What does my dog see when he sees a bus? This might seem to be an odd question with which to begin an essay on Kant. In fact, it is a question that goes to the heart of a puzzle that I have always found to be quite deep. The puzzle can be made intuitively clear to almost anyone, regardless of philosophical training. But it is also a puzzle that touches the core of the Kantian enterprise, and that can be put quite clearly as a question concerning the details of Kant's views regarding the relationship between the possibility of self-consciousness and the possibility of representing objects as objects. The puzzle is this: Is there any sense in which animals who lack reflection in the human sense, and thus also lack a discursive understanding and the capacity to form judgments, nevertheless represent entities as objects distinct from their own representations? If the answer to this question is “yes,” as I will argue that it must be, then we must confront a new and different question: What, exactly, are reflection and the capacity to judge necessary for?

THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROBLEM

The Intuitive Formulation

In its intuitive, secular form, here is the problem. There is surely a sense in which my dog (whose name is Mac) sees the large yellow school bus that, every weekday afternoon at 3:20, turns the corner on which our house sits.