschichte der Fische Deutschlands, vorzüglich derer in den Preußischen Staaten. Berlin. In three parts, and an Atlas. [“Economic Natural History of the Fishes of Germany, especially those in the Prussian States.” All three parts reprinted in facsimile as volume 1 of ‘Bloch's Atlas,’ 1999, Mergus Verlag, Melle, Germany, whose volumes 2 and 3 include Bloch (1785–95). These three volumes thus correspond to what Bloch called his “Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Fische”, i.e. a general natural history of fishes; Carp, Prussian; Sex ratio]

Bloch, Marcus Eliezer. 1788. Ueber zwey merkwürdige Fischarten. Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 3: 278–82. [“On two noteworthy fish species”; Deep-sea spiny eels]Google Scholar

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Bloch, Marcus Eliezer and Joseph Gottlob Schneider. 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini Sumptibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. p. ⅰ–ⅼⅹ + 1–584. [“M. E. Bloch's System of Ichthyology, illustrated by 110 figures. An unfinished work, completed, corrected and improved after the author's death by Johann Gottlob Schneider, of Saxony. Printed in Berlin at the author's expense and bound by the Sander Book Company.” This volume includes fish descriptions now credited to Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–98), a German naturalist who accompanied Capt. James Cook on his second voyage around the world. Bacalao; Blennies; Boxfishes; Jacks; Livebearers; Puffers; Surgeonfishes]

Blunt, Wilfrid. 1971. The Compleat Naturalist: a Life of Linnaeus. The Viking Press, New York, 256 pp. [Beards; Linnaeus]

+Blyth, Edward. 1845. Notices of various Mammalia, with Descriptions of Many New Species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 15: 449–75. [Bats]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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+Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste Marie Georges (ed.) 1822–31. Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle Rey & Gravier, Paris, 17 volumes. [A set of this up-to-date encyclopedia travelled with CD on the Beagle; Vol. 5, p. 274 on Cyprinus; p. 277 on varieties of Gold Fish; Marginalia 196; Vol. 9, pp. 150–3 on Labrus; Goldfish (I); Wrasses]

Boulenger, George Albert. 1908. Diagnoses of new fishes discovered by Capt. E. L. Rhoades in Lake Nyassa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8). 2 (9): 238–3. [Parasites]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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+Briggs, John Joseph. 1862. Proved facts in the natural history of the salmon. The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper 20: 412. [On regrowth of salmon fins; Polydactylism]Google Scholar

Bright, T. J. 1972. Bio-acoustic studies on reef organisms. In: Bruce B. Collette and Sylvia A. Earle (eds.) Results of the Tektite Program: ecology of the coral reef fishes. Science Bulletin No. 14, pp. 45–70. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles. [Distributed with one 45 r.p.m. vinyl record, reproduced in *FishBase; Sounds]

+Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1843. Handbuch der Geschichte der Natur. Zweiter Band. III Theil: Organisches Leben. Ergebnisse hauptsächlich aus der lebenden Welt über Entwicklung, Verbreitung und Untergang der früheren Bevölkerungen der Erde. Stuttgart. [“Handbook of natural history, Vol. 2. Part III. Organic life. Results mainly from the living world on development, distribution and extinction of the earlier populations of the Earth”; 1841 edition: p. 56 on mixing of Salt & FW Fish in Baltic; Cyprinus in F. & salt water; 58 Caspian Fauna genera of salt & fresh fish & Crust & Shell; 107 most important case of variation in fish; the intermediate form between these two supposed species [Cyprinus carassius and C. gibelio; see Carp, Prussian], found in a ditch where one species has been turned in. Yarrell. Vol. I alludes to these two fishes and gives summary of their differences; 117 It is important to consider whether the males … can propagate the sportive tendency, because if so it will show, that the varying tendency in the generative system, under domestication, is the effect of impregnation & not the womb influence. In fact if fish & silkworms vary much, it cannot be foetal influence; 132 case of carp (which breeds true) with 4 times larger scales in lines, with some places bare – call Looking-Glass Carp; 173 Fish; 235/6 Fish & Crab Rain; 237 Fish Rain; 241 Fish eggs perhaps stick to birds; 278 no fish eggs keep more than 2 months dry. account of a disconnected pool annually dry & annually repeopled with Fish; 284 number of seeds – kind of animals which have most – number of eggs in Crab – Fishes; 286 One is always astonished at geometric increases, Marginalia 78, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90; Carp, Prussian]

Brown, Andrew. 1999. The Darwin Wars: the scientific battle for the soul of man. London, Simon & Schuster, 241 pp. [Social Darwinism]

Browne, Janet. 1995. Charles Darwin: Voyaging. Volume I of a Biography. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 605 pp. [Angling; Darwin, Charles Robert; Experiments (IV); Jenyns (I); Loaches]

Browne, Janet. 2002. Charles Darwin: The Power of Place. Volume II of a Biography. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ⅹⅰ + 591 pp. [Beards; Darwin, Charles Robert; Correspondence; Experiments (IV); Flatfish controversy (I); Food-fishes; Günther; Swimbladder]

Brünnich, Martin-Thomas. 1788. Om de islandske fisk, bogmeren, Gymnogaster arcticus. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab – Naturvidenskabelige og mathematiske Afhandlinger 3: 408–13. [“On an Icelandic fish, the Ribbonfish Gymnogaster arcticus”; Deal fish]Google Scholar

+Brullé, Auguste. 1844. Recherches sur les transformations des appendices chez les articulés. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Série Zoologie 2: 271–374. [“Research on the limbs of the articulated animals”; Brains; Ontogeny]Google Scholar

+Buckland, William. 1836. Bridgewater Treatise No. 6: Geology and mineralogy considered with reference to natural theology. Pickering, London, 2 volumes. [One of a series of books (see also Kirby 1835) by leading scientists and moralists, funded from the estate of the late Earl of Bridgewater, administered by the Royal Society, and devoted to illustrating “the power, wisdom, and goodness of God as manifested in the Creation”; CD's abstract in DAR 71: 125–7; Extinctions]

+Buckland, Francis Trevelyan. 1868. [Columns on marine and freshwater fishes and fisheries.] Land and Water, London. [The son of William, ‘Frank’ Buckland contributed a weekly column to Land and Water, from its first issue of Jan. 27, 1867; this column is cited by CD: p. 41 on Trout culture; p. 62 on Cod fertility; p. 377 on Chimaera monstrosa; Chimaera; Cod; Sex ratio]

Budker, Paul. 1971. The life of sharks. Columbia University Press, New York, ⅹⅶ + 222 pp. [Hippopotamus]

+Buist, Robert. 1866. The Stormontfield Piscicultural Experiment. 1853–1866. Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh, 32 pp. [Sex ratio]

+Buist, Robert. 1867. The Stormontfield Experiments. The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper, June 29: 491–2. [Salmon (IV); Sex ratio]

Burgess, G. H. O. 1967. The curious world of Frank Buckland. John Baker, London, ⅹⅱ + 242 pp. [This book discusses, among other things, the strong opposition of Frank Buckland – and his father William – to CD's idea, owing to their belief in a recent, created world; Chimaera]

Burgner, Robert, L. 1991. Life history of Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In: Cornelis Groot and Leo Margolis (eds.), Pacific Salmon Life Histories, pp. 3–117. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, 564 pp. [Salmon (III)]

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Burkhardt, Frederick, Sydney Smith, David Kohn and William Montgomery (eds.) 1985b. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 1, 1821–1836. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅸ + 702 pp. [Correspondence; Zoology Notes]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Sydney Smith, Janet Browne, David Kohn and William Montgomery (eds.). 1986. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 2, 1837–1843. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅲ + 603 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Sydney Smith, Janet Browne, David Kohn and William Montgomery (eds.) 1987. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 3, 1844–1846. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅸ + 523 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick and Sydney Smith (eds.) 1988. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 4, 1847–1850. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅲ + 711 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick and Sydney Smith (eds.) 1989. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 5, 1851–1855. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 705 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick and Sydney Smith (eds.) 1990. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 6, 1856–1857. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅸ + 673 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Sydney Smith, Janet Browne and Marsha Richmond (eds.) 1991. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 7, 1858–1859 + Supplement to the Correspondence 1821–1857. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅴ + 671 pp. [Correspondence; Lungfish]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Duncan M. Porter, Janet Browne and Marsha Richmond (eds.) 1993. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 8, 1860. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅶ + 766 pp. [Correspondence; Lancelet]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Duncan M. Porter, Joy Harvey and Marsha Richmond (eds.) 1994. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 9, 1861. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅲ + 609 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Duncan M. Porter, Joy Harvey and Jonathan R. Topham (eds.) 1997. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 10, 1862. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅶⅰ + 909 pp. [Correspondence]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Duncan M. Porter, Sheila Ann Dean, Jonathan R. Topham and Sarah Wilmot (eds.) 1999. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 11, 1863. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅳ + 1038 pp. [Correspondence; Polydactylism]

Burkhardt, Frederick, Duncan M. Porter, Sheila Ann Dean, Paul S. White, Sarah Wilmot, Samantha Evans and Alison M. Pearn (eds.) 2001. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Vol. 12, 1864. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅹⅹⅶ + 694 pp. [Correspondence]

#Burmeister, Herman. 1834. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfüsser. G. Rainer, Berlin. [“Contributions to the natural history of the cirripedes;” p. 29 fish-bones, Marginalia 103]

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Camerini, Jane R. 1994. Evolution, Biogeography and Maps: an early history of Wallace's Line. In: Rod MacLeod and Philip F. Rehbock (eds.), Darwin's Laboratory: evolutionary theory and natural history in the Pacific, pp. 70–109. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. [Wallace]

Campbell, John. 1997. In Darwin's Wake: Revisiting Beagle's South American Anchorages. Sheridan House, Bobbs Ferry, New York, 271 pp. [Beagle; Tierra del Fuego]

+Candolle, Alphonse de. 1855. Géographie botanique raisonnée. 2 volumes. J. Kessman, Paris. [“Critical review of botanical geography”; Vol. 1, p. 599, on range of Marsh plants [… :] speculations, which I shall introduce on Fish, bears on this; change of River courses: most lakes connected with streams; Vol. 2: Isolation most important, as preventing migration & so altering conditions, & making gaps in economy of nature, & quite secondarily causing organisms to vary…. Possibly isolation not long enough for many cases, as in Alps & F. W. Fish. – Few individuals for isolation, & this gives bad chance for new forms, but time wd make up for that; 447 Struggle between Fish & Water Plants; 635 If herons eat fish with seed, such means wd have been more energetic formerly, when country wild; 1165 I suspect lower Fams. more broken?? good if I could show as it could be due to increase of number in higher Fams. – No. Higher Reptiles. Higher Mollusc. Higher or more Reptilian Fish most broken: if contest within each Family it would be so; 1078–1079 Edin. New Phil. Journ. 61/70 Changed habits: fish salt water. Zoologist p. 20 d[itt]o; Marginalia 120–2, 126, 133, 134; Experiments (V)]

Canestrini, Giovanni. 1866. Prospetto critico dei pesci d'acqua dolce d'Italia. Archivio per la zoologia, l'anatomia e la fisiologia 4: 47–187. [“Critical outline of the freshwater fishes of Italy”; Classification]Google Scholar

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Cantor, Theodore Edward. 1849. Catalogue of Malayan fishes. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 18(2), pp. ⅰ–ⅹⅱ + 981–1443. [Gouramy]Google Scholar

+Carbonnier, Pierre. 1867. Observations sur le brochet. Bulletin de la Societé Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation. 2ième Série 4: 574–7. [“Observations on the Pike”; as quoted in The Farmer, March 18, 1869, p. 369; Sex ratio; Sexual dimorphism]Google Scholar

+Carbonnier, Pierre. 1869a. See Carbonnier (1867)

+Carbonnier, Pierre. 1869b. Rapport et observations sur l'accouplement d'une espèce de poisson de Chine. Bulletin de la Societé Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation. 2ième Série. 6: 408–14 [“Report and observations on the coupling of a species of fish from China”; Gouramy]Google Scholar

+Carbonnier, Pierre. 1870. Nouvelle note sur un poisson de Chine appartenant au genre Macropode. Bulletin de la Societé Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation. 2ième Série 7: 26–32. [“New note on a Chinese fish of the genus Macropodus”; Gouramy]Google Scholar

+Carpenter, William B. 1854. Principles of Comparative Physiology, 4th revised edition. John Churchill, London. [p. 79 High Fish. N.B. I think on this subject there is much difference whether we look to Fish alone or to other classes??; 101 Electric organs; 257 On 3 kinds of lungs in Fishes; 258 The Foundation for another kind of Lung; 261 Fish? Lepidosiren; 272, 277 Branchial vessels in loops in young chicks like those of Fish or tadpoles; 320 Gradation in Respiratory organs: … Branchiae: Re-use of swimming bladder; 325 … So ranks as Reptile & not Fish; 465 The ‘proper’ electric current of frog has curious analogy with electric discharge of Fish; 467 Electrical Fishes; Marginalia 155–7; Electric fishes]

Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo. 1994. Peixes: Costa Brasiliera. Editoria Marca d'Agua, São Paulo, 304 pp. [“Fishes of the Brazilian coast”; Duckbills; Groupers; Sole, lined]

Castelnau, François Louis Nompar de Coumont de Laporte. 1873. Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. Nos. III–IX [with subtitles, indexed as one work]. Proceedings of the Zoological Acclimatisation Society of Victoria 2: 37–158. [Description of Tetrodon darwinii is on pp. 94–5 of No. V (Notes on Fishes from Northern Australia), issued separately in Melbourne, 1842; Eponyms]Google Scholar

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Cavolini, Filippo. 1787. Memoria sulla generazione dei Pesci e dei Granchi. Napoli. [“Memoir on the (re)production of fishes and crabs”; Groupers (II)]

Cervigón, Fernando and Walter Fischer. 1974. INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1: Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. FAO, Rome, 372 pp. [“Catalog of species of commercial or potential interest for Latin America. Part 1: Central and Southwestern Atlantic”; Silversides]

Chaisson, Eric J. 2001. Cosmic evolution: the rise of complexity in nature. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, ⅹⅱ + 274 pp. [Complexity]

#[Chambers, Robert]. 1994. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation and Other Evolutionary Writings. Chicago University Press, Chicago, 253 pp. [Reprint of anonymous 1844 edition, of which CD's copy includes the annotations: The idea of a Fish passing into a Reptile (his idea monstrous). – … Never use the words higher and lower – use more complicated, as the fish type (& not a mere repetition of parts) where cartilaginous forms are higher for being nearer reptiles & consequently mammalia; p. 235 Yarrells Birds Gull getting thickened stomach Vol. 3 p. 571 Quotes Pennant on Trout in Galway getting thickened stomach. Was it Trout? Yarrell Fishes vol. 2 p. 57 thinks Gillaso only a var. inner cuticle only undirected; 367 Remarks on islds not having mammals & less perfect life but really I need not allude to such rubbish Marginalia 164]

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Chungue, E., Raymond, Bagnis, Fusetani, N. and Hasimoto, Y.. 1977. Isolations of two toxins from a parrotfish Scarus gibbus. Toxicon 15: 89–93. [Ciguatera]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Clover, Charles. 1991. Denmark: pulping sand eel for power. Telegraph Magazine, London, October 26, 1991, p. 8. [Capelin]

Cohen, Daniel M., Tadashi Inada, Tomio Iwamoto and Nadia Scialabba. 1990. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cod, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. FAO, Rome, 442 pp. [Burbot; Rattails]

Coleman, Neville. 1980. Australian Sea Fishes South of 30° S. Doubleday, Lane Cove, New South Wales, 302 pp. [Burrfishes (I); Pipefishes (I)]

#Colin, Gabriel Constant. 1854–6. Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux domestiques. J. B. Baillière, Paris. [“Treatise on the comparative physiology of domestic animals”; p. 617 my notions not half as off as life of parasite; bred in fish & matured in cormorant; Desfossé on hermaphrodite Fish. Serranus Marginalia 168; Desfossé is Dufossé 1854; seeGroupers (II)]

Collett, Robert. 1889. Diagnoses des poissons nouveaux provenant des campagnes de “l'Hirondelle.” IV. Description d'une espèce nouvelle du genre Hoplostethus. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 14: 306. [“Diagnosis of new fishes from the cruises of the ‘Hirondelle:’ Part IV. Description of a new species of the genus Hoplostethus”; original description of Orange roughy, from a specimen taken off the Azores; Darwin's roughy]Google Scholar

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Conner, H. M. 1813. The old woman and her pig. J. Harris & Sons, Corner of St. Paul's Churchyard, London, 29 pp. [This edition, which cost “one shilling plain, eighteen pence (hand) coloured” might well have been the very one young CD had as a child. Herein, the cat decided to eat the mouse that wouldn't gnaw the rope that wouldn't hang the butcher that wouldn't kill the ox, and so on all the way to the stick that wouldn't beat the dog that wouldn't bite the pig that wouldn't go over the stile, thus starting off a domino effect that finally made it possible for the old woman and her pig to go home; Dace]

Cotte, M. J. 1944. Poissons et animaux aquatiques au temps de Pline. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 265 pp. [“Fishes and aquatic animals in Plinius' time”; Remora]

+Couch, Jonathan. 1825. Some particulars of the natural history of fishes found in Cornwall. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14: 69–92. [Cod; Ling]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Cushing, David H. 1988. The Provident Sea. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ⅸ + 329 pp. [Herring]

Cuvier, Georges. 1816 and 1829. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Vol. 2. Chez D'Eterville et chez Crochard, Libraires, Paris, ⅹⅷ + 532 pp. [“The animal kingdom, arranged in conformity to its organization, to serve as basis for natural history and introduction to comparative anatomy”; 1st edition 1816, 2nd edition 1829; see Griffith and Smith (1834) for English edition; Burrfishes (I); Butterfishes; Creationism; Sandperches; Toadfishes]

Cuvier, Georges. 1828. [Historical portrait of the progress of ichthyology, from its origin to our own time.] Edited by Theodore W. Pietsch and translated by Abby J. Simpson. 1995. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, ⅹⅹⅳ + 366 pp. [First part of Vol. 1 of the Natural history of fishes; Histoire Naturelle des Poissons; Ichthyology]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1829. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome quatrième. Livre quatrième. Des acanthoptérygiens à joue cuirassée. Vol. 4, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅵ + 518 pp. [“On Acanthopterygians with armoured cheeks”; Apistus; Flatheads]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1830. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome sixième. Livre sixième. Partie I. Des Sparoïdes; Partie II. Des Ménides. Vol. 6, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅳ + 559 pp. [Porgies]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1831. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome septième. Livre septième. Des Squamipennes. Livre huitième. Des poissons à pharyngiens labyrinthiformes. Vol. 7, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅸ + 531 pp. [Ruff]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1832. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome huitième. Livre neuvième. Des Scombroéïdes. Vol. 8, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅸ + 509 pp. [Marblefishes]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1833. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome neuvième. Suite du livre neuvième. Des Scombéroïdes. Vol. 9, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅸ + 512 pp. [Sandperches; Scorpionfishes]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1835. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome dixième. Suite du livre neuvième. Scombéroïdes. Livre dixième. De la famille des Teuthes. Livre onzième. De la famille des Taenioïdes. Livre douzième. Des Athérines. Vol. 10, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅳ + 482 pp. [Goatfishes; Silversides]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1836. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome onzième. Livre treizième. De la famille des Mugiloïdes. Livre quatorzième. De la famille des Gobioïdes. Vol. 11, F. G. Levrault, Paris, XX + 506 pp. [Blennies]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1837. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome douzième. Suite du livre quatorzième. Gobioïdes. Livre quinzième. Acanthoptérygiens à pectorales pédiculées. Vol. 12, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅳ + 507 pp. [Sleepers]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1840a. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome quatorzième. Suite du livre seizième. Labroïdes. Livre dix-septième. Des Malacoptérygiens. Vol. 14, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅱ + 464 pp. [Wrasses]

Cuvier, Georges and Achille Valenciennes. 1840b. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome quinzième. Suite du livre dix-septième. Siluroïdes. Vol. 15, F. G. Levrault, Paris, ⅹⅹⅹⅰ + 540 pp. [Catfishes]

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Daniel, Frank. 1922. The Elasmobranch fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley, ⅹⅰ + 334 pp. [Bering pike; Lumpfish]

Darwin, Charles. 1839. Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries visited by H. M. S. Beagle, under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R. N. from 1832 to 1836. Henry Colburn, London, 637 pp. [Journal]

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Darwin, Charles. 1846. The geology of the Falkland Islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. Proceedings of the Geological Society, Part 1, 2: 267–74. [Reprinted in Vol. 1 of Barrett (1977), pp. 203–21; Distribution]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Darwin, Charles. 1851. A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the species. The Ray Society, London. Vol. I: The Lepadidae; or pedunculated Cirripedes, 400 pp. Vol. II, Part I & II: The Balanidae; or sessile Cirripedes, 684 pp. [The attention devoted by CD to barnacles, both living and fossil – over eight years of meticulous work – which established his reputation as a serious taxonomist, has long intrigued Darwin scholars, as it seemed to imply a deliberate departure from the trajectory CD appeared to be on, following his completion of *Foundation. Some have suggested that CD's long attachment to barnacles was due to his fear of the public outcry that publishing his new discovery (evolution driven by natural selection) would entail. CD's Autobiography (pp. 116–17) and his other writings suggest a more prosaic reason: Cirripedia probably resulted from the Law of Unintended Consequences, i.e. one thing just followed on another, as for the writing of this book; Barnacles; Growth].

Darwin, Charles. [Read July 1, 1858]. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology) 3 (1859): 45–62. [The paper assembled from existing material of CD's, never intended for publication, and therefore not written with care (Collected papers II, p. 18), to prevent his being anticipated by Wallace 1858; Big Species Book; Wallace]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Darwin, Charles. 1875. The variations of animals and plants under domestication. John Murray, London, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, ⅹⅳ + 473 pp; Vol. 2, ⅹ + 495 pp. [Variations]

Darwin, Charles. 1877a. The various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects. John Murray, London, ⅹⅵ + 300 pp. [Revised 2nd edition; Butterflyfishes]

Darwin, Charles. 1877b. Descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Revised and augmented 2nd edition, including an essay by T. H. Huxley. John Murray, London, Vol. 1, pp. ⅹ + 1–206; Vol. 2, pp. ⅹⅳ + 207–693. [First edition in 1871, Descent]

Darwin, Charles. 1881. The formation of vegetable moulds through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. London, John Murray. ⅶ + 326 pp. [Worms]

Darwin, Charles. 1890. The expression of the emotions in men and animals. 2nd edition, edited by Francis Darwin. John Murray, London, ⅷ + 394 pp. [First edition (1872) contained 106 912 words, 7515 different; Expression; Kingfisher]

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#Davy, John. 1855. The angler and his friend; or piscatory colloquies and fishing excursions. London. [CD recorded in his Reading Notebooks on March 25, 1855 that he had read The Angler Piscator Dr. Davy; Correspondence, Vol. 4, p. 492; the same day, he mentioned this to the author: I arrived home late last night, (bringing with me the Angler & his Friend). Correspondence, March 25, 1855]

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Fisher 1965: see Mendel 1866

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Gould, John, Charles Darwin and Thomas Campbell Eyton. 1841. Birds: described by John Gould, with a notice on their habits and ranges by Charles Darwin, and with an anatomical appendix by T. C. Eyton. Smith, Elder and Co., London, 164 pp. [Birds; Cormorants; Darwin's Finches; Zoology]

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Grove, Jack Stein and Robert J. Lavenberg. 1997. The Fishes of the Galápagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 863 pp. [Agassiz; Clingfishes; Flying fish; Galápagos; Groupers; Morays; Scorpionfishes; Wrasses]

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Günther, Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf. 1855. Beiträge zur Kenntnis unserer Süsswasserfische. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 21: 197–212. [“Contribution to the knowledge of our freshwater fishes”; Wels catfish]Google Scholar

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Hubbs, Carl L. 1958. Ogcocephalus darwini, a new batfish endemic at the Galápagos Islands. Copeia 1958 (no. 3): 161–70; Pls. 1–5. [This fish also occurs in northern Peru, and hence is not a Galápagos endemic, notwithstanding the title; Eponym]

Hull, David L. 1973. Darwin and his Critics: the Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ⅻ + 473 pp. [A compilation of reviews of CD's books; Caviller].

Humboldt, (Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich) Alexander von. 1805–39. Voyage aux régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804 par Alexandre von Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland. Paris. [The different parts of this immense work, covering the geography, natural history, and the history and sociology of South America, and which greatly shaped the way CD planned to work on the Beagle, were published from 1805 in various editions, a process lasting until 1839; Darwin and ichthyology]

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+Humphreys, Noel. 1857. River Gardens; being an account of the best methods of cultivating fresh water plants in aquaria in such a manner as to afford suitable abodes to ornamental fish, and many interesting kinds of aquatic animals. Sampson Low, Son and Co., London. [Sticklebacks]

+Hunter, John. 1837. Observations on certain parts of the animal oeconomy … with notes by Richard Owen. London. [Secondary sexual characters]

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#Huxley, Thomas Henry. 1864. Lectures on the elements of comparative anatomy. John Churchill & Sons, London. [Characters of Fishes; 62, 64 Fishes & Amphibia hardly distinguishable - (good case telling how unlike say a Frog & Salmon.-) Marginalia 425]

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+Huxley, Thomas Henry and Robert Etheridge. 1865. A catalogue of the collection of fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, with an explanatory introduction. London. [Complexity]

I(nternational) C(ommission on) Z(oological) N(omenclature). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, ⅹⅹⅸ + 306 pp. [Code; Names, scientific; Taxonomy]

Jackson, Jeremy B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A., Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Cooke, R., Estes, J. A., Hughes, T. P., Kidwell, S., and 9 others, 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293: 629–38. [Hippopotamus]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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Jameson, Robert. 1821. Manual of Mineralogy. Archibald Constable, Edinburgh. [p. 304: Common coal is the more common variety … of older formation than the Browne. – (was formed before Mammalia Aves Amphibia but there existed fishes & shells); 413 Sandstone … Iron Pyrites, Sulphates of Lime & Iron occurs in this mineral. also sometimes Amber & Browne clay also various seeds of tropical plants. also Crocodiles &c &c & Cocoa Nuts fishes; 458 The teeth of Sharks are found in great plenty in the Limestones of Malta Marginalia 438, 439]

Janvier, Philippe and Welcomme, J. L.. 1969. Affinités et paléobiologie de l'espèce Carcharodon mégalodon Ag. squale géant des Faluns de la Touraine et de l'Anjou. Revue de la Fédération Française des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles, ser. 5, 8(34): 1–6. [“Affinities and paleobiology of the species Carcharodon megalodon Agassiz, a giant shark of the tertiary, shell-rich sedimentary rocks of the Anjou and Touraine regions”; Megatooth shark]Google Scholar

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Jenyns, Leonard. 1843. See White 1843

+Jenyns, Leonard. 1846. Observations in Natural History: with an introduction on habits and observing as connected with the study of that science. Also a calendar of periodic phenomena in natural history; with remarks on the importance of such registers. John van Voorst, London, 440 pp. [Polecat devouring Eels p. 55 some parallel facts. Rooks p. 150 feeding on Fish; 212 Abnormal Gold Fishes; 278 Flies hatched in gentlemans intestines, Marginalia 441; Goldfish (I)]

Jenyns, Leonard. 1862. Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow. John Van Voorst, London, 278 pp. [Henslow]

Jenyns, Leonard [writing as L. Blomefield]. 1889. Chapters of my life: with Appendix Containing Special Notices of Particular Incidents and Persons; also Thought on Certain Subjects. Reprint with Additions. For Private Circulation, Bath, 133 pp. [Jenyns (I)]

Johannes, Robert E. 1981. Words of the lagoon: fishing and marine lore in the Palau district of Micronesia. University of California Press, Berkeley, ⅹⅳ + 245 pp. [Groupers (II); Vertebrate origins]

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Junker, Thomas and Masha Richmond. 1996. Charles Darwin's correspondence with German naturalists. Basiliken-Press, Marburg an der Lahn, xlii + 266 pp. [Based on the Calendar; demonstrates that Germans were, after the British, CD's most important correspondents by far; Möbius; Swimbladder]

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Lacepède, Bernard Germain Etienne. 1804. Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris 4: 184–211. [Pipefishes (I)]Google Scholar

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+Lesson, René-Primevère. 1830–1831. Poissons. In: Louis Isidore Dupperrey (ed.), Voyage autour du monde … sur la corvette de Sa Majesté “la Coquille”, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825 … Zoologie. Vol. 2, part 1, pp. 66–238; Atlas, Pls. 1–38. P. Pourras Frères, Paris. [Often cited as ‘Lesson & Garnot’, the latter referring to Prosper Garnot, Chief surgeon on La Coquille; Chimaera; Jenyns (II); Sharks]

+Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich. 1853. Zeugung. In: Rudolf Wagner (ed.), Handwörterbuch der Physiologie mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Pathologie, pp. 707–1000. Verlag Wieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig. Vol. IV. [“Reproduction”; CD cites Leuckart's interpretation of a statement on p. 117 of Bloch, 1782–1784; Sex ratio]

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Lewis, Cherry. 2000. The dating game: one man's search for the age of the earth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ix + 253 pp. [The story of Arthur Holmes, who perfected the dating techniques based on the decay of unstable elements, especially uranium, that allowed estimating the age of the Earth at over 4.5 billion years; Lyell]

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Lindhom, Rolf and J. Garrey Maxwell. 1988. Stock separation of Jack mackerel Trachurus declivis (Jenyns 1841) and Yellowtail T. novaezealandiae (Richardson 1843) in Southern Australian waters using Principal Component Analysis. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report no. 189, 7 pp. [Jacks]

Linnaeus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Holmiæ. v. 1, pp. ⅰ–ⅱ + 1–824. [“Natural system of the three kingdoms of nature, by classes, orders, genera and species, with their characteristics, differences, synonyms, and localities. Published by L. Salvius. Stockholm.” The book and edition serving as anchor for classification and nomenclature within the plant and animal kingdoms. The third kingdom of the title pertained to minerals, for which the Linnean system did not work, and was rejected by geologists; this edition describes 16 genera of fishes, and 378 species, and is the first to move the cetaceans from the fishes to the mammals; Barbel; Barracuda; Bonito; Bream; Burbot; Cape of Good Hope; Carp; Chimaera; Char; Cod; Croaker; Dace; Dogfish; Eel; Flounder; Gar-pike; Goldfish (I); Great white shark; Gouramy; Hagfishes; Lamprey; Ling; Linnaeus; Loaches; Lumpfish; Merlu; Minnows; Names, scientific; Perch; Pike; Plaice; Remora; Roach; Salmon(I, II); Sand-eels; Scorpionfishes; Sea scorpion; Skate; Sole; Sole, lined; Squalus; Stickleback; Sunfishes; Surgeonfishes; Tench; Torpedo; Triggerfishes; Trout; Turbot; Type species; Velvet belly; Wels catfish; Wrasses]

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Linnaeus, Carolus. 1766. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Holmiæ. [12th Edition; Electric eel]

Linnaeus, Carolus. 1771. Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II. Holmiæ, Impensis Laurentii Salvie, 464 pp. [“Second supplement of plant genera and species;” contains a brief description of “Fucus pyriferus”, noting dichotomous stem, terminal blades, and bladders; Kelp]

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Li Zhen. 1988. Chinese Goldfish. Beijing, Foreign Language Press. 100 pp. [Goldfish (I)]

Lloris, Domingo and Jaime Rucabado. 1991. Ictiofauna del Canal Beagle (Tierra del Fuego), aspectos ecológicos y análisis biogeográfico. Publicacion Especial del Instituto Español de Oceanografía no. 8: 1–170. [“Ichthyofauna of the Beagle channel (Tierra del Fuego): ecological aspects and biogeographical analysis”; Gastrobranchus; Tierra del Fuego]

+Lloyd, Llewellyn. 1854. Scandinavian Adventures, during a Residence of upwards of Twenty Years. Representing Sporting Incidents, and Subjects of Natural History, and Devices for entrapping wild Animals. With some Account of the Northern Fauna. In two volumes. Richard Bentley, London. [Salmon, Pacific]

+Lloyd, Llewellyn. 1867. The Game Birds and Wildfowl of Sweden and Norway: together with an account of the Seals and Salt-water Fishes of those Countries. Day and Son Limited, 2nd edn, London. [Sea scorpion]

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Lourie, Sara A., Amanda C. J. Vincent and Heather J. Hall. 1999. Seahorses: an identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse, London, 214 pp. [Seahorses]

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+Lovén, Sven. 1844. Ny art af Cirripedia. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 1: 192–4. [“A new species of Cirripedia, Alepas squalicola”; Barnacles]Google Scholar

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+Lyell, Charles. 1838. Elements of Geology. John Murray, London. [6th edition, 1865: p. 1988b 509 On airbreathers in Coal period U. States; 552 On oldest known fossil fish, Marginalia 525; Lyell] [Morris, Margaretta Hare (II)]

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Matteucci, Carlo. 1847. Electro-physiological researches. Sixth series. Law of the electric discharge of the torpedo and other electric fishes. Theory of the production of electricity by these animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1847: 239–41. [Electric organs (I)]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Mayr, Ernst and P. D. Ashlock. 1991. Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, ⅹⅹ + 475 pp. [Subspecies]

+McClelland, John. 1839. Indian Cyprinidae. Part 2. Journal of Asiatic Researches or Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal for Enquiring into the History, the Antiquities, the Arts and Science and Literature of Asia. 19(2): 217–471. [Wherein McClelland writes on p. 230, with reference to small cyprinids: “[t]hey are small species of little or no direct utility to man, nor is it possible to account for the particular brilliancy of their colours in any other way than as an instance of that unscrutable design, by which it would seem that in pursuit of aquatic insects on which they subsist along the surface of waters, they become the better marks for Kingfishers, Skimmers, Tern, and other birds which are destined to keep the number of fishes in check, especially in deep waters beyond the reach of the waders;” Good many fish – semi-alpine 4–5000 feet nevertheless no species similar to European – I believe; Good contrast with Fish of Pacific & Indian Oceans – How is this in N. America? pl[ate] 46. Perilampus perseus 229/230 Fish bright to be caught. I must utterly deny this. – If this could be passed – farewell my thesis. Nothing new spec; 266 On domesticated Fishes of India varying so much; 262 On Salmonidae in India – place filled by Cyprinidae; 458 not so much destroyed & therefore not become so prolific Marginalia 550; Altruism; Cyprinidae; Carp, Indian; Perilampus perseus]Google Scholar

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Medawar, Peter. 1982. Pluto's Republic. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 351 pp. [This book, which includes the text of Medawar's earlier works on “The Art of the Soluble” and “Induction & Intuition in Scientific Thought”, and which articulate Popper's philosophy extremely well, also includes two chapters dealing devastating blows to the scientific pretences of Freud's psychoanalysis. Moreover, a chapter is thrown into the bargain which suggests that following his return from the voyage of the Beagle, CD suffered from Chagas' disease, owing to his having let himself be bitten by a “bug of the pampas,” now known to transmit this disease. This certainly explains the facts of his long illness much better than an alleged Oedipus complex; Popper]

Mendel, Gregor. 1866. Versuche über Pflanzenhybride. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins Brünn 4: 1–47. [Available as “Experiments in plant hybridisation; Mendel's original paper in English Translation, with commentary and assessment by Sir Ronald A. Fisher, together with a reprint of W. Bateson's biographical notice of Mendel”, edited by J. J. Bennett, Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, 95 pp.; Mendel]Google Scholar

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Merlen, Godfrey. 1988. A field guide to the fishes of Galápagos. Wilmot Books, London, 60 pp. [Puffers; Wrasses]

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+Mivart, Saint-George Jackson. 1871. On the genesis of species. Macmillan and Co, London/D. Appleton and Company, New York, 314 pp. [p. 37 Flat fish; 81 Placentae of mammals & sharks; 145 The same fishes in distant continents; 176 Homology between limb & fins; Mr Mivart's book consists of all objections to nat. selection advanced by various authors & myself, expanded & admirably illustrated, with nothing said in favour, except in opening chapter; Marginalia 585, 586; Flatfish controversy (I, II); Seahorses (II)]

+Möbius, Karl August. 1873. Die Bewegungen der Thiere und ihr psychischer Horizont. Kiel: populärer Vortrag gehalten in Februar 1872 in der Harmonie in Kiel. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein. 20 pp. [“The movements of animals and their psychological limitations: a public lecture given in February 1872 at the ‘Harmony’ concert hall, Kiel”; Pike]

Möbius, Karl August. 1877. Die Auster und die Austernwirschaft. Wiegand, Hempel und Parey, Berlin. [“The oyster and the oyster industry”; Möbius]

Möller, Heino, and Kerstin Anders. 1989. Diseases and parasites of marine fishes. Verlag Möller, Kiel, 365 pp. [Parasites]

+Molina, Giovanni Ignacio. 1788. Compendio de la Historia Geografica, Natural y Civil del Reyno de Chile, escrito en Italiano por el Abate Don Juan Ignacio Molina. Primera Parte, que abraza la Historia Geografica y Natural. Traducida en Español por Don Domingo Joseph de Arcuellada Mendoza. Antonio de la Sancha, Madrid, ⅹⅹ + 418 pp. [“Compendium of the geographic, natural and civil history of the kingdom of Chile, written in Italian by Father Don Giovanni Molina. Vol. 1, covering Geographic and Natural History. Translated into Spanish by Don Domingo Joseph de Arcuellada Mendoza”; fishes are covered on pp. 241–53; Bacalao]

Moller, Peter. 1995. Electric fishes: history and behavior. Chapman & Hall, London, 584 pp. [Electric eel; Electric fishes]

Monod, Théodore. 1963. Achille Valenciennes et l'Histoire naturelle des poissons. In: Mélanges ichthyologiques dédiés à la mémoire d'Achille Valenciennes. Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, no. 68, pp. 9–45. Dakar. [Histoire Naturelle des Poissons]

Moore, James R. 1985. Darwin of Down: the evolutionist as squarson-naturalist. In: David Kohn (ed.) The Darwinian heritage, pp. 435–81. Princeton University Press, Princeton. [See White (1789)]

Moorehead, Alan. 1971. Darwin and the Beagle. Penguin Books, London, 224 pp. [Beagle]

Mori, Shigeo, Genyo, Mitarai, Akira, Takabayashi, Shiro, Usui, Manabu, Sakakibara, Makoto, Nagatomo and Baumgarten, Rudolf. 1996. Evidence of sensory conflict in recovery in carp exposed to prolonged weightlessness. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 67(3): 256–261. [Motion sickness]Google ScholarPubMed

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+Müller, Johannes Peter. 1838–1842. Elements of physiology. Translated by W. Baly. 2 Vols. & Supplement. Taylor & Walton, London. [p. 1569 Membrane of egg agrees with membrane of uterus (Mem Fish coming to have Placenta); 1596 on embryo Torpedo increasing in weight in womb (a sort of Placenta). 1599 great difference in 2 species of Mustelus in placentation; 1610 Relation of Vertebrae in Fish to embryos of higher animals; 1622 Sharks have gills during early part alone of embryonic life, Marginalia 617–18; Embryology]

+Müller, Johannes Peter., 1844. Über den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden und über das natürliche System der Fische. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1844: 117–216. [“On the body plan and extent of the Ganoids, and on the natural system of fish” is a classic work, mainly because it sorted out the membership of Agassiz' catch-all ‘ganoids’; see also annotation to Agassiz (1850); Ganoid; Trout-perch]Google Scholar

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Murie, James. 1868. On the supposed arrest of development of the salmon when retained in freshwater. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, March 26, no. 6: 247–54. [Hybrid vigour]

+Murie, James. 1870. Additional memoranda as to irregularity in the growth of Salmon. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, January 13, no. 3: 30–50. [Mentions CD as having called his attention to a study of salmon growth by Mr. George Anderson, of Glasgow; also cites Variations II; Hybrid vigour]

Murphy, Joseph John. 1869. Habit and intelligence. 2 Vols. Macmillan, London. [Vol. 1, Carp 258; 304 Surely in fish we have gradation to bone from cartilage? Other tissues?, Marginalia 622, 623]

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Nelson, Joseph S. and Martin J. Paetz. 1992. The fishes of Alberta. The University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, ⅹⅹⅳ + 437 pp. [Fish(es)]

Neuweiler, Gerhard. 2000. The biology of bats. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 310 pp. [Translated by Ellen Covey. Discusses ‘Fisherman bats’ and other fishing bats; Bats]

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+Owen, Richard. 1849. On the Nature of Limbs: a discourse delivered on Friday, February 9, at an evening meeting of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. John van Voorst, London. 119 pp. [p. 13 Capital comparison of hand of Mole, Bat & Fin; 45 Horse legs & Lepidosiren good contrast if simplicity from abortion & original; in all these cases the tibia & fibula shows that they are simple by abortion & it is rash to argue from. about original simplicity of limb. apparently aboriginal simplicity. The contrast between the 8 almost singly serial bones of Horses leg & appendage of Lepidosiren good instance of rudimentary & primeval or transitory stage; 59 What is relation in Sharks? 82 Lepidosiren realises nearly ideal Archetype; 86 alludes in grandiloquent sentence to some law governing progression, guided by archetypal light – &c Marginalia 655, 666; Lungfishes; Lungfish, Australian]

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Pauly, Daniel. 1994b. Quantitative analysis of published data on the growth, metabolism, food consumption, and related features of the red-bellied piranha, Serrasalmus nattereri (Characidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 41: 423–37. [Characins]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Pauly, D. 1995a. Dim photography in a Caribbean coral reef. Annals of Improbable Research 1(3): 20. [Having observed how coral reef fishes often swim upside down, but not made photos, and having the degree that makes this possible, I once doctored two published images of scuba diving scenes, by crudely glueing upside down fishes onto them, thus generating a sort of ‘fake forgery’ to document a real phenomenon. I then sent the doctored figures and an accompanying text under a vaguely sexual title (“Two new cases of position obversa in fishes”) to the Journal of Irreproducible Results (JIR), which promptly split on me: the editorial staff left the editor of JIR (taking my manuscript with them), and founded the Annals of Improbable Research (AIR). A while later, I received a letter from the editor of the JIR (remember: he did not have the manuscript) grandly rejecting my submission, reportedly on advice from referees. AIR, on the other hand, published one of my figures, but under a new title, and with a legend added by someone who missed the figures' true nature, and thus the point of the whole thing. There are many lessons in this, some funny, some not; Dohrn]Google Scholar

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Pauly, Daniel and Rainer Froese. 2001. Fish stocks. In: Simon Levin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Vol. 2, pp. 801–14. Academic Press, San Diego. [Bony fishes]

Pauly, Daniel and Roger Stephen, Vernon Pullin. 1988. Hatching time in spherical, pelagic marine fish eggs in response to temperature and egg size. Environmental Biology of Fishes 21(2): 261–71. [Cuckoo-fish]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Pauly, Daniel and Alejandro Yáñez-Arancibia. 1994. Fisheries in coastal lagoons. In: Björn Kjerfve (ed.), Coastal Lagoon Processes, pp. 377–99. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. [Lagoon]

Pauly, Daniel, Peter Muck, Jaime Mendo and Isabel Tsukayama (eds.) 1989. The Peruvian Upwelling Ecosystem: Dynamics and Interactions. ICLARM Conference Proceedings no. 18, 438 pp. [The book that was to include a CD quote on the Peruvian anchoveta, but which ended instead with an anchoveta cartoon by Leo Cullum, originally published in the New Yorker, and reproduced by permission (= US$ 100). Hence, the book that ultimately caused this one to be written; Peruvian anchoveta; Punctuated equilibrium]

Pauly, Daniel, Christine Casal and Maria D. Lourdes Palomares. 2000. DNA, cell size and fish swimming. In: Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly (eds.), FishBase 2000: Concepts, Design, and Data Sources, Box 34, p. 254. Los Baños, Philippines. [The DNA content of animal cells is highly variable, but so far, only cell size has been shown to be useful to predict DNA contents. As metabolic rate tends to be inversely proportional to cell size, the aspect ratio of the caudal fin of fish can also be shown to correlate with the DNA contents of their cells, which is rather neat. A short essay on this, and a graph illustrating this interesting correlation, may be found under ‘Genetics and Aquaculture’ in the *FishBase book, which is available online; Caudal (fin)]

Pauly, Daniel, Andrew, Trites, Emily, Capuli and Villy, Christensen. 1998. Diet composition and trophic levels of marine mammals. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55: 467–81. [With small erratum in ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55: 1153 (1998); Whales]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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