Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:21:57.347Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Explaining the Rise to Global Power

U.S. Policy toward Asia and Africa since 1941

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2014

Mark Atwood Lawrence
Affiliation:
University of Texas
Frank Costigliola
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Michael J. Hogan
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Springfield
Get access

Summary

A central feature of American history since 1941 is the nation’s transformation from a peripheral power into the most dominant geopolitical force in world history. One of the most revealing indicators of this transformation is the extension of U.S. power into Asia and Africa, the two continents that had in previous eras lain farthest from the American consciousness. From the founding of the United States, Americans had focused their overseas ambitions on Europe and Latin America, regions that lay closest to the eastern seaboard of the United States and formed the boundaries of the “Atlantic world” within which the nation developed. To be sure, Americans encountered Africans through the slave trade and fantasized about extending their reach into Asia to display national greatness, win converts, and capture markets. Unquestionably, too, Asia’s eastern rim became a focus of geostrategic anxieties as early as the 1890s. Still, Asia and Africa were comparatively far away, geographically but also conceptually, lands mostly dominated by European colonial powers and known to Americans more through folklore, movies, and racial stereotypes than actual experience.

Type
Chapter
Information
America in the World
The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941
, pp. 236 - 259
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Williams, William Appleman, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, new ed. (New York, 1988)
Hunt, Michael H., Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT, 2009)
Bradley, Mark Philip, Imaging Vietnam & America: The Making of Postcolonial Vietnam, 1919–1950 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000)
Foster, Anne L., Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia, 1919–1941 (Durham, NC, 2010)
Toland, John, Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath (Garden City, NY, 1982)
Heinrichs, Waldo, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt & American Entry into World War II (New York, 1988)
Barnhart, Michael A., “The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific: Synthesis Impossible?Diplomatic History 20 (Spring 1996): 241–60Google Scholar
Friedman, Hal M., Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 1945–1947 (Westport, CN, 2001), xxv–xxvi
Smith, Gaddis, American Diplomacy during the Second World War, 1941–1945, 2nd ed. (New York, 1985), 48–53
Cohen, Warren I., America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations, 4th ed. (New York, 2000)
Thorne, Christopher, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941–1945 (New York, 1978)
Dunn, Peter M., The First Vietnam War (New York, 1985)
McMahon, Robert J., Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945–1949 (Ithaca, NY, 1981)
Brands, H. W., India and the United States: The Cold Peace (Boston, 1990), 14–24
Kolko, Gabriel, The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945, new ed. (New York, 1990)
Dower, John W., War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986)
Feis, Herbert, Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific (Princeton, NJ, 1961)
Alperovitz, Gar, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (New York, 1996)
Walker, J. Samuel, “Prompt and Utter Destruction”: Truman and the Use of the Atomic Bombs Against Japan, revised ed. (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004)
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, MA, 2006)
Dower, John, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York, 1999), 23
Borden, William S., The Pacific Alliance: United States Economic Policy and Japanese Trade Recovery, 1947–1955 (Madison, WI, 1984), 8
Patterson, James T., Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York, 1996), 171
McMahon, Robert J., Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945–49 (Ithaca, NY, 1981)
McMahon, , The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II (New York, 1999), 26–27
McMahon, Robert J., The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II (New York, 1999), 12
Tønnesson, Stein, “Franklin Roosevelt, Trusteeship, and Indochina: A Reassessment,” in Lawrence, Mark Atwood and Logevall, Fredrik (eds.), The First Indochina War: Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 56–73
Craig, Campbell and Logevall, Fredrik, America’s Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity (Cambridge, MA, 2009), 104–05
Blum, Robert M., Drawing the Line: The Origins of the American Containment Policy in East Asia (New York, 1982), 5
Zelizer, Julian E., Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security from World War II to the War on Terrorism (New York, 2010), 91–96
Rotter, Andrew J., The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, NY, 1987)
Schaller, Michael, The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York, 1985), chapter 13
Leffler, Melvyn P., A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA, 1992)
Goh, Evelyn and Foot, Rosemary, “From Containment to Containment? Understanding U.S. Relations with China since 1949,” in Schulzinger, Robert J. (ed.), A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 260
Matray, , “Korea’s War at Sixty: A Survey of the Literature,” Cold War History 11 (February 2011): 99–129Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce, The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947 (Princeton, NJ, 1981)
Matray, James I., The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941–1950 (Honolulu, 1985)
Stueck, William W., The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ, 1995)
Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History (Princeton, NJ, 2002)
Jian, Chen, China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York, 1994)
Jian, Chen, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), chapter 4
Zhang, Shu Guang, Mao’s Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 (Lawrence, KS, 1995)
Jager, Sheila Miyoshi, Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea (New York, 2013)
Sheng, Michael M., Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States (Princeton, NJ, 1997)
Lawrence, Mark Atwood, “Explaining the Early Decisions: The United States and the French War, 1945–1954,” in Bradley, Mark Philip and Young, Marilyn B. (eds.), Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives (New York, 2008), 34–38
Zhai, Qiang, China & the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000), 46–49
Gaddis, John Lewis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997), 251
Lüthi, Lorenz M., The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton, NJ, 2008), 95–104
Klein, Christina, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945–1961 (Berkeley, CA, 2003)
Shibusawa, Naoko, America’s Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy (Cambridge, MA, 2006)
Rotter, Andrew J., Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964 (Ithaca, NY, 2000)
Rakove, Robert, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Nonaligned World (New York, 2012)
Latham, Michael E., Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000)
Simpson, Bradley R., Economists With Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford, CA, 2008)
Lumbers, Michael, Piercing the Bamboo Curtain: Tentative Bridge-Building to China during the Johnson Years (Manchester, 2008)
Garver, John, “Food for Thought: Reflections on Food Aid and the Idea of Another Lost Chance in Sino-American Relations,” Journal of American-East Asia Relations 7 (spring/summer 1998): 101–06Google Scholar
Lauren, Paul Gordon, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO, 1996)
Meriwether, James H., Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Africans and Africa, 1935–1961 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002)
Plummer, Brenda Gayle, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996)
Eschen, Penny Von, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, NY, 1997)
Friedman, Max Paul, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge, 2005), 2–3
White, George, Holding the Line: Race, Racism, and American Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1953–1961 (Lanham, MD, 2005)
Kolko, Gabriel, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 (New York, 1988), 111–13
Nwaubani, Ebere, The United States and the Decolonization of West Africa, 1950–1960 (Rochester, NY, 2001)
Noer, Thomas J., Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948–1968 (Columbia, MO, 1985), chapter 2
Borstelmann, Thomas, Apartheid’s Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993), 4
Borstelmann, Thomas, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 73
Parker, Jason, “Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Reperiodization of the Postwar Era,” Diplomatic History 30 (November 2006): 867–92Google Scholar
Fraser, Cary, “Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race in U.S. Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History 24 (spring 2000): 233–64Google Scholar
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (New York, 1965), 523–29
Sorensen, Theodore C., Kennedy (New York, 1965), 537–40
Noer, Thomas J., “‘Non-Benign Neglect’: The United States and Black Africa in the Twentieth Century,” in American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review, Haines, Gerald K. and Walker, J. Samuel (Westport, CN, 1981), 280–82
Thomas, Gerald E., “The Black Revolt: The United States and Africa in the 1960s,” in Kunz, Diane B. (ed.), The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s (New York, 1994), 326
Westad, Odd Arne, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge, 2005), 38
Heinrichs, Waldo, “Lyndon B. Johnson: Change and Continuity,” in Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy, 1963–1968, eds. Warren I. Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker (New York, 1994), 26
Dudziak, Mary, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 2000)
Horne, Gerald, From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965–1980 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), 139–45
Hanhimäki, Jussi, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New York, 2004)
MacMillan, Margaret, Nixon and Mao: The Week that Changed the World (New York, 2007)
McMahon, Robert J., “The Danger of Geopolitical Fantasies: Nixon, Kissinger, and the South Asia Crisis of 1971,” in Logevall, Fredrik and Preston, Andrew (eds.), Nixon in the World: American Foreign Relations, 1969–1977 (New York, 2008), 249–68
Hitchens, Christopher, The Trial of Henry Kissinger (London, 2001)
Gleijeses, Piero, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002)
Hanhimäki, Notably Jussi, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New York, 2004)
Ross, Robert S., Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969–1989 (Stanford, CA, 1995)
Jones, Bartlett, Flawed Triumphs: Andy Young at the United Nations (New York, 1996)
Jackson, Donna R., Jimmy Carter and the Horn of Africa: Cold War Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia (Jefferson, NC, 2007)
Stueck, William, “Placing Jimmy Carter’s Foreign Policy,” in Fink, Gary M. and Graham, Hugh Davis (eds.), The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era, (Lawrence, KS, 1998)
Schrecker, Ellen (ed.), Cold War Triumphalism: The Misuse of History After the Fall of Communism (New York, 2006)
Hunt, Michael H., The American Ascendancy: How the United States Gained and Wielded Global Dominance (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007)
Hixson, Walter L., The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CN, 2009)
Schraeder, Peter, “From Ally to Orphan: Understanding U.S. Policy toward Somalia after the Cold War,” in Scott, James M. (ed.), After the End: Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World (Durham, NC, 1998): 330–57
Gardner, Lloyd C. and Young, Marilyn B. (eds.), Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam: Or, How Not to Learn from the Past (New York, 2008)
Gaddis, John Lewis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (New York, 2005)

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×