Literary canons are neither the embodiment of transcendent values nor the artificial construct of gatekeepers. They are produced by deep social and poetic forces. The Greek emphasis on performativity meant that the new Athenian democracy became hyper-performative with its drama and speeches and outspoken figures such as Socrates. This riveted attention in the Greek world and, as Athenian political power disappeared, Athens’ soft power could not be replaced (since new sites of power were not as publicly performative). This created a Greek model of culture as a sphere autonomous from the state, predicated on the internal friction of the democratic city. This made possible a science based on debate. Replicated by later cultural traditions, it provided the model for Roman otium, for scientific debates from the Islamic world onward and for the rise of modern European civil society.

This chapter summarizes current knowledge concerning illicit drugs and specific toxins, such as some street drugs, organic solvents, pesticides and herbal extracts like Cycas circinalis, known to induce signs and symptoms of motor parkinsonism. Special attention is given to differential diagnosis and therapeutical strategies. Marketed drugs such as antipsychotics, anti-emetics, calcium channel blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antiepileptics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, immunosuppressants, statins, and trimeazidine, also identified to cause drug-induced parkinsonism, are also dealt with in this chapter.

This chapter initially begins with a narrative concerning how the author first came to Surama Village in Guyana in 2012. After discussing the author’s path to the village, as well as the author’s positionality in the field, the chapter describes the landscape of the Makushi people in Guyana. It provides an overview of the relational modes (particularly kinship and shamanism) through which Makushi people in Surama and beyond have engaged with outsiders (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) in the past and present. The chapter then summarises historical Makushi encounters with European colonisation involving the Dutch, English, Portuguese, and Spanish during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as Anglican missionisation during the mid nineteenth century. It provides a brief history of Surama Village, which is the Makushi village that is centred throughout the book. The chapter closes by providing context and background for contemporary transformations among the Makushi people in Surama Village.

The chapter situates the English Medium Instruction (EMI) policy and practices within a private university in part of Kazakhstan to gather the perspectives of the users to examine their orientations towards the use of EMI, the potential they see in the EMI policy, and their perceptions of the widespread expansion of the English language industry in the local market. The study employed qualitative interviews with students, teachers, and administrators. The participants’ perspectives show their entrepreneurial orientations towards English, evident in their repeated discourses of the English language as potential capital and a key to global competitiveness. They also endorse the intense pursuit of EMI policy in Kazakhstan because, as they understand, individual as well as governmental-level investment in English-related language skills make brighter promises and prospects in the current global economy. English is also believed to enhance Kazakhstani citizens’ global competitiveness. In theoretical terms, these orientations are deeply interwoven with the core principles of neoliberalism and neoliberal rationality, characterized by terms such as capital, globalization, global competitiveness, economic advantage, market logic, and private investment.

This chapter reports on ethnographic research carried out in an EMI course in an Italian higher education institution. The chapter starts with a brief overview of the recent, contested growth of EMI in Italy and a critical analysis of national policy documents to unveil the ideological underpinnings of EMI in this sociocultural context. This is followed by the presentation and discussion of findings of ethnographic research carried out over three years in a course designed to promote critical language awareness in an EMI context. The study looks at how students’ ideologies of language interact with those identified at the macro and meso levels, first of all by exploring the language portraits and biographies of a class of students at the beginning of their English-Taught Programme. This is followed by a more in-depth analysis of the portraits and biographies of three students who were interviewed one year later. This provides a longitudinal dimension to the research and insights into the changing nature of language ideologies and also linguistic repertoires.

The first chapter sets out the historical context of Arabic learning across the early modern western Indian Ocean by discussing people, practices, and places that constituted this field from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries and how scholarship has engaged with this transregional formation so far. It explores Arabic and Persian narrative texts, such as collective biographies, from different regions of the western Indian Ocean to show how learned groups increasingly traversed the western Indian Ocean for scholarly pursuits during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the centres of learning and text transmission that emerged and shifted over time, as well as the incentives such as patronage, career progression, and scholarly sociability that generated these mobilities. Contemporaries reflected on the transoceanic cultural connections that brought communities of the different regions together. From the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries those transoceanic entanglements continued to shape this world, but changing political landscapes had an impact on the conditions of a transoceanic field of Arabic learning.

The world has muddled through with limited and ambiguous understandings of the scope of national jurisdiction in a number of private and public law areas. In order to reduce the barriers of legal difference in the field of platform responsibility, states may begin by reducing areas of overlapping application of law, by agreeing on rules of exclusive jurisdiction. They may also agree on rules of national treatment, most favored nation treatment, and proportionality, or they may agree to harmonize rules. These incursions on national regulatory autonomy will require detailed, sector-specific negotiations, recognizing both the importance of global communications, and the importance of national regulatory autonomy.

Petrarch initiated ruin-tourism, and that flowered in the period of the eighteenth-century Grand Tour. Arguably, the ruins of Rome were the first to generate the production of a considerable variety of souvenirs, portable objects manufactured expressly for visitors to take away. Now a souvenir is only desirable if the object it represents is deemed attractive: the ruin-aesthetic was so well established by the time of the Grand Tour that ruins moved from the background of paintings into the foreground; they became the subject. In the engravings of Piranesi the ruins of Rome reached their peak of aesthetic appeal. The aesthetic validation of ruins is to the fore, since the English decorated the interiors of their houses with scenes of ruination. They also brought home architectural models of ruins in cork or marble for display; their porcelain and fans were decorated with ruin motifs.

This chapter is grounded in the storied realities of an EMI programme in a Japanese university where one entire campus was transformed into an English-speaking operation. The accompanying rhetoric reified campus ‘internationalization’ as part of the quest for institutional ‘renewal’. Given the ambitiousness and contentiousness of this undertaking, the EMI programme would eventually become implicated in controversies over the workings of underlying ideologies linked to campus Englishization. In so forcibly compounding Englishization, internationalization, and institutional renewal with EMI, the administration introduced a set of ancillary activities and practices involving advertising and faculty recruitment that bore only peripheral relevance to EMI. While principally irrelevant to EMI, these undertakings were not arbitrary but a part of using EMI to fulfil agendas that went beyond concerns over medium of instruction per se, or for that matter education. In this critique the authors consider these peripheral undertakings to be para-EMI activities and argue that these activities were influenced by prevailing cultural political and socio-economic relations within Japanese society.

The clinical and pathologic hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are motor parkinsonism due to underlying progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta accompanied by an accumulation of intracytoplasmic protein inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The diagnostic criteria/guidelines based on the UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria have guided clinicians and researchers in the diagnosis of PD for many decades. This chapter discusses whether this description represents our current understanding of PD, and why it is time to integrate new research findings and accommodate our definition and diagnostic criteria of PD, such as Parkinson-associated non-motor symptoms, genetics, biomarkers, imaging findings, or heterogeneity of phenotypes and underlying molecular mechanisms. In 2015, the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society published clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease, which were designed specifically for use in research but also as a general guide to clinical diagnosis of PD. These criteria and some of their limitations are also discussed.