Psychological Aspects of Cosmetic Surgery

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511547218.018

15 - Psychological Aspects of Cosmetic Surgery

from PART III - OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANESTHESIA IN COSMETIC SURGERY

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 August 2009

David B. Sarwer Ph.D. ,

Canice E. Crerand Ph.D. and

Lauren M. Gibbons B.A.

Edited by

Barry Friedberg

Show author details

David B. Sarwer Ph.D.: Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Surgery, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance and the Weight and Eating Disorders Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Canice E. Crerand Ph.D.: Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Surgery, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance and the Weight and Eating Disorders Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Lauren M. Gibbons B.A.: Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Surgery, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance and the Weight and Eating Disorders Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Barry Friedberg: Affiliation:
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California

Book contents

Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), over fifteen million Americans underwent a plastic surgical procedure in 2003. The majority of plastic surgical procedures consisted of relatively new, minimally invasive, nonsurgical procedures. These numbers, while familiar to many plastic surgeons, are often staggering to other medical professionals and lay persons who have little idea of the number of Americans who turn to medicine to enhance their physical appearance. Nevertheless, these numbers likely underestimate the number of procedures performed annually, as they do not account for nonplastic surgeon physicians who offer these treatments. In particular, the preceding numbers do not reflect the surgical activity of either the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgeons (AACS) or the American Society of Dermatologic Surgeons (ASDS).

The growth in popularity of cosmetic surgery and related treatments can be attributed to several factors. Changes in the medical and surgical communities, including improvements in safety and direct-to-consumer marketing, have likely contributed to the growth. The mass media and entertainment industries have long championed cosmetic surgery, perhaps no more so than during the current era of “reality-based” television programs such as “Extreme Makeover” and “The Swan.” The virtually inescapable bombardment of mass-media ideals of beauty, coupled with the discontent that many people, particularly women, experience with regard to their physical appearance, have likely contributed as well.

Type: Chapter
Information: Anesthesia in Cosmetic Surgery , pp. 182 - 198

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511547218.018 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Society of Plastic Surgeons. National clearinghouse of plastic surgery statistics.Arlington Heights, IL: ASPS; 2004.

Sarwer, DB, Crerand, CE: Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image: Internat J Res 1:99, 2004.Google Scholar

Sarwer DB, Magee L, Crerand CE: Cosmetic surgery and cosmetic medical treatments, in Thompson, JK (ed.), Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004;p718.

Cash TF: Body image and cosmetic surgery, in Sarwer, DB, Pruzinsky, T, Cash, TF, Goldwyn, RM, Persing, , Whitaker, (eds.), Psychological Aspects of Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery: Empirical, Clinical, and Ethical Issues. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens, in press.

Sarwer DB, Magee L, Crerand CE: Cosmetic surgery and cosmetic medical treatments, in Thompson, JK (ed.), Handbook of eating disorders and obesity. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004;p718.

Sarwer DB, Magee L: Physical appearance and society, in Sarwer, DB, Pruzinsky, T, Cash, TF, Goldwyn, RM, Persing, , Whitaker, (eds.), Psychological Aspects of Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery: Empirical, Clinical, and Ethical Issues. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens, in press.

Sarwer, DB, Wadden, TA, Pertschuk, MJ, et al.: The psychology of cosmetic surgery: A review and re-conceptualization. Clin Psychol Rev 18:1, 1998.Google Scholar

Linn, L, Goldman, IB: Psychiatric observations concerning rhinoplasty. Psychosom Med 11:307, 1949.Google Scholar

Hill, G, Silver, AG: Psychodynamic and esthetic motivations for plastic surgery. Psychosom Med 12:345, 1950.Google Scholar

Book, HE: Sexual implications of the nose. Compr Psychiatry 12:450, 1971.Google Scholar

Gifford S: Cosmetic surgery and personality change: A review and some clinical observations, in Goldwyn, RM (ed.), The Unfavorable Result in Plastic Surgery: Avoidance and Treatment, 1st ed., New York, Little, Brown, 1973; p 1.

Hay, GG: Psychiatric aspects of cosmetic nasal operations. Br J Psychiatry 116:85, 1970.Google Scholar

Robin, AA, Copas, JB, Jack, AB, et al.: Reshaping the psyche: The concurrent improvement in appearance and mental state after rhinoplasty. Br J Psychiatry 152:539, 1988.Google Scholar

Wright, MR, Wright, WK: A psychological study of patients undergoing cosmetic surgery. Arch Otolaryngol 101:145, 1975.Google Scholar

Micheli-Pellegrini, V, Manfrida, GM: Rhinoplasty and its psychological implications: Applied psychology observations in aesthetic surgery. Aesth Plast Surg 3:299, 1979.Google Scholar

Hay, GG, Heather, BB: Changes in psychometric test results following cosmetic nasal operations. Br J Psychiatry 122:89, 1973.Google Scholar

Marcus, P: Psychological aspects of cosmetic rhinoplasty. Br J Plast Surg 37:313, 1984.Google Scholar

Ercolani, M, Baldaro, B, Rossi, N, et al.: Short-term outcome of rhinoplasty for medical or cosmetic indication. J Psychosom Res 47:277, 1999.Google Scholar

Ercolani, M, Baldaro, B, Rossi, N, et al.: Five-year follow-up of cosmetic rhinoplasty. J Psychosom Res 47:283, 1999.Google Scholar

Goin, MK, Rees, TD: A prospective study of patients' psychological reactions to rhinoplasty. Ann Plast Surg 27:210, 1991.Google Scholar

Hern, J, Hamann, J, Tostevin, P, et al.: Assessing psychological morbidity in patients with nasal deformity using the CORE questionnaire. Clin Otolaryngol 27:359, 2002.Google Scholar

Hern, J, Rowe-Jones, J, Hinton, A: Nasal deformity and interpersonal problems. Clin Otolaryngol 28:121, 2003.Google Scholar

Borges-Dinis, P, Dinis, M, Gomes, A: Psychosocial consequences of nasal aesthetic and functional surgery: A controlled prospective study in an ENT setting. Rhinology 36:32, 1998.Google Scholar

Rankin, M, Borah, GL, Perry, AW, et al.: Quality-of-life outcomes after cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:2139, 1998.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Whitaker, , Wadden, TA, et al.: Body image dissatisfaction in women seeking rhytidectomy or blepharoplasty. Aesth Surg J 17:230, 1997.Google Scholar

Webb, WL, Slaughter, R, Meyer, E, et al.: Mechanisms of psychosocial adjustment in patients seeking ‘face-lift’ operation. Psychosom Med 27:183, 1965.Google Scholar

Goin, MK, Burgoyne, RW, Goin, JM, et al.: A prospective psychological study of 50 female facelift patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 65:436, 1980.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Wadden, TA, Pertschuk, MJ, et al.: Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:1644, 1998.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Wadden, TA, Whitaker, : An investigation of changes in body image following cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:363, 2002.Google Scholar

Binder, WJ, Bloom, DC: The use of custom-designed midfacial and sub-malar implants in the treatment of facial wasting syndrome. Arch Facial Plast Surg 6:394, 2004.Google Scholar

Sommer, B, Zschocke, I, Bergfeld, D, et al.: Satisfaction of patients after treatment with botulinum toxin for dynamic facial lines. Dermatol Surg 29:456, 2003.Google Scholar

Koch, RJ, Newman, JP, Safer, DL: Psychological predictors of patient satisfaction with laser skin resurfacing. Arch Facial Plast Surg 5:445, 2003.Google Scholar

Fried, RG, Cash, TF: Cutaneous and psychosocial benefits of alpha hydroxyl acid use. Percept Mot Skills 86:137, 1998.Google Scholar

Edgerton, MT, Langmann, MW, Pruzinsky, T: Patients seeking symmetrical recontouring for ‘perceived’ deformities in the width of the face and skull. Aesth Plast Surg 14:59, 1990.Google Scholar

Krowchuk, DP: Managing acne in adolescents. Ped Clin N Am 47:841, 2000.Google Scholar

White, GM: Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 39:S34, 1998.Google Scholar

Koo, J: The psychosocial impact of acne: Patients' perceptions. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:S26, 1995.Google Scholar

Baldwin, HE: The interaction between acne vulgaris and the psyche. Cutis 70:133, 2002.Google Scholar

Kellett, SC, Gawkrodger, DJ: The psychological and emotional impact of acne and the effect of treatment with isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol 140:273, 1999.Google Scholar

Gupta, MA, Gupta, AK: Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 139:846, 1998.Google Scholar

Papadopoulos, L, Walker, C, Aitken, D, et al.: The relationship between body location and psychological morbidity in individuals with acne vulgaris. Psychology, Health, and Medicine 5:431, 2000.Google Scholar

Cotterill, JA, Cunliffe, WJ: Suicide in dermatological patients. Br J Dermatol 137:246, 1997.Google Scholar

Krowchuk, DP, Stancin, T, Keskinen, R, et al.: The psychosocial effects of acne in adolescents. Pediatric Dermatol 8:332, 1991.Google Scholar

Mallon, E, Newton, JN, Klassen, A, et al.: The quality of life in acne: A comparison with general medical conditions using generic questionnaires. Br J Dermatol 140:672, 1999.Google Scholar

Rubinow, DR, Peck, GL, Squillace, KM, et al.: Anxiety and depression in cystic acne patients after successful treatment with isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 17:25, 1987.Google Scholar

MacDonald, Hull S, Cunliffe, WJ, et al.: Treatment of the depressed and dysmorphic acne patient. Clin Exp Dermatol 16:210, 1991.Google Scholar

Layton, AM: Optimal management of acne to prevent scarring and psychological sequelae. Am J Clin Dermatol 2:135, 2001.Google Scholar

Cash, TF, Santos, M: Remembrance of things past: The vestigial psychological effects of adolescent acne in early adulthood. Unpublished manuscript, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA; 2004.

Crerand CE, Cash TF, Whitaker LA: Cosmetic surgery of the face, in Thompson, JK (ed.), Handbook of eating disorders and obesity. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004;p718.

Papadopoulos, L, Bor, R, Legg, C: A preliminary investigation into the effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy. Br J Med Psychol 72:385, 1999.Google Scholar

Kovacs, SO: Vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 38:647, 1998.Google Scholar

Hartmann, A, Brocker, EB, Becker, JC: Hypopigmentary skin disorders: Current treatment options and future directions. Drugs 64:89, 2004.Google Scholar

Kent, G, Al'Abadie, M: Psychologic effects of vitiligo: A critical incident analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 35:895, 1996.Google Scholar

Rapp, SR, Feldman, SR, Exum, ML, et al.: Psoriasis causes as much disability as other major medical diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 41:401, 1999.Google Scholar

Novartis. Eczema patients face a lifetime of isolation, bullying, discrimination, and under-performance at school and work (2004). www.novartis.com. International Study of Life with Atopic Eczema. Results presented at the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, Florence, Italy.

Koo, J, Lebwohl, A: Psychodermatology: The mind and skin connection. Am Fam Physician 64:1873, 2001.Google Scholar

Gupta, MA, Gupta, AK: Psychiatric and psychological co-morbidity in patients with dermatological disorders: Epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 4:833, 2003.Google Scholar

Kligman, AM, Freeman, B: History of baldness: From magic to medicine. Clin Dermatol 6:83, 1988.Google Scholar

Morris, D: Bodywatching: A field guide to the human species. New York, Crown, 1985.

Cash, TF: The psychosocial consequences of androgenetic alopecia: A review of the research literature. Br J Dermatol 141:398, 1999.Google Scholar

Cash, TF: The psychology of hair loss and its implications for patient care. Clin Dermatol 19:161, 2001.Google Scholar

Cash, TF: Psychological effects of androgenetic alopecia among men. J Am Acad Dermatol 26:926, 1992.Google Scholar

Cash, TF, Price, V, Savin, R: The psychosocial effects of androgenetic alopecia on women: Comparisons with balding men and female control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:568, 1993.Google Scholar

Kaufman, KD, Olsen, EA, Whiting, D, et al.: Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 39:578, 1998.Google Scholar

Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. Rogaine® Extra Strength for Men (5% Minoxidil Topical Solution) for non-prescription use. Data presented at FDA Non-prescription Drug Advisory Committee Meeting. July 16, 1997. Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.

McNulty, P, Buesching, DP, Patrick, DL, et al.: Change in quality of life in a study of male minoxidil users. Drug Info J 27:871, 1993.Google Scholar

Bondurant S, Ernester VR, Herdman R: Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Safety of Silicone Breast Implants. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;2000.

Holmich, LR, Kjoller, K, Fryzek, JP, et al.: Self-reported diseases and symptoms by rupture status among unselected Danish women with cosmetic silicone breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 111:723, 2003.Google Scholar

Jensen, B, Wittrup, IH, Friss, S, et al.: Self-reported symptoms among Danish women following cosmetic breast implant surgery. Clin Rheumatol 21:35, 2002.Google Scholar

Sanchez-Guerrero, J, Colditz, GA, Karlson, EW, et al.: Silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases and symptoms. N Engl J Med 332:1666, 1995.Google Scholar

Silverman, BG, Brown, SL, Bright, RA, et al.: Reported complications of silicone gel breast implants: An epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med 124:744, 1996.Google Scholar

Edgerton, MT, McClary, AR: Augmentation mammaplasty: Psychiatric implications and surgical indications. Plast Reconstr Surg 21:279, 1958.Google Scholar

Edgerton, MT, Meyer, E, Jacobson, WE: Augmentation mammaplasty II: Further surgical and psychiatric evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg 27:279, 1961.Google Scholar

Druss, RG: Changes in body image following augmentation breast surgery. Int J Psychoanal Psychother 2:248, 1973.Google Scholar

Baker, JL, Kolin, IS, Bartlett, ES: Psychosexual dynamics of patients undergoing mammary augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 53:652, 1974.Google Scholar

Schlebusch, L: Negative bodily experience and prevalence of depression in patients who request augmentation mammaplasty. S Afr Med J 75:323, 1989.Google Scholar

Young, VL, Nemecek, JR, Nemecek, DA: The efficacy of breast augmentation: Breast size increase, patient satisfaction, and psychological effects. Plast Reconstr Surg 94:958, 1994.Google Scholar

Shipley, RH, O'Donnell, JM, Bader, KF: Personality characteristics of women seeking breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:369, 1977.Google Scholar

Goin, JM, Goin, MK: Changing the body: Psychological effects of plastic surgery. Baltimore, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens, 1981.

Sihm, F, Jagd, M, Pers, M: Psychological assessment before and after augmentation mammaplasty. Scan J Plast Surg 12:295, 1978.Google Scholar

Beale, S, Lisper, H, Palm, B: A psychological study of patients seeking augmentation mammaplasty. Br J Psychiatry 136:133, 1980.Google Scholar

Schlebusch, L, Levin, A: A psychological profile of women selected for augmentation mammaplasty. S Afr Med J 64:481, 1983.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Nordmann, JE, Herbert, JD: Cosmetic breast augmentation surgery: A critical overview. J Womens Health 9:843, 2000.Google Scholar

Didie, ER, Sarwer, DB: Factors that influence the decision to undergo cosmetic breast augmentation surgery. J Womens Health 12:241, 2003.Google Scholar

Birtchnell, S, Whitfield, P, Lacey, JH: Motivational factors in women requesting augmentation and reduction mammaplasty. J Psychosom Res 34:509, 1990.Google Scholar

Cash, TF, Duel, , Perkins, LL: Women's psychosocial outcomes of breast augmentation with silicone gel-filled implants: A 2-year prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:2112, 2002.Google Scholar

Meyer, L, Ringberg, A: Augmentation mammaplasty-psychiatric and psychosocial characteristics and outcome in a group of Swedish women. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 21:199, 1987.Google Scholar

Larson, DL, Anderson, RC, Maksud, D, et al.: What influences public perceptions of silicone breast implants?Plast Reconstr Surg 94:318, 1994.Google Scholar

Palcheff-Wiemer, M, Concannon, MJ, Cohn, VS, et al.: The impact of the media on women with breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg, 92:779, 1993.Google Scholar

Handel, N, Wellisch, D, Silverstein, MJ, et al.: Knowledge, concern and satisfaction among augmentation mammaplasty patients. Ann Plast Surg 30:13, 1993.Google Scholar

Brinton, , Brown, SL, Colton, T, et al.: Characteristics of a population of women with breast implants compared with women seeking other types of plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:919, 2000.Google Scholar

Cook, LS, Daling, JR, Voigt, LF, et al.: Characteristics of women with and without breast augmentation. JAMA 277:1612, 1997.Google Scholar

Fryzek, JP, Weiderpass, E, Signorello, LB, et al.: Characteristics of women with cosmetic breast augmentation surgery compared with breast reduction surgery patients and women in the general population of Sweden. Ann Plast Surg 45:349, 2000.Google Scholar

Kjoller, K, Holmich, LR, Fryzek, JP, et al.: Characteristics of women with cosmetic breast implants compared with women with other types of cosmetic surgery and population-based controls in Denmark. Ann Plast Surg 50:6, 2003.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, LaRossa, D, Bartlett, S, et al.: Body image concerns of breast augmentation patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 112:83, 2003.Google Scholar

Ohlsen, L, Ponten, B, Hambert, G: Augmentation mammaplasty: A surgical and psychiatric evaluation of the results. Ann Plast Surg 2:42, 1978.Google Scholar

Napoleleon, A: The presentation of personalities in plastic surgery. Ann Plast Surg 31:193, 1993.Google Scholar

Schlebusch, L, Marht, I: Long-term psychological sequelae of augmentation mammaplasty. S Afr Med J 83:267, 1993.Google Scholar

Meyer, L, Ringberg, A: Augmentation mammaplasty—Psychiatric and psychosocial characteristics and outcome in a group of Swedish women. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 21:199, 1987.Google Scholar

Honigman, R, Phillips, KA, Castle, DJ: A review of psychosocial outcomes for patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 113, 1229, 2004.Google Scholar

Sarwer DB, Gibbons LM, Crerand CE: Body dysmorphic disorder and aesthetic surgery, in Nahai, F (ed.), The art of aesthetic surgery: Principles and techniques. Quality Medical Publishing (in press).

Sarwer, DB, Pertschuk, MJ, Wadden, TA, et al.: Psychological investigations in cosmetic surgery: A look back and a look ahead. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:1136, 1998.Google Scholar

Sarwer DB, Didie ER: Body image in cosmetic surgical and dermatological practice, in Castle, DJ, Phillips, KA (eds.), Disorders of Body Image. Petersfield, UK, Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., 2002; p 37.

Pertschuk, MJ, Sarwer, DB, Wadden, TA, et al.: Body image dissatisfaction in male cosmetic surgery patients. Aesth Plast Surg 22:20, 1998.Google Scholar

Simis, KJ, Verhulst, FC, Koot, HM: Body image, psychosocial functioning, and personality: How different are adolescents and young adults applying for plastic surgery?J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42:669, 2001.Google Scholar

Bolton, MA, Pruzinsky, T, Cash, TF, et al.: Measuring outcomes in plastic surgery: Body image and quality of life in abdominoplasty patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 112:619, 2003.Google Scholar

Banbury, J, Yetman, R, Lucas, A, et al.: Prospective analysis of the outcome of subpectoral breast augmentation: Sensory changes, muscle function, and body image. Plast Reconstr Surg 113:701, 2004.Google Scholar

Dunofsky, M: Psychological characteristics of women who undergo single and multiple cosmetic surgeries. Ann Plast Surg 39:223, 1997.Google Scholar

Kilman, PR, Sattler, JI, Taylor, J: The impact of augmentation mammaplasty: A follow-up study. Plast Reconstr Surg 80:374, 1987.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Bartlett, SP, Bucky, LP, et al.: Bigger is not always better: Body image dissatisfaction in breast reduction and breast augmentation patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:1956, 1998.Google Scholar

Park, AJ, Chetty, U, Watson, ACH: Patient satisfaction following insertion of silicone breast implants. Brit J Plast Surg 49:515, 1996.Google Scholar

Wells, KE, Cruse, CW, Baker, JL, et al.: The health status of women following cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:907, 1994.Google Scholar

Cunningham, BL, Lokeh, A, Gutowski, KA: Saline-filled breast implant safety and efficacy: A multicenter retrospective review. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:2143, 2000.Google Scholar

Gabriel, SE, Woods, JE, O'Fallon, WM, et al.: Complications leading to surgery after breast implantation. N Engl J Med 336:677, 1997.Google Scholar

Kjoller, K, Holmich, LR, Jacobsen, PH, et al.: Epidemiological investigation of local complications after cosmetic breast implant surgery in Denmark. Ann Plast Surg 48:229, 2002.Google Scholar

Fryzek, JP, Signorello, LB, Hakelius, L, et al.: Self-reported symptoms among cosmetic breast implant and breast reduction surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 107:206, 2001.Google Scholar

Fryzek, JP, Signorello, LB, Hakelius, L, et al.: Local complications and subsequent symptom reporting among women with cosmetic breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 107:214, 2001.Google Scholar

Fiala, TG, Lee, WPA, May, JW: Augmentation mammoplasty: Results of a patient survey. Ann Plast Surg 30:503, 1993.Google Scholar

Brinton, , Lubin, JH, Burich, MC, et al.: Mortality among augmentation mammoplasty patients. Epidemiology 12:321, 2001.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, PH, Holmich, LR, McLaughlin, JK, et al.: Mortality and suicide among Danish women with cosmetic breast implants. Arch Intern Med 164:2450, 2004.Google Scholar

Koot, VC, Peeters, PH, Granath, F, et al.: Total and cause specific mortality among Swedish women with cosmetic breast implants: A prospective study. Br Med J 326:527, 2003.Google Scholar

Pukkala, E, Kulmala, I, Hovi, SL, et al.: Causes of death among Finnish women with cosmetic breast implants, 1971–2001. Ann Plast Surg 51:339, 2003.Google Scholar

Joiner, TE: Does breast augmentation confer risk of or protection from suicide?Aesth Surg J 23:370, 2003.Google Scholar

McLaughlin, JK, Lipworth, L, Tarone, RE: Suicide among women with cosmetic breast implants: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 13:445, 2003.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB: Discussion of causes of death among Finnish women with cosmetic breast implants, 1971–2001. By Pukkala E, et al. Ann Plast Surg 51:343, 2003.Google Scholar

Hedley, AA, Ogden, CL, Johnson, CL, et al.: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA 291:2847, 2004.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Thompson, JK, Cash, TF: Obesity and body image in adulthood. Psych Clin NA 28:69, 2005.Google Scholar

Giese, SY, Bulan, EJ, Commons, GW, et al.: Improvements in cardiovascular risk profile with large-volume liposuction: A pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:510, 2001.Google Scholar

Baxter, RA: Serum lipid changes following large-volume suction lipectomy. Aesth Surg J 17:213, 1997.Google Scholar

Klein, S, Fontana, L, Young, VL, et al.: Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 350:2549, 2004.Google Scholar

Samdal, F, Birkeland, KI, Ose, L, et al.: Effect of large-volume liposuction on sex hormones and glucose and lipid metabolism in females. Aesth Plast Surg 19:131, 1995.Google Scholar

Dillerud, E, Haheim, LL: Long term results of blunt suction lipectomy assessed by a patient questionnaire survey. Plast Reconstr Surg 92:35, 1993.Google Scholar

Rohrich, RJ, Broughton, G, Horton, B, et al.: The key to long-term success in liposuction: A guide for plastic surgeons and patients. Plast Reconst Surg 114:1945, 2004.Google Scholar

Willard, SG, McDermott, BE, Woodhouse, L, et al.: Lipoplasty in the bulimic patient. Plast Reconstr Surg 98:276, 1996.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Wadden, TA, Fabricatore, AN: Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of bariatric surgery. Obesity Res, in press.Google Scholar

Rhomberg, M, Pulzi, P, Piza-Katzer, H: Single-stage abdominoplasty and mastopexy after weight loss following gastric banding. Obesity Surg 13:418, 2003.Google Scholar

Sarwer DB, Didie ER, Gibbons LM: Cosmetic surgery of the body, in Thompson, JK (ed.), Handbook of eating disorders and obesity. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004; p 718.

Choi, HY, Kim, KT: A new method for aesthetic reduction of labia minora (the de-epithelialized reduction labioplasty). Plast Reconstr Surg 105:419, 2000.Google Scholar

Perovic, SV, Radojicic, ZI, Djordjevic, ML, et al.: Enlargement and sculpturing of a small and deformed glans. J Urol 170:1686, 2003.Google Scholar

Behar, TA, Anderson, EE, Barwick, WJ, et al.: Sclerosing lipogranulomatosis: A case report of scrotal injection of automobile transmission fluid and literature review of subcutatneous injection of oils. Plast Reconstr Surg 91:352, 1991.Google Scholar

Bhagat, R, Holmes, IH, Andrzjej, K, et al.: Self-injection with olive oil: A cause of lipoid pneumonia. Chest 107:875, 1995.Google Scholar

Cohen, JL, Kreoleian, CM, Krull, EA: Penile paraffinoma: Self-injection with mineral oil. J Am Acad Dermatol 45:S222, 2001.Google Scholar

Greif, J, Hewitt, W, Armstrong, ML: Tattooing and body piercing: Body art practices among college students. Clin Nurs Res 8:368, 1999.Google Scholar

Carroll, ST, Riffenburgh, RH, Roberts, TA, et al.: Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Pediatrics 109:1021, 2002.Google Scholar

Armstrong, ML, Stuppy, DJ, Gabriel, DC, et al.: Motivation for tattoo removal. Arch Dermatol 132:412, 1996.Google Scholar

Wright, J: Modifying the body: Piercing and tattoos. Nurs Stand 10:27, 1995.Google Scholar

Tweeten, SS, Rickman, LS: Infectious complications of body piercing. Clin Infect Dis 26:735, 1998.Google Scholar

Mayers, LB, Judelson, DA, Moriarty, BW, et al.: Prevalence of body art (body piercing and tattooing) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications. Mayo Clin Proc 77:29, 2002.Google Scholar

Farah, CS, Harmon, DM: Tongue piercing: Case report and review of current practice. Aust Dent J 43:387, 1998.Google Scholar

Crawford Y, Cash TF: Tattooing and body piercing among college students: Relationships with personality and body image. Unpublished manuscript, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. Washington, D. C., APA Press, 2000.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders. 3rd ed., rev. Washington, D. C., APA Press, 1987.

Cotterill, JA: Dermatological non-disease: A common and potentially fatal disturbance of cutaneous body image. Br J Dermatol 104:611, 1981.Google Scholar

Edgerton, MT, Jacobson, WE, Meyer, E: Surgical-psychiatric study of patients seeking plastic (cosmetic) surgery: Ninety-eight consecutive patients with minimal deformity. Br J Plast Surg 13:136, 1960.Google Scholar

Knorr, NJ, Edgerton, MT, Hoopes, JE: The ‘insatiable’ cosmetic surgery patient. Plast Reconstr Surg 40:285, 1967.Google Scholar

Otto, MW, Wilhelm, S, Cohen, LS, et al.: Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of women. Am J Psychiatry 158:2061, 2001.Google Scholar

Faravelli, C, Salvatori, S, Galassi, F, et al.: Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: A community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 32:24, 1997.Google Scholar

Bohne, A, Keuthen, NJ, Wilhelm, S, et al.: Prevalence of symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder and its correlates: A cross-cultural comparison. Psychosomatics 43:486, 2002.Google Scholar

Bohne, A, Wilhelm, S, Keuthen, NJ, et al.: Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Res 109:101, 2002.Google Scholar

Cansever, A, Uzun, O, Donmez, E, et al.: The prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in college students: A study in a Turkish sample. Compr Psychiatry 44:60, 2003.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Cash, TF, Magee, L et al.: Female college students and cosmetic surgery: An investigation of experiences, attitudes, and body image. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:931, 2005.Google Scholar

Crerand, CE, Sarwer, DB, Magee, L, et al.: Rate of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking facial plastic surgery. Psychiatric Annals 34:958, 2004.Google Scholar

Aouizerate, B, Pujol, H, Grabot, D, et al.: Body dysmorphic disorder in a sample of cosmetic surgery applicants. Eur Psychiatry. 18:365, 2003.Google Scholar

Vindigni, V, Pavan, C, Semenzin, M, et al.: The importance of recognizing body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients: Do our patients need a preoperative psychiatric evaluation?Eur J Plast Surg 25:305, 2002.Google Scholar

Ishigooka, J, Iwao, M, Suzuki, M, et al.: Demographic features of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52:283, 1998.Google Scholar

Vargel, S, Ulusahin, A: Psychopathology and body image in cosmetic surgery patients. Aesth Plast Surg 25:474, 2001.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Dufresne, RG, Wilkel, C, et al.: Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:436, 2000.Google Scholar

Dufresne, RG, Phillips, KA, Vittorio, CC, et al.: A screening questionnaire for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic dermatologic surgery practice. Dermatol Surg 27:457, 2001.Google Scholar

Uzun, O, Basoglu, C, Akar, A, et al.: Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with acne. Compr Psychiatry 44;415, 2003.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Grant, JE, Siniscalchi, J, et al.: Surgical and nonpsychiatric medical treatment of patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 42:504, 2001.Google Scholar

Cunningham, SJ, Feinmann, C: Psychological assessment of patients requesting orthognathic surgery and the relevance of body dysmorphic disorder. Br J Orthod 25:293, 1998.Google Scholar

Crerand, CE, Phillips, KA, Menard, W, et al.: Non-psychiatric medical treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Psychosomatics (in press).Google Scholar

Cunningham, SJ, Bryant, CJ, Manisali, M., et al.: Dysmorphophobia: Recent developments of interest to the maxillofacial surgeon. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 34:368, 1996.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Diaz, S: Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 185:570, 1997.Google Scholar

Perugi, G, Akiskal, HS, Giannotti, D, et al.: Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). J Nerv Ment Dis 185:578, 1997.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, McElroy, SL, Keck, PE, et al.: Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 150:302, 1993.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, McElroy, SL: Insight, overvalued ideation, and delusional thinking in body dysmorphic disorder: Theoretical and treatment implications. J Nerv Ment Dis 181:699, 1993.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, McElroy, SL, Keck, PE, et al.: A comparison of delusional and non-delusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull 30:179, 1994.Google Scholar

Phillips KA, Castle DJ: Body dysmorphic disorder, in Castle, DJ, Phillips, KA (eds.), Disorders of body image. Hampshire, England, Wrighton Biomedical Publishing, 2002; p 101.

Phillips, KA, Taub, SL: Skin picking as a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 31:279, 1995.Google Scholar

Koblenzer, CS: Psychodermatology of women. Clin Dermatol 15:127, 1997.Google Scholar

Rosen, JC, Reiter, J, Orosan, P: Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 63:263, 1995.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA: The broken mirror. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.

Phillips, KA: Quality of life for patients with body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 188:170, 2000.Google Scholar

Veale, D: Outcome of cosmetic surgery and ‘DIY’ surgery in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr 24:218, 2000.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Boocock, A, Gournay, K, et al.: Body dysmorphic disorder: A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry 169:196, 1996.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB: Awareness and identification of body dysmorphic disorder by aesthetic surgeons: Results of a survey of American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery members. Aesth Surg J 22:531, 2002.Google Scholar

Leonardo, J: New York's highest court dismisses BDD case. Plastic Surgery News 2001 July:1–9.

Yazel, L: The serial-surgery murder. Glamour 1999 May:108–114.

Sarwer DB, Pertschuk MJ: Cosmetic Surgery, in Kornstein, SG, Clayton, AH (eds.): Textbook of Women's Mental Health. New York, NY, Guilford, 2002; p 481.

Sarwer DB: Psychological considerations in cosmetic surgery, in Goldwyn, Cohen (eds.), The Unfavorable Result in Plastic Surgery. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkens, 2001; p 14.

Hollander, E, Allen, A, Kwon, J, et al.: Clomipramine vs. Desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1033, 1999.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, Liebowitz, M, Winchel, R, et al.: Treatment of body-dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers. Am J Psychiatry 146:768, 1989.Google Scholar

Perugi, G, Giannotti, D, Di, Vaio S, et al.: Fluvoxamine in the treatment of the body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11:247, 1996.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: Clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Bull Menninger Clin 62:A33, 1998.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Dwight, MM, McElroy, SL: Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 59:165, 1998.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Albertini, RS, Siniscalchi, JM, et al.: Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A chart review study. J Clin Psychiatry 62:721, 2001.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Albertini, RS, Rasmussen, SA: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:381, 2002.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Najjar, F: An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 64:715, 2003.Google Scholar

Looper, KJ, Kirmayer, LJ: Behavioral medicine approaches to somatoform disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 70:810, 2002.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, FA, Yaryura-Tobias, JA: Exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Ther 24:431, 1993.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Gournay, K, Dryden, W, et al.: Body dysmorphic disorder: A cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 34:717, 1996.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Otto, MW, Lohr, B, et al.: Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A case series. Behav Res Ther 37:71, 1999.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Gibbons, LM, Crerand, CE: Treating body dysmorphic disorder with cognitive-behavior therapy. Psychiatric Annals 34:934, 2004.Google Scholar

Pope, HG, Gruber, AJ, Choi, P, et al.: Muscle dysmorphia: An under-recognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 38:548, 1997.Google Scholar

McIntosh, VV, Britt, E, Bulik, CM: Cosmetic breast augmentation and eating disorders. N Z Med J 107:151, 1994.Google Scholar

Olivardia, R: Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 9:254, 2001.Google Scholar

Harth, W, Linse, R: Botulinophilia: Contraindication for therapy with botulinum toxin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 39:460, 2001.Google Scholar

Sarwer, DB, Crerand, CE, Didie, ER: Body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients. Facial Plast Surg 19:113, 2003.Google Scholar

Yates, A, Shisslak, CM, Allender, , et al.: Plastic surgery and the bulimic patient. Int J Eat Disord 7:557, 1988.Google Scholar

Losee, JE, Serletti, JM, Kreipe, RE, et al.: Reduction mammaplasty in patients with bulimia nervosa. Ann Plast Surg 39:443, 1997.Google Scholar

Losee, JE, Jiang, S, Long, , et al.: Macromastia as an etiologic factor in bulimia nervosa: 10-year follow-up after treatment with reduction mammoplasty. Ann Plast Surg 52:452, 2004.Google Scholar

Book contents

15 - Psychological Aspects of Cosmetic Surgery

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive