Pits and Protuberances

The early modern inventions of vision-enhancing instruments like the telescope and the microscope mucked things up. Reporting on his telescopic observations in a letter of 1612, Galileo wrote: ‘so long as men were in fact obliged to call the sun “most pure and most lucid,” no shadows or impurities whatever had been perceived in it; but now it shows itself to us as partly impure and spotty.’ Like the telescope, the microscope revealed the ubiquitous unevenness of things: ‘The superfice of no Visible is so exquisitely smooth, polite, or equal, as not to contain various Inaequalities, i. e. Protuberant and Deprest parts, or certain (Monticuli and Valleculae) small Risings and Fallings: which in some bodies […] require the detection of the Microscope.’ And the complexity compounds as these parts are discovered to be pregnant with miniscule life: ‘we find in the most solid Bodies, as in Marble itself, innumerable Cells and Cavities that are crouded with such imperceptible Inhabitants, as are too little for the naked Eye to discover.’

The forms deformed by the microscope included the human body. The magnifying glass had already begun to reveal the body's troubling complexity: ‘the most beautiful hand seen through a magnifying glass will seem horrible.’ The microscope only aggravated the situation: ‘if the eye were so acute, as to rival the finest Microscopes […] the sight of us our own selves would affright us; the smoothest Skin would be beset all over with ragged Scales, and bristly Hairs.’