By 1960, only fifteen years after the UN Charter had sanctioned colonialism, twenty-two African colonial territories, with several more on the way, had successfully negotiated their independence. It was a stunning reversal. As Neale poignantly observed, this was to prove ‘no ordinary change of government; it was a change in the relationship of black nations to white nations … It called for a new representation of the relationship that had obtained up to that point’. The obsession driving this new representation is most aptly portrayed in Sartre’s famous rhetorical question: ‘What would you expect to find, when the muzzle that has silenced the voices of black men is removed? That they would thunder your praise? When these heads that our fathers have forced to the very ground are risen, do you expect to read adoration in their eyes?’ Political independence would therefore merely be the first (if yet only partial) step in the process of the effective repudiation of the post-war international settlement and of the wide-ranging changes that the newly independent African states would demand and actively pursue especially at the UN. A new world had indeed come into being once again to redress the balance of the old.

As, therefore, the process of African political independence began to unfold, the full extent of repressed humiliation and resentment began to reveal itself in a gathering torrent of African revanchism of existential intensity. A revanchism in which the African political, intellectual and cultural elite aggressively sought to confront the commanding heights of the condescension and self-interest of Western universalism across the broad spectrum of political, intellectual, cultural and economic thought and praxis. A revanchism that, some twenty years later, the conception and content of the ACHPR would seek to express. In its place ‘Africa’ would pursue an ‘African’ identity that expressed an ‘African’ perspective, asserted ‘African’ interests and recovered the historic loss of ‘African’ dignity.

The fulcrum of African political and economic revanchism would be the OAU, but, as an indirect consequence, it would therefore also become the forum in which an African human rights proposal would have to be considered.