This chapter examines they key elements of the theory of active citizenship in broader context, beyond Rajasthan. It begins by highlighting the importance of citizens’ aspirations and capabilities in shaping their stances towards the state. It then returns to the notion of social and spatial exposure, illustrating the extent to which the boundary porousness described in Rajasthan can be found elsewhere in India and the effects of this porousness on citizen action. The relationship between exposure and claim-making, though, rests upon the state’s performance and visibility: encounters beyond the local community are only motivating when citizens come to perceive that state-targeted action is both feasible and worthwhile. The chapter therefore turns to an examination of the conditioning effects of the state’s institutional terrain, drawing on comparative accounts of welfare provision and citizen mobilization in Brazil, South Africa, and India. Finally, it concludes by considering the conditions – both state-induced and socially produced – that might best foster, sustain, and ultimately deepen citizen-state engagement.