Bilingual Lexical Processing

Part II - Bilingual Lexical Processing

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2019

Edited by

Roberto R. Heredia and

Anna B. Cieślicka

Show author details

Roberto R. Heredia: Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Anna B. Cieślicka: Affiliation:
Texas A & M University

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution , pp. 69 - 156

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316535967 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acheson, D. J., Ganushchak, L. Y., Christoffels, I. K., & Hagoort, P. (2012). Conflict monitoring in speech production: Physiological evidence from bilingual picture naming. Brain and Language, 123(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.08.008 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2005). Covert bilingual language activation through cognate processing: An eye-tracking study. In Bara, B. G, Barsalou, L. W., and Bucciarelli, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 286–291). Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000). Orthography plays a critical role in cognate priming: Evidence from French/English and Arabic/French cognates. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 1289–1296. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211829 Google Scholar

Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(04), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990204 Google Scholar

Broersma, M., Carter, D., & Acheson, D. J. (2016). Cognate costs in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01461 Google Scholar

Broersma, M., & De Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(01), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728905002348 Google Scholar

Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2013). Cognate and word class ambiguity effects in noun and verb processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(9), 1350–1377. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.718353 CrossRef Google Scholar

Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cognate effects in sentence context depend on word class, L2 proficiency, and task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(6), 1214–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.853090 Google Scholar

Christoffels, I., De Groot, A. M. B., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(3), 324–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.004 Google Scholar

Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192–208.Google Scholar

Clyne, M. (1980). Triggering and language processing. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 34(4), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0081102 Google Scholar

Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Colomé, À., & Miozzo, M. (2010). Which words are activated during bilingual word production? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017677 Google Scholar PubMed

Comesaña, M., Coelho, R., Oliveira, H., & Paula Soares, A. (2018). How letter order is encoded in bilingual reading? The role of deviant-letter position in cognate word recognition. Speech, Language and Hearing, 21(2), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/2050571X.2017.1369049 CrossRef Google Scholar

Comesaña, M., Ferré, P., Romero, J., Guasch, M., Soares, A. P., & García-Chico, T. (2015). Facilitative effect of cognate words vanishes when reducing the orthographic overlap: The role of stimuli list composition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(3), 614–635. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000065 Google Scholar

Comesaña, M., Sánchez-Casas, R., Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Rauber, A., Frade, S., & Fraga, I. (2012). The interplay of phonology and orthography in visual cognate word recognition: An ERP study. Neuroscience Letters, 529(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.010 Google Scholar

Comesaña, M., Soares, A. P., Sánchez-Casas, R., & Lima, C. (2012). Lexical and semantic representations in the acquisition of L2 cognate and non-cognate words: Evidence from two learning methods in children. British Journal of Psychology, 103(3), 378–392. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02080.x Google Scholar

Cop, U., Dirix, N., van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Duyck, W. (2017). Reading a book in one or two languages? An eye movement study of cognate facilitation in L1 and L2 reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(04), 747–769. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000213 Google Scholar

Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283–1296.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilingual’s two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41(3), 365–397.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94(1), 94–103.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

De Groot, A. M. B., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50(1), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023–8333.00110 Google Scholar

De Groot, A. M. B., & Nas, G. L. J. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(1), 90–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90012–9 CrossRef Google Scholar

Declerck, M., Koch, I., & Philipp, A. M. (2012). Digits vs. pictures: The influence of stimulus type on language switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 896–904. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000193 Google Scholar

Degani, T., Prior, A., & Hajajra, W. (2018). Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 782–804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000311 CrossRef Google Scholar

Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 496–518. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2654 CrossRef Google Scholar

Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, H. (2010). How cross-language similarity and task demands affect cognate recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(3), 284–301.Google Scholar

Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(03), 175–197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728902003012 Google Scholar

Duñabeitia, J. A., Dimitropoulou, M., Dowens, M. G., Molinaro, N., & Martin, C. (2016). The electrophysiology of the bilingual brain. In Heredia, R. R., Altarriba, J., & Cieślicka, A. B. (Eds.), Methods in bilingual reading comprehension research (pp. 265–312). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–1-4939–2993-1_11 Google Scholar

Duyck, W., van Assche, E., & Hartsuiker, R. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 663–679.Google Scholar

Friel, B. M., & Kennison, S. M. (2001). Identifying German–English cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates: Methodological issues and descriptive norms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(03) 249-274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000438 Google Scholar

García, A. M., Ibanez, A., Huepe, D., Houck, A. L., Michon, M., Lezama, C. G., … & Rivera-Rei, A. (2014). Word reading and translation in bilinguals: the impact of formal and informal translation expertise. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01302 Google Scholar

Gullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00278 Google Scholar

Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition, 106(1), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ivanova, I., & Costa, A. (2008). Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 277–288.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 797–819. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068X Google Scholar

Kroll, J. F., Dijkstra, T., Janssen, T., & Schriefers, H. (2000). Selecting the language in which to speak: Experiments on lexical access in bilingual production. Paper presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA, November 16–19.Google Scholar

Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 CrossRef Google Scholar

Lauro, J., & Schwartz, A. I. (2017). Bilingual non-selective lexical access in sentence contexts: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.010 Google Scholar

Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Baayen, R. H., Grainger, J., & Zwitserlood, P. (2008). Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A megastudy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278–7393.34.1.12 Google Scholar

Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 585–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000007 Google Scholar

Lemhöfer, K., Huestegge, L., & Mulder, K. (2018). Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(8), 968–991. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1433863 Google Scholar

Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018a). Cognates facilitate switches and then confusion: Contrasting effects of cascade versus feedback on language selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(6), 974–991. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000497 Google Scholar PubMed

Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018b). Cognates interfere with language selection but enhance monitoring in connected speech. Memory and Cognition, 46(6), 923–939. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018–0812–x Google Scholar

Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381–390.Google Scholar

Lijewska, A., & Chmiel, A. (2015). Cognate facilitation in sentence context – translation production by interpreting trainees and non-interpreting trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 358–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2014.959961 Google Scholar

Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language Learning, 48(1), 31–69.Google Scholar

Mieszkowska, K., & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2015). Is A2 in German better than B2 in French when reading Danish? The role of prior language knowledge when faced with an unknown language. In De Angelis, G., Jessner, U., & Kresic, M. (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence and crosslinguistic interaction in multilingual language learning (pp. 213–234). London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474235884 Google Scholar

Myers-Scotton, C. (2005). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism (1st ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Nakayama, M., Verdonschot, R. G., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J. (2014). The masked cognate translation priming effect for different-script bilinguals is modulated by the phonological similarity of cognate words: Further support for the phonological account. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26(7), 714–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.953167 Google Scholar

Otwinowska, A., & Szewczyk, J. M. (2017). The more similar the better? Factors in learning cognates, false cognates and non-cognate words. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1325834 Google Scholar

Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2009). Raising awareness of cognate vocabulary as a strategy in teaching English to Polish adults. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501220802283186 Google Scholar

Peeters, D., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (2013). The representation and processing of identical cognates by late bilinguals: RT and ERP effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(4), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.12.003 Google Scholar

Pivneva, I., Mercier, J., & Titone, D. (2014). Executive control modulates cross-language lexical activation during L2 reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(3), 787–796. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035583 Google Scholar

Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012). Cross-language activation in children’s speech production: Evidence from second language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(3), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.09.008 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cross-language activation in same-script and different-script trilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(6), 693–716.Google Scholar

Poort, E. D., & Rodd, J. M. (2017). The cognate facilitation effect in bilingual lexical decision is influenced by stimulus list composition. Acta Psychologica, 180, 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.008 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Poort, E. D., Warren, J. E., & Rodd, J. M. (2016). Recent experience with cognates and interlingual homographs in one language affects subsequent processing in another language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(01), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000395 CrossRef Google Scholar

Pureza, R., Soares, A. P., & Comesaña, M. (2016). Cognate status, syllable position and word length on bilingual Tip-Of-the-Tongue states induction and resolution. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(03), 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000206 Google Scholar

Santesteban, M., & Costa, A. (2016). Are cognate words “special”?: On the role of cognate words in language switching performance. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Bilingual processing and acquisition, Vol. 2 (pp. 97–126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.2.05san Google Scholar

Schepens, J., Dijkstra, T., & Grootjen, F. (2012). Distributions of cognates in Europe as based on Levenshtein distance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(01), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000623 Google Scholar

Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.03.004 Google Scholar

Starreveld, P. A., De Groot, A. M. B., Rossmark, B. M. M., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Parallel language activation during word processing in bilinguals: Evidence from word production in sentence context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(02), 258–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000308 Google Scholar

Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20(4), 912–928. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp153 Google Scholar

Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2011). Cognate facilitation effects in trilingual word recognition. Studies in Second Language, 1(2), 189–208.Google Scholar

Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2015). Multilingual lexical recognition in the mental lexicon of third language users. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Tessel, C. A., Levy, E. S., Gitterman, M., & Shafer, V. L. (2018). Neurophysiological indices of the effect of cognates on vowel perception in late Spanish-English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 68, 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.03.004 Google Scholar

Titone, D., Libben, M., Mercier, J., Whitford, V., & Pivneva, I. (2011). Bilingual lexical access during L1 sentence reading: The effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1–L2 intermixing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(6), 1412–1431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024492 Google Scholar

Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J. F., De Groot, A. M. B., & van Hell, J. G. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch—English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, 34(3), 435–451.Google Scholar

Tonzar, C., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2009). L2 vocabulary acquisition in children: Effects of learning method and cognate status. Language Learning, 59(3), 623–646.Google Scholar

van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(1), 88–107.Google Scholar

van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Verb processing by bilinguals in sentence contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(02), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000873 CrossRef Google Scholar

van Assche, E., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009). Does bilingualism change native-language reading? Cognate effects in a sentence context. Psychological Science, 20(8), 923–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2009.02389.x Google Scholar

van Hell, J. G., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(03), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000352 Google Scholar

van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,9(4), 780–789. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196335 Google Scholar

van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 15(3), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197716 Google Scholar

Verhoef, K. M. W., Roelofs, A., & Chwilla, D. J. (2010). Electrophysiological evidence for endogenous control of attention in switching between languages in overt picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(8), 1832–1843. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21291 Google Scholar

Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory and Cognition, 35(5), 938–952.Google Scholar

Zhou, H., Chen, B., Yang, M., & Dunlap, S. (2010). Language nonselective access to phonological representations: Evidence from Chinese–English bilinguals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(10), 2051–2066. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470211003718705 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

References

Alario, F., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 140–155Google Scholar

Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2013). Cross-linguistic similarity and task demands for Japanese-English bilingual processing. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72631.Google Scholar

Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2014). Cross-linguistic similarity norms for Japanese-English translation equivalents. Behavioral Research Methods, 46(2), 540–563.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Altarriba, J., & Gianico, J. (2003). Lexical ambiguity resolution across languages: A theoretical and empirical review. Experimental Psychology, 50(3), 159–170.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Arêas da Luz Fontes, A., & Schwartz, A. (2010). On a different plane: Cross-language effects on the conceptual representations of within-language homonyms. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 508–532.Google Scholar

Basnight-Brown, D., Kazanas, S., & Altarriba, J. (2018). Translation ambiguity in Mandarin-English bilinguals: Translation production differences in concrete, abstract and emotion words. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.17037.bas CrossRef Google Scholar

Boada, R., Sánchez-Casas, R., Gavilán, J., García-Albea, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Effect of multiple translations and cognate status in translation recognition performance of balanced bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 183–197.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000). Orthography plays a critical role in cognate priming: Evidence from French-English and Arabic-French cognate. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 1289–1296.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bracken, J., Degani, T., Eddington, C., & Tokowicz, N. (2017). Translation semantic variability: How semantic relatedness affects learning of translation-ambiguous words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(4), 783–794.Google Scholar

Brysbeart, M., & Duyck, W. (2010). Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 359–371.CrossRef Google Scholar

Clifton, C., Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (Eds.). (1994). Perspectives on sentence processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Cristoffanini, P., Kirsner, K., & Milech, D. (1986). Bilingual lexical representation: The status of Spanish-English cognates. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(3), 367–393.CrossRef Google Scholar

De Groot, A. (1992). Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 1001–1018.Google Scholar

De Groot, A., & Nas, G. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 90–123.Google Scholar

Degani, T., & Goldberg, M. (2019). How individual differences affect learning of translation-ambiguous vocabulary. Language Learning, 69(3), 600–651.Google Scholar

Degani, T., Prior, A., Eddingtion, C., Arêas da Luz Fontes, A., Tokowicz, N. (2016). Determinants of translation ambiguity: A within and cross-language comparison. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(3), 290–307.Google Scholar

Degani, T., Prior, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Bidirectional transfer: The effect of sharing a translation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 18–28.Google Scholar

Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2010). Ambiguous words are hard to learn. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 399–314.Google Scholar

Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Cross-language influences: Translation status affects intraword sense relatedness. Memory and Cognition, 41(7), 1046–1064.Google Scholar

Degani, T., Tseng, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2014). Together or apart? Learning of ambiguous words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(4), 749–765.Google Scholar

Eddington, C., Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2019). English and German translation norms: Examining translation ambiguity across proficiency levels.Google Scholar

Eddington, C., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Examining English-German translation ambiguity using primed translation recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 442–457.Google Scholar

Elston-Güttler, K., & Williams, J. (2008). L1 polysemy affects L2 meaning interpretation: Evidence for L1 concepts active during L2 reading. Second Language Research, 24, 167–187.Google Scholar

Forster, K., & Chambers, S. (1973). Lexical access and naming time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 627–635.Google Scholar

Frenck-Mestre, C., & Prince, P. (1997). Second language autonomy. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 481–501.Google Scholar

Garthercole, V., & Moawad, R. (2010). Semantic interaction in early and late bilinguals: All words are not created equally. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 385–408.Google Scholar

Gearailt, D. (2005). Dictionary characteristics in cross-language information retrieval. Technical report No. 616. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-616.pdf Google Scholar

Gernsbacher, M., Robertson, R., & Werner, N. (2002). The costs and benefits of meaning. In Gorfein, D. & David, S. (Eds.), On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity: Decade of behavior (pp. 119–137). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., Slattery, T., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 186–209.Google Scholar

Gorfien, D. (Ed.) (2002). On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Grainger, J., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (1998). Masked priming by translation equivalents in proficient bilinguals. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(6), 601–623.CrossRef Google Scholar

Guo, T., Misra, M., Tam, J., & Kroll, J. (2012). On the time course of accessing meaning in a second language: An electrophysiological and behavioral investigation of translation recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(5), 1165–1186.Google Scholar

Jiang, N. (2002). Form-meaning mapping in vocabulary acquisition in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 617–637.CrossRef Google Scholar

Jiang, N. (2004). Semantic transfer and its implications for vocabulary teaching in a second language. The Modern Language Journal, 88(30), 416–432.Google Scholar

Kambe, G., Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (2001). Global context effects on processing lexically ambiguous words: Evidence from eye fixations. Memory and Cognition, 29, 363–372.Google Scholar

Kellas, G., Ferraro, F., & Simpson, G. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and the timecourse of attentional allocation in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 601–609.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149–174.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2001). The development of conceptual representation for words in a second language. In Nicol, J. (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 49–71). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2005). Models of bilingual representation and processing: Looking back and to the future. In Kroll, J. & De Groot, A. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 531–554). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., van Hell, J., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373–381.Google Scholar

Lalor, E., & Kirsner, K. (2001). The representation of “false cognates” in the bilingual lexicon. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8(3), 552–559.Google Scholar

Laxén, J., & Lavaur, J.-M. (2010). The role of semantics in translation recognition: Effects of number of translations, dominance of translations and semantic relatedness of multiple translations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 157–183.Google Scholar

Lemhöfer, K., & Dijkstra, T. (2004). Recognizing cognates and interlingual homographs: Effects of code similarity in language-specific and generalized lexical decision. Memory and Cognition, 32, 533–550.Google Scholar

Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 585–611.Google Scholar

Libben, M. (2017). Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 103–122). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (2017). The dynamic lexicon: Complex words in bilingual minds. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 1–7). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Libben, G., & Schwieter, J. W. (2019). Lexical organization and reorganization in the multilingual mind. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The handbook of the neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 297–312). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language Learning, 48(1), 31–69.Google Scholar

Lu, Y., Wu, J., Dunlap, S., & Chen, B. (2017). The inhibitory mechanism in learning ambiguous words in a second language. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(636).CrossRef Google Scholar

Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistic semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Malt, B., & Sloman, S. (2003). Linguistic diversity and object naming by non-native speakers of English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 47–67.Google Scholar

Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., Degani, T., & Smith, C. (2011). Individual differences in the ability to resolve translation ambiguity across languages. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8, 79–97.Google Scholar

Morford, J., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Pinar, P., & Kroll, J. (2010). When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translation? Cognition, 118, 286–292.Google Scholar

Nelson, D., McEvoy, C., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory and Cognition, 28, 887–899.Google Scholar

Oldfield, R., & Wingfield, A. (1965). Response latencies in naming objects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 273–281.Google Scholar

Peterson, R., & Savoy, P. (1998). Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 539–557.Google Scholar

Prior, A., Kroll, J., & MacWhinney, B. (2013). Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(2), 458–474.Google Scholar

Prior, A., MacWhinney, B., & Kroll, J. (2007). Translation norms for English and Spanish: The role of lexical variables, word class, and L2 proficiency in negotiating translation ambiguity. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 1029–1038.Google Scholar

Prior, A., Wintner, S., MacWhinney, B., & Lavie, A. (2011). Translation in and out of context. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 93–111.Google Scholar

Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory and Cognition, 14, 191–201.Google Scholar

Sánchez-Casas, R. M., Davis, C. W., & García-Albea, J. E. (1992). Bilingual lexical processing: Exploring the cognate/non-cognate distinction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4(4), 293–310.Google Scholar

Sánchez-Casas, R., & García-Albea, J. (2005). The representation of cognate and noncognate words in bilingual memory: Can cognate status be characterized as a special kind of morphological relation? In Kroll, J. & De Groot, A. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 226–250). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Schönpflug, U. (1997). Bilingualism and memory. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Bilingualism, Newcastle, UK, April 9–12.Google Scholar

Schoonbaert, S., Duyck, W., Brysbaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2009). Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back: Making sense of the findings. Memory and Cognition, 37(5), 569–586.Google Scholar

Schwarz, A., & Kroll, J. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 197–212.Google Scholar

Smith, Y., Walters, J., & Prior, A. (2012). Translation norms for Hebrew and English. Edmond J. Safra Foundation Technical Report, No. 2012–1.Google Scholar

Tokowicz, N. (2014). Translation ambiguity affects language processing, learning, and representation. In Miller, R., Martin, K., Eddington, C., Henery, A., Marcos Miguel, N., Tseng, A., Tuninetti, A., & Walter, D. (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 2012 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 170–180). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar

Tokowicz, N., & Degani, T. (2010). Translation ambiguity: Consequences for learning and processing. In VanPatten, B. & Jegerski, J. (Eds.), Research on second language processing and parsing (pp. 281–293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Tokowicz, N., & Kroll, J. (2007). Number of meanings and concreteness: Consequences of ambiguity within and across languages. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22, 727–779.Google Scholar

Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J., De Groot, A., & van Hell, J. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch-English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 34, 435–451.Google Scholar

Tseng, A., Chang, L.-Y., & Tokowicz, N. (2014). Translation ambiguity between English and Mandarin Chinese: The roles of proficiency and word characteristics. In Schwieter, J. W. & Ferreira, A. (Eds.), The development of translation competence: Theories and methodologies from psycholinguistics and cognitive science (pp. 107–165). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar

Twilley, L., Dixon, P., Taylor, D., & Clark, K. (1994). University of Alberta norms of relative meaning frequency for 566 homographs. Memory and Cognition, 22, 111–126.Google Scholar

Vaid, J., & Meuter, R. (2017). Languages without borders: Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 8–39). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

van Hell, J., & De Groot, A. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193–211.Google Scholar

Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory and Language, 35, 5, 938–952.Google Scholar

Wen, Y., & van Heuven, W. (2016). Chinese translation norms for 1,429 English words. Behavior Research Methods.Google Scholar

Zhang, S. (1995). Semantic differentiation in the acquisition of English as a second language. Language Learning, 45, 225–249.Google Scholar

Zhang, Y, Chen, B., Tang, Y., Yao, P., & Lu, Y. (2018). Semantic similarity to known second language words impacts learning of new meanings. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2048).Google Scholar

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(4), 557–582.Google Scholar

Andrews, S. (1997). The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(4), 439–461.Google Scholar

Baus, C., Costa, A., & Carreiras, M. (2013). On the effects of second language immersion on first language production. Acta Psychologica, 142, 402–409.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 3–11.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E. (2015). Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention. Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 117–121.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. (2015). Cognitive consequences of bilingualism: Executive control and cognitive reserve. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 571–585). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 859–873.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Ryan, J. (2006). Executive control in a modified antisaccade task: Effects of aging and bilingualism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 1341–1354.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Green, D., & Gollan, T. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 89–129.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290–303.Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., & Shapero, D. (2005). Ambiguous benefits: The effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science, 8, 595–604.Google Scholar

Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Pylkkänen, L. (2018). Ecological validity in bilingualism research and the bilingual advantage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(12), 1117–1126.Google Scholar

Blumenfeld, H., Bobb, S., & Marian, V. (2016). The role of language proficiency, cognate status and word frequency in the assessment of Spanish-English bilinguals’ verbal fluency. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(2), 190–201.Google Scholar

Botvinick, M., Nystrom, L., Fissell, K., Carter, C., Cohen, J. (1999). Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature, 402, 179–181.Google Scholar

Braver, T., Reynolds, J., & Donaldson, D. (2003). Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching. Neuron, 39, 713–726.Google Scholar

Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 447–462.Google Scholar

Broersma, M. (2011). Triggered code-switching: Evidence from picture naming experiments. In Schmid, M. & Lowie, W. (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism from structure to chaos: In honor of Kees de Bot (pp. 37–57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Broersma, M., & de Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 1–13.Google Scholar

Broersma, M., Isurin, L., Bultena, S., & de Bot, K. (2009). Triggered code-switching: Evidence from Dutch-English and Russian-English bilinguals. In Isurin, L., Winford, D., & de Bot, K. (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching (pp. 85–102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. (2015a). Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 453–469.Google Scholar

Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. (2015b). Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30, 586–605.Google Scholar

Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Branzi, F., & Costa, A. (2012). Qualitative differences between bilingual language control and executive control: Evidence from task-switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(399).Google Scholar

Caramazza, A. (1997). How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 177–208.Google Scholar

Christoffels, I., de Groot, A., & Waldorp, L. (2003). Basic skills in a complex task: A graphical model relating memory and lexical retrieval to simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 201–211.Google Scholar

Christoffels, I., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192–208.Google Scholar

Clyne, M. (1967). Transference and triggering: Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar

Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Colomé, Á. (2001). Lexical activation in bilinguals’ speech production: Language-specific or language-independent. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 721–736.Google Scholar

Colzato, L., Bajo, M., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., & Hommel, B. (2008). How does bilingualism improve executive control? A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 302–312.Google Scholar

Costa, A., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish-English and English-Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 231–244.Google Scholar

Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491–511.Google Scholar

Costa, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2014). How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 336–345.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Albareda, B., & Santesteban, M. (2008). Assessing the presence of lexical competition across languages: Evidence from the Stroop task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 121–131.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Calabria, M., Marne, P., Hernández, M., Juncadella, M., Gascón-Bayarri, J., et al. (2012). On the parallel deterioration of lexico-semantic processes in the bilinguals’ two languages: Evidence from Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 50, 740–753.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Colomé, A., Gomez, O., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2003). Another look at cross-language competition in bilingual speech production: Lexical and phonological factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 167–179.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilinguals’ two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 365–397.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94, 94–103.Google Scholar

Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I. (2006). How do high-proficient bilinguals control their lexicalization process? Inhibitory and language-specific selection mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32, 1057–1074.Google Scholar

Crone, E., Wendelken, C., Donohue, S., & Bunge, S. (2006). Neural evidence for dissociable components of task-switching. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 475–486.Google Scholar

De Bleser, R., Dupont, P., Postler, J., Borsmans, G., Speelman, D., Mortelmans, L., & Debrock, M. (2003). The organisation of the bilingual lexicon: A PET study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16(4), 439–456.Google Scholar

de Bruin, A., & Della Sala, S. (2019). In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 736–753). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

de Bruin, A., Samuel, A. G., Duñabeitia, J. A. (2018). Voluntary language switching: When and why do bilinguals switch between their languages? Journal of Memory and Language, 103, 28–43.Google Scholar

de Groot, A., & Christoffels, I. (2006). Language control in bilinguals: Monolingual tasks and simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 189–201.Google Scholar

de Groot, A., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50 (1), 1–56.Google Scholar

de Groot, A., & Nas, G. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(1), 90–123.Google Scholar

Dell, G. (1986). A spreading activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review, 93, 283–321.Google Scholar

Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175–197.Google Scholar

Engle, R. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 19–23.Google Scholar

Festman, J., & Mosca, M. (2016). Influence of preparation time on language control: A trilingual digit-naming study. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 145–171). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Festman, J., & Münte, T. (2012). Cognitive control in Russian-German bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–7.Google Scholar

Festman, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & Münte, T. (2010). Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(5).Google Scholar

Festman, J., & Schwieter, J. W. (2015). Behavioural measures of language control: Production and comprehension. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 527–547). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Filippi, R., Karaminis, T., & Thomas, M. (2014). Language switching in bilingual production: Empirical data and computational modelling. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(2), 294–315.Google Scholar

García-Pentón, L., Yuriem, F., Costello, B., Duñabeitia, J., & Carreiras, M. (2016). The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: How to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 31(3), 303–327.Google Scholar

Gold, B., Kim, C., Johnson, N., Kryscio, R., & Smith, C. (2013). Lifelong bilingualism maintains neural efficiency for cognitive control in aging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(2), 387–396.Google Scholar

Goldrick, M. (2014). Phonological processing: The retrieval and encoding of word form information in speech production. In Goldrick, M., Ferreira, V., & Miozzo, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 228–244). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., & Acenas, L. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 246–269.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., Bonanni, M., & Montoya, R. (2005). Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers’ tip-of-the-tongue equally often. Neuropsychology, 19, 278–287Google Scholar

Gollan, T., Fennema-Notestine, C., Montoya, R., & Jernigan, T. (2007). The bilingual effect on Boston Naming Test performance. The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 197–208.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., & Ferreira, V. (2009). Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 640–665.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., & Kroll, J. (2001). Bilingual lexical access. In Rapp, B. (Ed.), The handbook of cognitive neuropsychology: What deficits reveal about the human mind (pp. 321–345). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., Montoya, R., Cera, C., & Sandoval, T. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 787–814.Google Scholar

Gollan, T., Slattery, T., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 186–209.Google Scholar

Green, D. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67–81.Google Scholar

Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515–530.Google Scholar

Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2016). Language control and the neuroanatomy of bilingualism: In praise of variety. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 31(3), 340–344.Google Scholar

Guo, T., Liu, F., Chen, B., & Li., S. (2013). Inhibition of non-target languages in multilingual word production: Evidence from Uighur-Chinese-English trilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 143, 277–283.Google Scholar

Hermans, D. (2000). Word production in a foreign language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nijmegen.Google Scholar

Hermans, D. (2004). Between-language identity effects in picture-word interference tasks: A challenge for language-nonspecific or language-specific models of lexical access? International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(2), 115–125.Google Scholar

Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., de Bot, K., & Schreuder, R. (1998). Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(3), 213–229.Google Scholar

Hernandez, A., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English Bilinguals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 14, 510–520.Google Scholar

Hernandez, A., Martinez, A., & Kohnert, K. (2000). In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 73, 421–431.Google Scholar

Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B., & Golestani, N. (2011). Executive control of language in the bilingual brain: Integrating the evidence from neuroimaging to neuropsychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 2.Google Scholar

Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. (2008). Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition, 106, 501–511.Google Scholar

Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W. (2004). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition, 92, 101–144.Google Scholar

Ivanova, I., & Costa, A. (2008). Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica, 127, 277–288.Google Scholar

Kambanaros, M., Michaelides, M., & Grohmann, K. (2017). Cross-linguistic transfer effects after phonologically based cognate therapy in a case of multilingual specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 52(3), 270–284.Google Scholar

Kirsner, K., Lalor, E., & Hird, K. (1993). The bilingual lexicon: Exercise, meaning and morphology. In Schreuder, R. & Weltens, B. (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 215–246). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Kleinman, D., & Gollan, T. H. (2016). Speaking two languages for the price of one: Bypassing language control mechanisms via accessibility-driven switches. Psychological Science, 27, 700–714.Google Scholar

Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: An overview. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(1), 1–14.Google Scholar

Kohnert, K. (2004). Cognitive and cognate-based treatments for bilingual aphasia: A case study. Brain and Language, 91, 294–302.Google Scholar

Kootstra, G., van Hell, J., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 797–819.Google Scholar

Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility: A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review, 97, 253–270.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 497–514.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119–135.Google Scholar

Kroll, J., Bobb, S., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008). Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416–430.Google Scholar

Leacox, L., Wood., C., Sunderman, G., & Schatschneider, C. (2016). Young Spanish-English language learners’ cognate facilitation on picture naming. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 43, 115–128.Google Scholar

Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394–425.Google Scholar

Levelt, W. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Levelt, W. (2001). Spoken word production: A theory of lexical access. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 13464–13471.Google Scholar

Levelt, W., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75.Google Scholar

Levy, B., & Anderson, M. (2002). Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 299–305.Google Scholar

Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301–324.Google Scholar

Linck, J., Kroll, J., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing access to the native language while immersed in a second language: Evidence for the role of inhibition in second language learning. Psychological Science, 20, 1507–1515.Google Scholar

Linck, J., Michael, E., Golonka, E., Twist, A., & Schwieter, J. W. (2015). Moving beyond two languages: The effects of multilingualism on language processing and language learning. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 665–694). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Linck, J., Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2012). Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 651–662.Google Scholar

Macnamara, J., Krauthammer, M., & Bolgar, M. (1968). Language switching in bilinguals as a function of stimulus and response uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 208–215.Google Scholar

Martin, C., Strijkers, K., Santesteban, M., Escera, C., Hartsuiker, R., & Costa, A. (2013). The impact of early bilingualism on controlling a lately learnt language: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(815).Google Scholar

Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40.Google Scholar

Mosca, M., & Clahsen, H. (2016). Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 415–424.Google Scholar

Paap, K. (2019). The bilingual advantage debate: Quantity and quality of the evidence. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 701–735). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Paap, K., Johnson, H., & Sawi, O. (2015). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex, 69, 265–278.Google Scholar

Philipp, A., Gade, M., & Koch, I. (2007). Inhibitory processes in language switching? Evidence from switching language-defined response sets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 395–416.Google Scholar

Philipp, A., & Koch, I. (2009). Inhibition in language switching: What is inhibited when switching among languages in naming tasks? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1187–1195.Google Scholar

Price, C., Green, D., & Von Studnitz, R. (1999). A functional imaging study of translation and language switching. Brain, 122, 2221–2235.Google Scholar

Prior, A., & Gollan, T. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 682–691.Google Scholar

Prior, A., & MacWhinney, B. (2010). A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 253–262.Google Scholar

Roberts, P., & Deslauriers, L. (1999). Picture naming of cognate and non-cognate nouns in bilingual aphasia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 32, 1–23.Google Scholar

Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., Sadat, J., & Costa, A. (2011). On the temporal and functional origin of L2 disadvantages in speech production: A critical review. Frontiers in psychology, 2(379).Google Scholar

Salvatierra, J., & Rosselli, M. (2011). The effect of bilingualism and age on inhibitory control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 26–37.Google Scholar

Sandoval, T., Gollan, T., Ferreira, V., & Salmon, D. (2010). What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 231–252.Google Scholar

Santesteban, M., & Costa, A. (2016). Are cognate words “special”? On the role of cognate words in language switching performance. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 97–126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Schwieter, J. W. (2013). Lexical inhibition in trilingual speakers. In Tirkkonen, J. & Anttikoski, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of The 24th Conference of Scandinavian Linguistics. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland: Reports and Studies in Education, Humanities, and Theology (pp. 249–260). Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland Press.Google Scholar

Schwieter, J. W., & Ferreira, A. (2016). Effects of cognitive control, lexical robustness, and frequency of codeswitching on language switching. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 195–218). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2008). Language switching in bilingual speech production: In search of the language-specific selection mechanism. The Mental Lexicon, 3(2), 214–238.Google Scholar

Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2011). Inhibitory control processes and lexical access in trilingual speech production. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(4), 391–412.Google Scholar

Shell, A., Linck, J., & Slevc, L. (2015). Examining the role of inhibitory control in bilingual language switching. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Pasadena, CA.Google Scholar

Snodgrass, J., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174–215.Google Scholar

Strijkers, K. (2016). A neural assembly-based view on word production: The bilingual test case. Language Learning, 66(S2), 92–131.Google Scholar

Strijkers, K., & Costa, A. (2016). The cortical dynamics of speaking: Present shortcomings and future avenues. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(4), 484–503.Google Scholar

Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: Electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 912–928.Google Scholar

van Hell, J., & de Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193–211.Google Scholar

Verhoef, K., Roelofs, A., & Chwilla, D. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence for endogenous control of attention in switching between languages in overt picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 1832–1843.Google Scholar

Wang, Y., Kuhl, P., Chen, C., & Dong, Q. (2009). Sustained and transient language control in the bilingual brain. NeuroImage, 47, 414–422.Google Scholar

Book contents

Part II - Bilingual Lexical Processing

Summary

Access options

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Book contents

Part II - Bilingual Lexical Processing

Summary

Access options

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive