Indigenous management of otherness and ‘alterity’ has increasingly become a central theme for anthropologists working in Amazonia and broader lowland South America. Much of the literature concerning this theme has focused on relations between specific Indigenous groups and otherly beings (whether human or non-human) in the present. These contemporary contexts of relations with otherness enable new readings and interpretations of comparable historically documented engagements, such as in contexts of missionisation, and clearer understandings of ongoing ethnographic interactions in the region. Relations between Indigenous people, outsiders, and non-human beings reveal conceptual differences and provide new interpretive means for understanding both continuities and discontinuities in historical and contemporary encounters across broader lowland South America.

The chapter starts from the premise that peaceful change can only be regarded as peaceful if it is founded on the shared understanding that the change being instituted is “good” – meaning that it is not incompatible with the vision of the “good life” of those who will be touched by the change. The chapter uses constructivist insights to establish if international organizations can be seen as agents of peaceful change, and if so, how and with what opportunities and limitations they are able to undertake action that can lead to peaceful change? The chapter focuses – perhaps counterintuitively – on NATO as an agent of peaceful change, demonstrating that even though NATO is widely perceived as an agent of repressive – even violent change – it has played an important role as an agent of peaceful change in the relations of its members and within the liberal international order. However, the chapter finds that the prospects of international organizations acting as agents of peaceful change outside their own domain are hampered by them being “sticky” and more likely to be guardians of the status quo rather than agents of change.

This chapter explores the interaction between discourse structure, grammar, and prosody, on the example of insubordination, that is, the main clause use of formally subordinate clauses. After an overview of the forms and meanings of insubordinate constructions cross-linguistically, it focuses on a particular illustration of this phenomenon: contrastive insubordinate conditionals (CICC) in Spanish. First, it argues for the constructional status of the pattern and then it explores its discursive and prosodic features. The results of a corpus study show that CICC can occur in five different contexts, with a high preference for dispreferred responses. This is taken as evidence for proposing a network representation, with a schema representing the common form and meaning features of the construction and several instantiations in prototypical and peripheral contexts. Prosodically, the construction is combined with restricted prosodic patterns expressing similar pragmatic functions (focus and contrast). We can thus model prosodic patterns as pairings of a prosodic form and a pragmatic meaning and are inherited by sentence-level constructions expressing compatible pragmatic meanings.

This chapter situates George Eliot’s ground-breaking realist novel, Middlemarch, in the context of a longer tradition of provincial fiction. By the time Eliot published Middlemarch, fiction that put small-town life at its centre had developed from the early nineteenth-century ‘sketch’ or ‘tale’ to the chronicle novels of Trollope and Oliphant in the 1850s and 1860s. This chapter argues that Middlemarch is a deliberate provocation regarding the cultural and aesthetic value attributed to the common, the middling, and the local in the 1870s as London exerted ever-clearer centralizing force on culture and education. Middlemarch expands the small forms of provincial fiction through expansive patterning and repetition of everyday plots and locales. This establishes a type of ethical realism in which the fact of frequency does not mean the common is dismissed, but rather is revalued in the narrative as commonality: a ground for collective identity.

This chapter provides the main results of Part 3. These make use of the preceding material on enrichment over (closed) multicategories, and apply it to categories of enriched diagrams and enriched Mackey functors. A key detail, both here and in the homotopical applications of Part 4, is that nonsymmetric multifunctors provide a diagram change of enrichment, but not necessarily a change of enrichment for enriched Mackey functors (presheaves). The essential reason is that symmetry of a multifunctor is required for commuting the opposite construction in the domain of enriched presheaves with change of enrichment. Sections 10.5 and 10.6 give applications to Elmendorf–Mandell K-theory, with attention to the relevant symmetry conditions among other details.

Chapter 1 focuses on the revolution of 1688 in Britian, in which the ideal of liberty as independence was promised to the people as the cornerstone of a new constitution to replace James II’s allegedly despotic use of arbitrary power. After examining the Bill of Rights, in which the fundamental rights of the people are laid out, the chapter turns to consider the provenance of the underlying ideal of liberty as independence and its contrast with arbitrary power. One major source is shown to have been the discussion of civil liberty by the historians and moralists of ancient Rome, especially Cicero, Sallust, Livy and Tacitus. The influence of these sources on the development of early modern republicanism in England is traced, especially in the works of Milton and Harrington. The other major source was the discussion of the law of persons in the Digest of Roman law, in which a fundamental distinction was drawn between free persons and dependants, including slaves. The influence of this legal tradition, especially as filtered by Bracton into English common law, is traced in the strand of constitutional thinking that runs from Fortescue and Thomas Smith to Coke, Selden and their followers.

This chapter provides an overview of the basic features of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, physiology and potential functioning of the human cerebellum. Apart from its certain role in movement control by coordinating complex movements, additional hypotheses on the role of the cerebellum in adapting, conditioning and learning, or automating, movements are described. Views that portray the cerebellum as a timing device or as a structure that serves to optimize the quality of sensory input are also mentioned. As the cerebellum not only participates in movement control, understanding and appreciating its functioning may also explain its role in cognition, emotion, and autonomic functions. Finally, cerebellar disorders and clinical manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction in movement control are discussed.

The presence of parkinsonism is required for the diagnosis of certain clinical syndromes and, together with demographic, clinical, and genetic features, can be highly predictive of underlying pathology, usually α-synuclein or tau aggregation. Nevertheless, parkinsonian features may be present in clinical syndromes not typically associated with parkinsonism and, therefore, complicate differential diagnosis. On the other hand, certain tauopathies have a variable frequency of associated parkinsonian disturbances, further challenging clinical to pathologic diagnostic accuracy. In this chapter, we briefly describe less-common clinical syndromes that may present with, or eventually manifest, extrapyramidal symptoms characteristic of parkinsonism but for which parkinsonism is not typically considered a core clinical feature. Although some of these clinical syndromes are primarily associated with tauopathies (frontotemporal degeneration with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, primary progressive apraxia of speech and traumatic encephalopathy syndrome), tauopathy is seldom the underlying pathology in cases of primary progressive aphasia.

Dystonia, defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both, results in patterned, twisted, and sometimes tremulous movements. When dystonia is the sole manifestation, it is known as primary dystonia. Primary dystonia is an uncommon disorder and includes genetic forms of dystonia as well as idiopathic dystonia. Dystonia can involve one body part, when it is called focal; more than one contiguous body part, when it is known as segmental; or involving the trunk and more than two body parts, when it is called generalized. This chapter reviews primary dystonia: the epidemiology, the current theories of pathophysiology, the clinical description, and available treatments of genetic as well as the various forms of focal dystonia, including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, laryngeal dystonia, cervical dystonia, focal hand dystonia and truncal dystonia.

On 23 July 1980, Vietnamese pilot Phạm Tuân became the first Asian and the first citizen of a developing nation to fly in space when he participated in the Soyuz 37 mission to the Salyut space station. This elaborately staged, hugely expensive piece of cosmic theatre underlined Eastern bloc mastery of the technologies of space flight at the same time it emphasized international cooperation, social and racial inclusiveness, and engagement with the developing world. As much as Phạm Tuân’s flight formed part of the Eastern bloc’s global diplomatic strategies, it was also central to a vision of the new Socialist Republic of Vietnam as part of a revolutionary vanguard, defeating the forces of capitalism and imperialism and progressing towards a modern, industrialized, and prosperous future under the leadership of the Communist party. This chapter explores how representations of Phạm Tuân ’s historic space flight drew from conventional Soviet representations of cosmonauts and space flight, but also reflected particular Vietnamese cultures and contexts. The result sheds light on the important, but often overlooked cultural dimension of state power in late socialist Vietnam, and highlights not just the limits but also the potential to create a coherent, shared vision of the nation.