Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T01:39:13.102Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - Low Levels of Wisdom

Foolishness

from Part VI - Wisdom and Other Psychological Constructs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2019

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Judith Glück
Affiliation:
Universität Klagenfurt, Austria
Get access

Summary

Why do we sometimes act foolishly? An intuitive answer to this question could be that people who act foolishly are not smart. However, as this chapter illustrates, intelligence, rationality, and wisdom are not interchangeable concepts. Foolishness can be approached from two distinct directions: An action can be regarded as foolish either if it deviates from normative models, such as logic or probability principles, or, plainly, if it seems foolish in people’s eyes. Following a thorough discussion of these approaches, we conclude that the eradication of humanity’s self-destruction requires finding methods for educating wisdom as well as a more comprehensive exploration of the origins of foolishness in our own lives.
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aczel, B., Bago, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., & Lukacs, B. (2015a). Is it time for studying real-life debiasing? Evaluation of the effectiveness of an analogical intervention technique. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01120Google ScholarPubMed
Aczel, B., Bago, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., & Lukacs, B. (2015b). Measuring Individual Differences in Decision Biases: Methodological Considerations. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aczel, B., Palfi, B., & Kekecs, Z. (2015). What is stupid?: People's conception of unintelligent behavior. Intelligence, 53, 51–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1990). The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Arkes, H. R., & Ayton, P. (1999). The sunk cost and Concorde effects: Are humans less rational than lower animals? Psychological Bulletin, 125(5), 591600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1985). Rationality and intelligence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1993). Why teach thinking?-‐An essay. Applied Psychology, 42(3), 191214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazerman, M. H. (1984). The relevance of Kahneman and Tversky's concept of framing to organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 10(3), 333–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazerman, M. H. (1990). Judgment in managerial decision making (2nd edn.). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Boxsel, M., van Pomerans, A., & Pomerans, E. (2003). The encyclopaedia of stupidity. Translated by Arnold Pomerans and Erica Pomerans. London: Reaktion.Google Scholar
Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2007). Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 938–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 366381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burson, K. A., Larrick, R. P., & Klayman, J. (2006). Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: how perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibration in relative comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 6077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buskist, W., & Irons, J. G. (2008). Simple strategies for teaching your students to think critically. In Dunn, D. S., Halonen, J. S., & Smith, R. A. (Eds.), Teaching critical thinking in psychology: A handbook of best practices (pp. 4957). Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, H. A. (2012). Halpern critical thinking assessment predicts real-‐world outcomes of critical thinking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 721–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, H. A., Pentoney, C., & Bong, M. P. (2017). Predicting real-world outcomes: Critical thinking ability is a better predictor of life decisions than intelligence. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 25, 3846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, B. G. (2009a). Clever sillies: Why high IQ people tend to be deficient in common sense. Medical Hypotheses, 73(6), 867–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlton, B. G. (2009b). Why are modern scientists so dull? How science selects for perseverance and sociability at the expense of intelligence and creativity. Medical Hypotheses, 72(3), 237–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chater, N., Felin, T., Funder, D. C., Gigerenzer, G., Koenderink, J. J., Krueger, J. I., et al. (2017). Mind, rationality, and cognition: An interdisciplinary debate. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(2), 793826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowie, M. (1981, May). The nuclear industry's strategy to divide & destroy the opposition. Mother Jones, VI(IV), 21–5.Google Scholar
Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 83–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2012). An evaluation of argument mapping as a method of enhancing critical thinking performance in e-learning environments. Metacognition and Learning, 7(3), 219–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennis, R. (1991). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. Teaching Philosophy, 14(1), 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franco, A. H., Butler, H. A., & Halpern, D. F. (2014). Teaching critical thinking to promote learning. In Dunn, D. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of undergraduate psychology education (pp. 6574). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103(4), 650–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafton, R. Q., Kompas, T., & Hilborn, R. W. (2007). Economics of overexploitation revisited. Science, 318(5856), 1601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haran, U., Ritov, I., & Mellers, B. A. (2013). The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(3), 188201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyman, R. (2002). Why and when are smart people stupid. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 123). London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. A., Kleitman, S., Howie, P., & Stankov, L. (2016). Cognitive abilities, monitoring confidence, and control thresholds explain individual differences in heuristics and biases. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01559.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, G., & Writer, A. P. (2006). Governor seeks to take control of Big Dig inspections. Boston, MA: Globe.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. Management Science, 12(1979), 313–27.Google Scholar
Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, E. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Larrick, R. P. (2004). Debiasing. In Koehler, D. J. & Harvey, N. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 316–37). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, S. (2007, December 26). On Dec. 31, It's Official: Boston's Big Dig Will Be Done. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/25/AR2007122500600.htmlGoogle Scholar
Livraghi, G. (2009). The power of stupidity. Pescara: Monti & Ambrosini SRL.Google Scholar
Lovallo, D., & Kahneman, D. (2003). Delusions of success. Harvard Business Review, 81(7), 5663.Google ScholarPubMed
Mathiesen, Á. M. (2015). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
McCarthy, A. M., Schoorman, F. D., & Cooper, A. C. (1993). Reinvestment decisions by entrepreneurs: Rational decision-making or escalation of commitment? Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moldoveanu, M., & Langer, E. (2003). When “Stupid” is smarter than we are. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 212–31). London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, G. F. (2008). Why smart people do stupid things: Revised and updated. iUniverse.Google Scholar
Owen, D., & Davidson, J. (2009). Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years. Brain, 132(5), 1396–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, D. N., Jay, E., & Tishman, S. (1993). Beyond abilities: A dispositional theory of thinking. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982–), 121.Google Scholar
Petzet, H. W. (1993). Encounters and dialogues with Martin Heidegger, 1929–1976. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pitkin, W. B. (1932). A short introduction to the history of human stupidity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1967). The tacit dimension. New York, NY: Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Redelmeier, D. A., & Tversky, A. (1990). Discrepancy between medical decisions for individual patients and for groups. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(16), 1162–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russo, J. E., & Schoemaker, P. J. (2002). Winning decisions: Getting it right the first time. New York, NY: Crown Business.Google Scholar
Saks, M. J., & Kidd, R. F. (1980). Human information processing and adjudication: Trial by heuristics. Law and Society Review, 15(1), 123–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2012). On the distinction between rationality and intelligence: Implications for understanding individual differences in reasoning. In Holyoak, K. J. & Morrison, R. G. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 343–65). New York, NY: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 672–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011). Intelligence and rationality. In Sternberg, R. J. & Kaufman, S. B., Cambridge handbook of intelligence (pp. 784826). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002a). Smart people are not stupid, but they sure can be foolish: The imbalance theory of foolishness. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 232–42). London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002b). Why smart people can be so stupid. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Reznitskaya, A., & Jarvin, L. (2007). Teaching for wisdom: What matters is not just what students know, but how they use it. London Review of Education, 5(2), 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabori, P. (1993). The natural history of stupidity. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, R. (2012). The winner's curse: Paradoxes and anomalies of economic life. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Thompson, S. C., & Kelley, H. H. (1981). Judgments of responsibility for activities in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 469–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibballs, G. (1999). Business blunders. London: Robinson.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (2003). The politics of collective violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hecke, M. L. (2007). Blind spots: Why smart people do dumb things. New York, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Waterfield, R. A. (1987). Plato: Theaetetus. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Welles, J. F. (1996). Story of stupidity. Amereon Limited.Google Scholar
Willmott, H. P. (2002). When men lost faith in reason: Reflections on war and society in the twentieth century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Zell, E., & Krizan, Z. (2014). Do people have insight into their abilities? A metasynthesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(2), 111–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×