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4 - The use of cricoid pressure during anaesthesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2009

Brian Smith
Affiliation:
Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Liverpool
Paul Rawling
Affiliation:
Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Liverpool
Paul Wicker
Affiliation:
Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Liverpool
Chris Jones
Affiliation:
Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Liverpool
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Summary

Key learning points

  • Related anatomy and physiology of the upper respiratory tract

  • Managing regurgitation and vomiting during anaesthesia

  • The technique for applying cricoid pressure during anaesthesia

  • Training practitioners to apply cricoid pressure

Sellick's Manoeuvre involves ‘pressure being externally exerted on the cricoid cartilage during anaesthetic induction in an attempt to prevent regurgitated stomach contents entering the lungs. This is effective due to the cricoid cartilage being a circular structure and when depressed occludes the oesophagus. Utilised during emergency situations when the patient may not have been fasted, even with fasting still has the potential to have maintained gastric contents

(Smith & Williams, 2004: 204)

Dr Brian Sellick first defined this technique for applying cricoid pressure during general anaesthesia in 1961.

In 1950 the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) examined deaths caused by pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, which had long been recognised as a risk during anaesthesia. Forty-three deaths had been caused by regurgitation and aspiration. By 1956, there were a further 110 deaths attributable to aspiration of gastric contents (Sinclair & Luxton, 2005).

According to Owen et al. (2002), pressing on the lower part of the larynx to occlude the oesophagus was reported in medical literature as far back as the eighteenth century. In 1774, a doctor named Alexander Monro described an early form of cricoid pressure during experiments on cadaver subjects. The more modern technique still used today was described in 1961 by Dr Brian Sellick, an anaesthetist working in London.

Type
Chapter
Information
Core Topics in Operating Department Practice
Anaesthesia and Critical Care
, pp. 29 - 34
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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References

Amersham Health Medical Dictionary. (2005). Available at: www.amershamhealth.com (Accessed 6 April 2005).
Anaesthesia UK. (2004). The Components for Rapid Sequence Induction. Available at: www.frca.co.uk (Accessed 4 April 2005).
Hernandez, A., Wolf, S. W., Vijayakumar, V., Solanki., D. R. & Mathru, M. (2004). Sellick's Manoeuvre for the Prevention of Aspiration … Is It Effective? Available at: www.asaabstracts.com/strands (Accessed 9 April 2005).
MERCK Manual. (2004). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Available at: www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section16 (Accessed 30 March 2005).
Mijumbi, C. (1994). Anaesthesia for the Patient with a Full Stomach. Available at: www.nda.ox.ac.uk (Accessed 5 April 2005).
Murray, E., Keirse, M., Neilson, J.et al. (2000). A Guide to Effective Care in Childbirth and Pregnancy. Available at: www.maternitywise.org (Accessed 6 April 2005).
Owen, H., Follows, K., Reynolds, J., Burgess, G. & Plummer, J. (2002). Learning to apply effective cricoid pressure using a part task trainer. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, 5(2), 45–8.Google Scholar
Sinclair, R. C. F. & Luxton, M. C. (2005). Rapid sequence induction. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, 5(2), 45–8.Google Scholar
Smith, B. & Williams, T. (eds.) (2004). Operating Department Practice A–Z. London: Greenwich Medical Ltd.
The Ambulance Service Association. (2001). Difficult Intubation Protocol: Use of the Endotracheal Tube Introducer (Gum-Elastic Bougie). Available at: www.asancep.org.uk/Endotrachealtubeintroducer.htm (Accessed 9 April 2005).
Yentis, S., Nicholas, P. H. & Smith, G. B. (2004). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A–Z – An Encyclopaedia of Principles and Practice, 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Ltd.

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