The partition of India caused an unprecedented exodus of Hindus and Muslims to the new nations designated for each group. Amid the tempestuous Great Calcutta Killings and the corresponding riots in Noakhali in 1946, many Bengali Hindus living in Noakhali left for Calcutta, leaving their properties behind in what was soon to be the new state of Pakistan. Though many of them longed for home, I argue that displaced Bengali Hindus’ hopes of returning died in the mid-1950s. The article begins by examining the condition of the village of Lamchar in Noakhali at the time of the riots, partition, and afterwards. I then consider Noakhali within the larger historical context of laws relating to properties settlement in East Pakistan and the introduction of passports from 1948 to 1956. Finally, I examine a rare family archive of letters exchanged between Jogendra Roy, a Hindu landowner who fled Noakhali, and Oli Mian, his Muslim neighbour who remained behind. Twenty-six letters sent from Jogendra to Oli document his desire to return home to Noakhali and his later disappointment when this hope was never realized. This dying hope coincided with the East Pakistan government’s decision to take possession of the lands left by those displaced through the East Bengal State Acquisitions and Tenancy Act of 1950. This article concentrates on the complex relationship between Hindus and Muslims, exploring issues of nostalgia, identity, property, and hope, revealing the slow acceptance among displaced Bengali Hindus of the (im)possibility of return.

Convention on International Civil Aviation — Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects — Annex 15 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation — Aeronautical Information Services, 16th edition

Rhopalosiphum padi is an important grain pest, causing severe losses during crop production. As a systemic insecticide, flonicamid can control piercing-sucking pests efficiently. In our study, the lethal effects of flonicamid on the biological traits of R. padi were investigated via a life table approach. Flonicamid is highly efficiently toxic to R. padi, with an LC50 of 9.068 mg L−1. The adult longevity and fecundity of the R. padi F0 generation were markedly reduced under the LC25 and LC50 concentrations of flonicamid exposure. In addition, negative transgenerational effects on R. padi were observed under exposure to lethal concentrations of flonicamid, with noticeable decreases in the reproductive period, adult longevity, total longevity, and total fecundity of the F1 generation under the LC25 concentration of flonicamid. Furthermore, the third nymph stage (N3), preadult stage, duration of the adult pre-reproductive period, duration of the total pre-reproductive period, reproductive period, adult longevity, total longevity, and total fecundity of the F1 generation were significantly lower under treatment with the LC50 concentration of flonicamid. The life table parameters were subsequently analysed, revealing that the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the net reproductive rate (R0) were significantly lower but that the finite rate of increase (λ) and the mean generation time (T) were not significantly different under the LC25 and LC50 concentrations of flonicamid. These data are beneficial for grain aphid control and are critical for exploring the role of flonicamid in the integrated management of this key pest.

In order to recover the magnetic energy that leaks from an induction cooktop, this study suggests a straightforward and cost-effective magnetic-field energy harvester (MFEH) circuit. With the aid of the intended circuitry, the acquired magnetic energy is transformed into DC electrical energy. We harvested the magnetic-field energy (MFE) from the induction cooktop at various heights and locations of the energy harvesting coil. With a load resister of 46.6 Ω and a capacitance of 1 mF, the developed MFEH circuit, when positioned 2 cm beneath the cooktop, can capture an average DC power of 1936 mW. Placing the energy-harvesting coil 7.5 cm beneath the induction cooktop lowers the power output to 142 mW. For a range of load resister values, the MFE gathered at various locations along the energy harvesting coils is examined. Batteries can be used to store the gathered energy for later use. Additionally, the suggested device is shown to be capable of wirelessly powering low-power Internet of things devices and charging mobile devices. The suggested device differs from the previously published magnetic harvesting circuits due to the induction cooktop’s superior performance and capacity to gather MFE.

The vitamin K (VK) levels vary greatly among different populations and in different regions. Currently, there is a lack of reference intervals for VK levels in healthy individuals, The aim of this study is to establish and validate the reference intervals of serum vitamin K1 (VK1) and vitamin K2 (VK2, specifically including menaquinone-4 (MK4) and menaquinone-7 (MK7)) levels in some healthy populations in Beijing. Serum VK1, MK4, and MK7 were firstly measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in 434 subjects. The reference intervals for three indicators were established by calculating the data of 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Finally, preliminary clinical validation was conducted on 60 apparent healthy individuals undergoing physical examination. In the young, middle-aged, and elderly groups, the reference intervals of VK1 were 0.180 ng/mL ∼ 1.494 ng/mL, 0.247 ng/mL ∼ 1.446 ng/mL, and 0.167 ng/mL ∼ 1.445 ng/mL, respectively. The reference intervals of MK4 were 0.009 ng/mL ∼ 0.115 ng/mL, 0.002 ng/mL ∼ 0.103 ng/mL, and 0.003 ng/mL ∼ 0.106 ng/mL, respectively. The reference intervals of MK7 were 0.169 ng/mL ∼ 0.881 ng/mL, 0.238 ng/mL ∼ 0.936 ng/mL, and 0.213 ng/mL ∼ 1.012 ng/mL, respectively. The reference intervals had been validated by the samples of healthy individuals for physical examination. In conclusion, the reference intervals of VK established in this study with different age groups have certain clinical applicability, providing data support for further multicentre studies.

We establish sufficient and necessary conditions for the joint transitivity of linear iterates in a minimal topological dynamical system with commuting transformations. This result provides the first topological analogue of the classical Berend and Bergelson joint ergodicity criterion in measure-preserving systems.

This paper introduces two enhanced control approaches to improve the performance of parallel manipulators, addressing their inherent nonlinear dynamics and complex structure. The first approach results in a hybrid control system in joint space, integrating acceleration-based control, sliding mode, and disturbance observer techniques. The control system is designed to correct tracking errors and compensate for generalized disturbances, thus improving accuracy in tracking reference positions. The second approach merges the joint-space and task-space formulations, implementing proportional-derivative controllers in task space to manage the end-effector positions while maintaining safe operational configurations. The stability of the proposed controllers is demonstrated through Lyapunov analysis, while their performance is validated through comprehensive simulations and real-time experiments.

Continuous-time batch state estimation using Gaussian processes is an efficient approach to estimate the trajectories of robots over time. In the past, relatively simple physics-motivated priors have been considered for such approaches, using assumptions such as constant velocity or acceleration. This paper presents an approach to incorporating exogenous control inputs, such as velocity or acceleration commands, into the continuous Gaussian process state estimation framework. It is shown that this approach generalizes across different domains in robotics, making it applicable to both the estimation of continuous-time trajectories for mobile robots and the estimation of quasi-static continuum-robot shapes. Results show that incorporating control inputs leads to more informed priors, potentially requiring less measurements and estimation nodes to obtain accurate estimates. This makes the approach particularly useful in situations in which limited sensing is available. For example, in a mobile robot localization experiment with sparse landmark distance measurements and frequent odometry control inputs, our approach provides accurate trajectory estimates with root-mean-square errors around 3-4 cm and 4-5 degrees, even with time intervals up to five seconds between discrete estimation nodes, which significantly reduces computation time.

In her recent book The Image of God: The Problem of Evil and the Problem of Mourning (2022), Eleonore Stump takes up a question she thinks has been unduly neglected by contemporary philosophers of religion: Is the world as good as it would have been had original sin, and all subsequent sin and suffering, not occurred? Stump contends that if we do not answer this question in the affirmative, we are left with a problem – a picture of a world which is a disappointment to God; and this picture could in turn undermine belief in an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good Creator. In response to this problem, Stump sets out to defend the felix culpa view, according to which the world is even better with the Fall than it would have been without. However, I argue in this article that the felix culpa view has unacceptable consequences regarding God’s desires and will, that we can live with the problem of mourning unresolved, and that we need not affirm the felix culpa view to resolve the problem of mourning anyway.

The ripening-dependent changes in antioxidant activities and phytochemical content of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar Safaid Chonsa at various ripening stages were evaluated. The ripening time period was divided into five stages (RSI-RSV) and the pulp was subjected to proximate analysis, antioxidant potential, and UHPLC/MS-based non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Proximate analyses depicted variations in moisture, dry matter, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and energy parameters. Maximum DPPH activity (51%) was observed at stages III, IV, and V while FRSP increased 31% at RS V as compared to stage I. Total antioxidant capacity and total reducing power potential were maximum (295.7 and 345.71 µg AAE/mg extract, respectively at stage V. Total phenolic content increased from 3.57 µg GAE/mg extract to 5.72 µg GAE/mg extract from stage I to RSIII while 19% increase in total flavonoid content was observed at stage V as compared to stage I. UHPLC/MS analysis showed presence of Aconitic acid, methylisocitric acid, 4-O-methyl gallate, beta-glucogallin, xanthenes, sakebiose, Isobergaptene, Fructoselysine 6-phosphate, Citbismine C, and many others at different ripening stages of chonsa mango extracts. The results conclude that during the mango ripening stages, changes in phytochemical composition have positive correlation with antioxidantive potential. These phytochemicals have nutritional and nutraceutical effects on human health therefore ripening stage should be considered for consumption of mango.

Carbon black is commonly used as a filler in the rubber industry. However, it can cause serious damage to human health and to ecosystems. Today, reducing the use of this substance via alternative materials is receiving increased attention. Clay minerals such as montmorillonite can be substituted for carbon black as environmentally friendly fillers for rubber compounds. The uniform dispersion of montmorillonite and its compatibility with the rubber matrix are the main principles for using this material in the rubber industry. To this end, montmorillonite was surface treated with various dosages (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wt.%) of polypropylene glycol. The surface-treated montmorillonites were investigated using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results indicated that the treatment expanded the interlayer spaces of the montmorillonite and improved surface hydrophobicity. The untreated and treated montmorillonites were used with carbon black as dual fillers in natural rubber/styrene butadiene-based compounds. The cure characteristics, thermal stability, some mechanical properties and dispersion states were evaluated. The curing study indicated a faster optimum cure time, scorch time and increased torque difference for the rubber compounds filled with surface-treated montmorillonites. Thermal analysis of the rubber compounds illustrated that the interval between the initial and final temperature of decomposition could be increased via the treatment. Surface-treated montmorillonite samples, especially the sample containing 1 wt.% polypropylene glycol, showed improved abrasion resistance, resilience and compression set values.