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1 results

  • Chapter 36 - Primary Dystonia

  • from Section 3: - Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
  • Edited by Erik Ch. Wolters, Universität Zürich, Christian R. Baumann, Universität Zürich
  • Book:
    International Compendium of Movement Disorders
    Published online:
    07 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025, pp 431-444

  • Summary

    Dystonia, defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both, results in patterned, twisted, and sometimes tremulous movements. When dystonia is the sole manifestation, it is known as primary dystonia. Primary dystonia is an uncommon disorder and includes genetic forms of dystonia as well as idiopathic dystonia. Dystonia can involve one body part, when it is called focal; more than one contiguous body part, when it is known as segmental; or involving the trunk and more than two body parts, when it is called generalized. This chapter reviews primary dystonia: the epidemiology, the current theories of pathophysiology, the clinical description, and available treatments of genetic as well as the various forms of focal dystonia, including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, laryngeal dystonia, cervical dystonia, focal hand dystonia and truncal dystonia.