International antitrust has been a gleam in the eye of the world at least since the proposal of the Havana Charter of the 1940s.1 At that time, it was poignantly understood that significant restraints of trade and competition by powerful firms in international commerce can harm the flow of trade and ideas, create critical shortages, undermine the attempt to build a community of nations and crystalize the power of dictators. Now, we live in the era of globalization, in which history repeats itself with a difference. We worry that businesses across the globe combine to rule markets, and that far-flung corporations rise above the authority of nations, even as nations groom their champions in the name of international competitiveness.