Book contents
- Cheating, Corruption, and Concealment
- Cheating, Corruption, and Concealment
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 Cheating, corruption, and concealment
- Part I Motivations for dishonesty
- Part II Justifying dishonesty
- Part III Influences on dishonesty
- Part IV Reducing dishonesty
- Book part
- Index
- References
Part I - Motivations for dishonesty
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2016
Book contents
- Cheating, Corruption, and Concealment
- Cheating, Corruption, and Concealment
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 Cheating, corruption, and concealment
- Part I Motivations for dishonesty
- Part II Justifying dishonesty
- Part III Influences on dishonesty
- Part IV Reducing dishonesty
- Book part
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Cheating, Corruption, and ConcealmentThe Roots of Dishonesty, pp. 13 - 72Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
References
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In Kurtines, W. M. & Gewirtz, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development. Volume 1: Theory (pp. 45–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D., Kobrynowicz, D., Dinnerstein, J. L., Kampf, H. C., & Wilson, A. D. (1997). In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1335–1348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., & Chen, H. (2002). Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 330–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., Seuferling, G., Whitney, H., & Strongman, J. (1999). Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 525–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994). Self-regulation of cognitive inference and decision processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, R. V., & Kunce, L. (1995). Behavioral models of moral development: A brief history and integration. In Kurtines, W. M. & Gewirtz, J. L. (Eds.), Moral development: An introduction (pp. 141–171). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Carpenter, T. P., & Marshall, M. A. (2009). An examination of religious priming and intrinsic religious motivation in the moral hypocrisy paradigm. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48, 386–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Avon.Google Scholar
Dana, J., Weber, R. A., & Kuang, J. X. (2007). Exploiting moral wiggle room: Experiments demonstrating an illusory preference for fairness. Economic Theory, 33, 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darley, J. M. (1992). Social organization for the production of evil. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 199–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darley, J. M., & Schultz, T. R. (1990). Moral rules: Their content and acquisition. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 525–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E., & Wallbom, M. (1976). Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 107–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., & Tannenbaum, D. (2009). Motivated moral reasoning. In Bartels, D. M., Bauman, C. W., Skitka, L. J., & Medin, D. L. (Eds.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 50, pp. 307–338). Burlington, VT: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, J. (1987). The beginnings of moral understanding: Development in the second year. In Kagan, J. & Lamb, S. (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 91–112). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, J., & Munn, P. (1986). Sibling quarrels and maternal intervention: Individual differences in understanding and aggression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 583–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J., & Munn, P. (1987). Development of justification in disputes with mother and sibling. Developmental Psychology, 23, 791–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez-Dols, J.-M., Aguilar, P., Campo, S., Vallacher, R. R., Janowsky, A., Rabbia, H., Brussino, S., & Lerner, M. J. (2010). Hypocrites or maligned cooperative participants? Experimenter induced normative conflict in zero-sum situations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 525–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Festinger, L., & Freedman, J. L. (1964). Dissonance reduction and moral values. In Worchel, P. & Byrne, D. (Eds.), Personality change (pp. 220–243). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1961). Civilization and its discontents (Strachey, J., Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1930.)Google Scholar
Gino, F., & Ariely, D. (2012). The dark side of creativity: Original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 445–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gino, F., & Mogilner, C. (2014). Time, money, and morality. Psychological Science, 25, 414–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, J. D. (2013). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293, 2105–2108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, R. C., & Sackheim, H. A. (1979). Self-deception: A concept in search of a phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 147–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Moral internalization: Current theory and research. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 86–135). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In Suls, J. (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (pp.231–262). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In Lickona, T. (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues (pp. 31–53). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on moral development: Vol. 2. The psychology of moral development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunda, Z., & Schwartz, S. (1983). Undermining intrinsic moral motivation: External reward and self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 763–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lammers, J., Stapel, D. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). Power increases hypocrisy: Moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior. Psychological Science, 21, 737–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 215–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepper, M. R. (1983). Social-control processes and the internalization of social values: An attributional perspective. In Higgins, E. T., Ruble, D. N., & Hartup, W. W. (Eds.), Social cognition and social development (pp. 294–330). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J., & Clayton, S. (2011). Justice and self-interest: Two fundamental motives. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
List, J. A. (2007). On the interpretation of giving in dictator games. Journal of Political Economy, 115, 482–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 633–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mele, A. R. (1987). Irrationality: An essay on akrasia, self-deception, and self-control. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. (1997). Real self-deception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 91–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mele, A. R. (2001). Self-deception unmasked. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Prinz, J. (2006). The emotional basis of moral judgments. Philosophical Explorations, 9, 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalvi, S., Dana, J., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2011). Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012). Honesty requires time (and lack of justifications). Psychological Science, 23, 1264–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, M. L., Kleck, R. E., Strenta, A., & Mentzer, S. J. (1979). Avoidance of the handicapped: An attributional ambiguity analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2297–2306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staub, E. (1989). Individual and societal (group) values in a motivational perspective and their role in benevolence and harmdoing. In Eisenberg, N., Reykowski, J., & Staub, E. (Eds.), Social and moral values: Individual and societal perspectives (pp. 45–61). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Staub, E. (1990). Moral exclusion, personal goal theory, and extreme destructiveness. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 47–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Messick, D. M. (2004). Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior. Social Justice Research, 17, 223–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. (2007). Moral hypocrisy: Social groups and the flexibility of virtue. Psychological Science, 18, 689–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. (2008). The duality of virtue: Deconstructing the moral hypocrite. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1334–1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, L. C., Emich, K. J., & Goncalo, J. A. (2013). Stretching the moral grey zone: Positive affect, moral disengagement, and dishonesty. Psychological Science, 24, 595–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walton, M. D., & Sedlak, A. J. (1982). Making amends: A grammar-based analysis of children’s social interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 389–412.Google Scholar
Wicklund, R. A. (1975). Objective self-awareness. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 233–275). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
References
Apfelbaum, E. P., Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Seeing race and seeming racist? Evaluating strategic colorblindness in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanken, I., van de Ven, N., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 540–558. doi: 10.1177/0146167215572134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanken, I., van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Meijers, M. H. (2014). Three attempts to replicate the moral licensing effect. Social Psychology, 45(3), 232–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley-Geist, J. C., King, E. B., Skorinko, J., Hebl, M. R., & McKenna, C. (2010). Moral credentialing by association: The importance of choice and relationship closeness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1564–1575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brañas-Garza, P., Brucheli, M., Espinona Alejos, M. P., & Garcia-Muñoz, T. (2013). Moral cleansing and moral licenses: Experimental evidence. Economics and Philosophy, 29(2), 199–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, R. P., Tamborski, M., Wang, X., Barnes, C. D., Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Devenport, L. D. (2011). Moral credentialing and the rationalization of misconduct. Ethics and Behavior, 21(1). doi: 10.1080/10508422.2011.537566CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cascio, J., & Plant, E. A. (2015). Prospective moral licensing: Does anticipating doing good later allow you to be bad now? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 110–116. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiou, W.-B., Yang, C.-C., & Wan, C.-S. (2011). Ironic effects of dietary supplementation: Illusory invulnerability created by taking dietary supplements licenses health-risk behaviors. Psychological Science, 22(8), 1081–1086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clot, S., Grolleau, G., & Ibanez, L. (2014). Smug alert! Exploring self-licensing behaviour in a cheating game. Economics Letters, 123, 191–194. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, P., & Peetz, J. (2012). When does feeling moral actually make you a better person? Conceptual abstraction moderates whether past moral deeds motivate consistency or compensatory behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(7), 907–919. doi: 10.1177/0146167212442394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornelissen, G., Bashshur, M. R., & Rode, J. (2013). Rules or consequences? The role of ethical mindsets in moral dynamics. Psychological Science, 24(4), 482–488. doi: 10.1177/0956797612457376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croft, A., & Schmader, T. (2012). The feedback withholding bias: Minority students do not receive critical feedback from evaluators concerned about appearing racist. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1139–1144. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crosby, J. R., & Monin, B. (2007). Failure to warn: How student race affects warnings of potential academic difficulty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 663–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Witt Huberts, J. C., Evers, C., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2012). License to sin: Self-licensing as a mechanism underlying hedonic consumption. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 490–496. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Effron, D. A. (2014). Making mountains of morality from molehills of virtue: Threat causes people to overestimate their moral credentials. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(8), 972–985. doi: 10.1177/0146167214533131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Effron, D. A., Cameron, J. S., & Monin, B. (2009). Endorsing Obama licenses favoring Whites. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 590–593. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Effron, D. A., & Conway, P. (2015). When virtue leads to villany: Advances in research on moral self-licensing. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 32–35. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Effron, D. A., & Knowles, E. D. (2015). Entitativity and intergroup bias: How belonging to a cohesive group allows people to express their prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 234–253. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Effron, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (2012). How the moralization of issues grants social legitimacy to act on one’s attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(5), 690–701. doi: 10.1177/0146167211435982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Effron, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (2015). Do as I say, not as I’ve done: Suffering for a misdeed reduces the hypocrisy of advising others against it. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 131, 16–32. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.07.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Effron, D. A., Miller, D. T., & Monin, B. (2012). Inventing racist roads not taken: The licensing effect of immoral counterfactual behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 916–932. doi: 10.1037/a0030008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Letting people off the hook: When do good deeds excuse transgressions? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1618–1634. doi: 10.1177/0146167210385922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Effron, D. A., Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2013). The unhealthy road not taken: Licensing indulgence by exaggerating counterfactual sins. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 573–578. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishbach, A., & Dhar, R. (2005). Goals as excuses or guides: The liberating effect of perceived goal progress on choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 370–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gneezy, A., Imas, A., Brown, A., Nelson, L. D., & Norton, M. I. (2012). Paying to be nice: Consistency and costly prosocial behavior. Management Science, 58(1), 179–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493–503. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. In Mark, P. Z. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 69–119). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, G. P. (2015). Moral character in person perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 38–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, G. P., Piazza, J., & Rozin, P. (2014). Moral character predominates in person perception and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(1), 148–168. doi: 10.1037/a0034726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harber, K. D. (1998). Feedback to minorities: Evidence of a positive bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harber, K. D., Stafford, R., & Kennedy, K. A. (2010). The positive feedback bias as a response to self-image threat. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 207–218. doi: 10.1348/014466609x473956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, W., Wisneski, D. C., Brandt, M. J., & Skitka, L. J. (2014). Morality in everyday life. Science, 345(6202), 1340–1343. doi: 10.1126/science.1251560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, C. S., Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Getting acquainted in interracial interactions: Avoiding intimacy but approaching race. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(5), 557–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the cause of behavior. In Jones, E. E., Kanouse, E., Kelley, H. H., Nisbett, R. E., Valins, S., & Weiner, B. (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79–94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.Google Scholar
Joosten, A., van Dijke, M., Van Hiel, A., & De Cremer, D. (2013). Feel good, do-good!? On consistency and compensation in moral self-regulation. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 71–84.Google Scholar
Jordan, J., Mullen, E., & Murnighan, J. K. (2011). Striving for the moral self: The effects of recalling past moral actions on future moral behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 701–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A., & DePaulo, B. M. (1993). Do people know how others view them? An empirical and theoretical account. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 145–161. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.114.1.145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, U., & Dhar, R. (2006). Licensing effect in consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(2), 259–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, U., & Dhar, R. (2007). Where there is a way, there is a will? The effect of future choices on self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 277–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klotz, A. C., & Bolino, M. C. (2013). Citizenship and counterproductive work behavior: A moral licensing view. Academy of Management Review, 38(2), 292–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kouchaki, M. (2011). Vicarious moral licensing: The influence of others’ past moral actions on moral behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 702–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kronick, I., & Knäuper, B. (2010). Temptations elicit compensatory intentions. Appetite, 54(2), 398–401. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruger, J., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Actions, intentions, and self-assessment: The road to self-enhancement is paved with good intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 328–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krumm, A. J., & Corning, A. F. (2008). Who believes us when we try to conceal our prejudices? The effectiveness of moral credentials with in-groups versus out-groups. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(6), 689–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lönnqvist, J.-E., Irlenbusch, B., & Walkowitz, G. (2014). Moral hypocrisy: Impression management or self-deception? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, N. H., & Kawakami, K. (2012). The long, steep path to equality: Progressing on egalitarian goals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 187–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mather, M., Shafir, E., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Misremembrance of options past: Source monitoring and choice. Psychological Science, 11(2), 132–138. doi: 10.1111/1467–9280.00228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, M., Shafir, E., & Johnson, M. K. (2003). Remembering chosen and assigned options. Memory & Cognition, 31(3), 422–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, F., & Irmak, C. (2014). Licensing indulgence in the present by distorting memories of past behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(3), 624–641. doi: 10.1086/676981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazar, N., & Zhong, C.-B. (2010). Do green products make us better people? Psychological Science, 21, 494–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., Fein, S., Savitsky, K., Tuller, D. M., & Monin, B. (2012). The strategic pursuit of moral credentials. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 774–777. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 344–357. doi: 10.1111/j.1751–9004.2010.00263.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milkman, K. L., Rogers, T., & Bazerman, M. H. (2008). Harnessing our inner angels and demons: What we have learned about want/should conflicts and how that knowledge can help us reduce short-sighted decision making. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4), 324–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, D. T., & Effron, D. A. (2010). Psychological license: When it is needed and how it functions. In Zanna, M. P. & Olson, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 43, pp. 117–158). San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier.Google Scholar
Miller, D. T., Effron, D. A., & Zak, S. V. (2009). From moral outrage to social protest: The role of psychological standing. In Kay, A. C., Bobocel, D. R., Zanna, M. P., & Olson, J. M. (Eds.), The psychology of justice and legitimacy: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 11, pp. 103–123). New York: Psychological Press.Google Scholar
Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 33–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukhopadhyay, A., & Johar, G. V. (2009). Indulgence as self-reward for prior shopping restraint: A justification-based mechanism. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3), 334–345. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.02.016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, A., Sengupta, J., & Ramanathan, S. (2008). Recalling past temptations: An information-processing perspective on the dynamics of self-control. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(4), 586–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormiston, M. E., & Wong, E. M. (2013). License to ill: The effects of corporate social responsibility and CEO moral identity on corporate social irresponsibility. Personnel Psychology, 66(4), 861–893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (1995). Being fair or appearing fair: Strategic behavior in ultimatum bargaining. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1408–1426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polman, E., Pettit, N. C., & Wiesenfeld, B. M. (2013). Effects of wrongdoer status on moral licensing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(4), 614–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratner, R. K., & Miller, D. T. (2001). The norm of self-interest and its effects on social action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 5–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richard, F. D., Bond, C. F., Jr., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7(4), 331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M., & Buehler, R. (1994). Creative remembering. In Neisser, U. & Fivush, R. (Eds.), The remembering self (pp. 205–235). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M., McFarland, C., & Fletcher, G. J. (1981). The effect of attitude on the recall of personal histories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(4), 627–634. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.40.4.627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruscher, J. B., Wallace, D. L., Walker, K. M., & Bell, L. H. (2010). Constructive feedback in cross-race interactions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13(5), 603–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20, 523–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shu, L. L., & Gino, F. (2012). Sweeping dishonesty under the rug: How unethical actions lead to forgetting of moral rules. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1164–1177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strohminger, N., & Nichols, S. (2014). The essential moral self. Cognition, 131(1), 159–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Susewind, M., & Hoelzl, E. (2014). A matter of perspective: Why past moral behavior can sometimes encourage and other times discourage future moral striving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(3), 201–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiefenbeck, V., Staake, T., Roth, K., & Sachs, O. (2013). For better or for worse? Empirical evidence of moral licensing in a behavioral energy conservation campaign. Energy Policy, 57(0), 160–171. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towles-Schwen, T., & Fazio, R. (2003). Choosing social situations: The relation between automatically activated racial attitudes and anticipated comfort interacting with African Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 170–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urbszat, D., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2002). Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we diet: Effects of anticipated deprivation on food intake in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waytz, A., Dungan, J., & Young, L. (2013). The whistleblower’s dilemma and the fairness–loyalty tradeoff. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 1027–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, J. A., & Plous, S. (1995). Self-enhancement and social responsibility: On caring more, but doing less, than others. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1297–1318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiltermuth, S. S. (2011). Cheating more when the spoils are split. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 157–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, C.-B., Ku, G., Lount, R. B., & Murnighan, J. K. (2010). Compensatory ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(3), 323–339. doi: 10.1007/s10551-009–0161-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, C.-B., Liljenquist, K., & Cain, D. M. (2009). Moral self-regulation: Licensing and compensation. In De Cremer, D. (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on ethical behavior and decision making (pp. 75–89). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
Zitek, E. M., Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., & Leach, F. R. (2010). Victim entitlement to behave selfishly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Aquino, K. F., & Reed, A. II (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 1423–1440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24, 3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. M., & McClintock, C. G. (1967). Value: Behavioral decision theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 18, 239–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boles, T. L., Croson, R. T. A., & Murnighan, J. (2000). Deception and retribution in repeated ultimatum bargaining. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83, 235–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camerer, C., & Thaler, R. H. (1995). Anomalies: Ultimatums, dictators and manners. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9, 209–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cayne, B. S. (Ed.). (1991). Webster’s dictionary of the English language (1991 Edition). New York: Lexicon.Google Scholar
Dees, J. G., & Cramton, P. C. (1991). Shrewd bargaining on the moral frontier: Toward a theory of morality in practice. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1, 135–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaulo, B. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M., & Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, W. (1961). Behavioral decision theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 12, 473–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. (1985). Telling lies. In Cues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Fellner, G., & Güth, W. (2003). What limits escalation? Varying threat power in an ultimatum experiment. Economics Letters, 80, 53–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gneezy, U. (2005). Deception: The role of consequences. The American Economic Review, 95, 384–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental-analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3, 367–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handgraaf, M. J. J., Van Dijk, E., & De Cremer, D. (2003). Social utility in ultimatum bargaining. Social Justice Research, 16, 263–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagel, J. H., Kim, C., & Moser, D. (1996). Fairness in ultimatum games with asymmetric information and asymmetric payoffs. Games and Economic Behavior, 13, 100–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations. A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Komorita, S. S., & Parks, C. D. (1995). Interpersonal relations: Mixed-motive interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koning, L. (2011). An instrumental approach to deception in bargaining. Unpublished dissertation. Leiden University, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Koning, L., Steinel, W., Van Beest, I., & Van Dijk, E. (2011). Power and deception in bargaining. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 35–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koning, L., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., & Steinel, W. (2010). An instrumental account of deception and reactions to deceit in bargaining. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20, 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, E. A., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2014). Are liars ethical? On the tension between benevolence and honesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 53, 107–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, E. A., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2015). Prosocial lies: When deception breeds trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 126, 88–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewicki, R. J. (1983). Lying and deception: A behavioral model. In Bazerman, M. H. & Lewicki, R. J. (Eds.), Negotiating in organizations (pp. 68–90). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lewicki, R. J., Saunders, D. M., & Barry, B. (2010). Negotiation (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Liebrand, W. B. G., Jansen, R., Rijken, V. M., & Suhre, C. (1986). Might over morality: The interaction between social values and the interpretation of decision-making in experimental games. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 203–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, T. R., & Biglan, A. (1971). Instrumentality theories: Current uses in psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 432–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, K. M., & Carnevale, P. J. (1997). A nasty but effective negotiation strategy: Misrepresentation of a common-value issue. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 504–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (1995). Being fair or appearing fair: Strategic behavior in ultimatum bargaining. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1408–1426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (2003). Fairness in bargaining. Social Justice Research, 16, 241–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, J. Z., & Brown, B. (1975). The social psychology of bargaining and negotiations. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sattler, D. N., & Kerr, N. L. (1991). Might versus morality explored: Motivational and cognitive bases for social motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 756–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, M. E., & Croson, R. (1999). Curtailing deception: The impact of direct questions on lies and omissions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 10, 225–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweitzer, M. E., DeChurch, L., & Gibson, D. E. (2005). Conflict frames and the use of deception: Are competitive negotiators less ethical? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2123–2149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalvi, S., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2014). Oxytocin promotes group-serving dishonesty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 5503–5507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinel, W., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2004). Social motives and strategic misrepresentation in social decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 419–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinel, W., Utz, S., & Koning, L. (2010). The good, the bad and the ugly thing to do when sharing information: Revealing, concealing and lying depend on social motivation, distribution and importance of information. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straub, P. G., & Murnighan, J. K. (1995). An experimental investigation of ultimatum games: Information, fairness, expectations, and lowest acceptable offers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 345–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strudler, A. (1995). On the ethics of deception in negotiation. Business Ethics Quarterly, 5, 805–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suleiman, R. (1996). Expectations and fairness in a modified ultimatum game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 7, 531–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenbrunsel, A. E. (1998). Misrepresentation and expectations of misrepresentation in an ethical dilemma: The role of incentives and temptation. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 330–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, R. H. (1992). The winner’s curse: Paradoxes and anomalies of economic life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Van Beest, I., Andeweg, R., Koning, L., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2008). Do groups exclude others more readily than individuals in coalition formation? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 11, 69–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Murnighan, J. K. (2011). Honesty pays: On the benefits of having and disclosing information in coalition bargaining. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 738–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dijk, E., Van Kleef, G. A., Steinel, W., & Van Beest, I. (2008). A social functional approach to emotions in bargaining: When communicating anger pays and when it backfires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 600–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dijk, E., & Vermunt, R. (2000). Strategy and fairness in social decision making: Sometimes it pays to be powerless. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Lange, P. A. M. (1999). The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 337–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Lange, P. A. M., De Cremer, D., Van Dijk, E., & Van Vugt, M. (2007). Self-interest and beyond: Basic principles of social interaction. In Kruglanski, A. W. & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 540–561). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Van Lange, P. A. M., & Kuhlman, D. M. (1994). Social value orientations and impressions of partner’s honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 126–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Lange, P. A. M., Otten, W., De Bruin, E. M. N., & Joireman, J. A. (1997). Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 733–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrij, A. (2001). Detecting lies and deceit: The psychology of lying and the implications for professional practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar