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Volume X of The Cambridge History of International Law offers the most comprehensive and critical discussion of the history of international law in the interwar period to date. Bringing together scholars across various disciplines, the volume aims to go beyond the well-established cliché of the failure of the League of Nations and discusses the huge impact this period had on the post-WWII international legal order. It focuses on the League of Nations as an important milestone to be studied, analysed, and understood in its own right. Using a global perspective, the volume sheds light on the different branches of international law in this dynamic period, during which the discipline underwent a qualitative leap.
Clinical research requires a competent workforce of clinical research professionals (CRPs) who are well-trained to perform varied and complex tasks within their roles. The Joint Task Force for Clinical Trial Competency (JTF) framework established essential domains for conducting high-quality clinical research that can guide professional development of CRPs. The Research Professionals Network (RPN) Workshops were established in 2017 to focus on developing ongoing inter-institutional, peer-led, JTF-centric continuing education for CRPs. Four institutions and their affiliates are part of the collaboration.
Methods:
Workshop participant survey data and other metrics were collected over four academic years. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed to assess participant experience and identify relevant themes.
Results:
Participants demonstrated overall high satisfaction with the workshops and significantly value the interpersonal, inter-institutional collaboration made possible through the workshops.
Conclusions:
These inter-institutional RPN Workshops have evolved into a Community of Practice, which can be expanded into future opportunities.
The knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for clinical research professionals (CRPs) are described in the Joint Task Force (JTF) for Clinical Trial Competencies Framework as a basis for leveled educational programs, training curricula, and certification. There is a paucity of literature addressing team science competencies tailored to CRPs. Gaps in training, research, and education can restrict their capability to effectively contribute to team science.
Materials/Methods:
The CRP Team Science team consisted of 18 members from 7 clinical and translational science awarded institutions. We employed a multi-stage, modified Delphi approach to define “Smart Skills” and leveled team science skills examples using individual and team science competencies identified by Lotrecchiano et al.
Results:
Overall, 59 team science Smart Skills were identified resulting in 177 skills examples across three levels: fundamental, skilled, and advanced. Two examples of the leveled skillsets for individual and team competencies are illustrated. Two vignettes were created to illustrate application for training.
Discussion:
This work provides a first-ever application of team science for CRPs by defining specific individual and team science competencies for each level of the CRP career life course. This work will enhance the JTF Domains 7 (Leadership and Professionalism) and 8 (Communication and Teamwork) which are often lacking in CRP training programs. The supplement provides a full set of skills and examples from this work.
Conclusion:
Developing team science skills for CRPs may contribute to more effective collaborations across interdisciplinary clinical research teams. These skills may also improve research outcomes and stabilize the CRP workforce.
The Bible permeated the medieval world. Peasants knew its stories from altar depictions; the Biblia pauperum (Bible of the poor); occasional sermons; and simple books that were viewed and sometimes read in the village. Intellectuals placed study of Scripture at the pinnacle of the curriculum of the “queen of the sciences,” theology. Priests could use postils, collections of sermons on the texts appointed for reading on Sundays and festival days, to prepare their own sermons, although they also often preached from the Legenda aurea, a collection of stories rehearsing the miraculous wonders performed by the saints.
The Catholic Church of the early modern period struggled to accommodate to the changing world of the sixteenth century. Three developments in particular challenged Catholic theologians, philosophers, and political writers: the European discovery of lands across the sea, especially in the Americas; the rise of the state; and the Reformation. Their responses were various. Three leading Scholastic philosopher-theologians stand out: the Spanish Dominican Francisco de Vitoria (ca. 1483–1546), whose most significant contributions came while he was teaching at the University of Salamanca;
The chapter provides a thorough analysis of the Court’s jurisdiction to order provisional measures and its procedure. The author identifies an evolution in the Court’s practice on provisional measures, with the Court most recently developing specific conditions for the indication of provisional measures. The author examines those conditions and their elaboration through the Court’s caselaw, together with the Court’s findings as to the binding effect of its provisional measures orders.
There have been a number of federal policies and guidance’s impacting diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEI) in clinical research. While these are needed, they have not diminished the gaps related to clinical trial recruitment, research professional’s capacity for cultural competence, and clinical research professional role development. Mentoring and co-mentoring circles have traditionally been used in Medicine, but until now had not been used for workforce development of clinical research professionals (CRPs).
Materials/Methods:
We designed a six-session, monthly co-mentoring circle to take place at two academic medical centers to pilot an interinstitutional co-mentoring circle centered on storytelling videos of Black Voices in Clinical Research. This provided a DEI framework for discussions on role experiences, cultural competence, and role progression.
Results:
Seven CRPs completed the DRC pilot. The participants positively evaluated the experience and made recommendations for future iterations. Discussion: Co-mentoring circles can be useful tools to connect CRPs across complex research medical centers and provide support that may have a positive impact on role satisfaction and retention.
Conclusion:
This framework for developing co-mentoring circles can serve as a toolkit for future CRP co-mentoring circles within and across institutions for workforce development. The Black Voices in Clinical Research storytelling videos provide a rich foundation for future discussion on DEI issues for CRPs and collaborating with participants.
Animals are the unknown victims of armed conflicts. Wildlife populations usually decline during warfare, with disastrous repercussions on the food chain, on fragile ecosystems and precarious habitats. Belligerents take advantage of the chaos of war for poaching and trafficking of animal products. Livestock, companion, and zoo animals, highly dependent on human care, are direct victims of hostilities. The book is the first legal analysis of these issues. It maps the framework of international humanitarian law, examining which and how the concepts, principles, and rationales can be applied and adapted for a better protection of animals. The contributions inter alia discuss precautions for animal civilians, problems of animal combatants and prisoners, a specific status for veterinarian personnel, the recognition of biodiversity hotspots as specially protected zones, and the potential of enforcement mechanisms. The concluding chapter draws together novel interpretations and reform proposals.
Animals are highly vulnerable in war. However, they are only incidentally protected by international humanitarian law, namely as mere objects (or property), as specially protected objects, as part of the environment, as endangered species, as war weapons, or as means of medical transport, search and rescue. They are neither treated as ‘subjects of protection’ nor are they granted any rights. The research has revealed that the few international humanitarian law provisions that could potentially apply to animals have rarely been enforced or effectively implemented by international courts and tribunals. In light of these general observations, the concluding chapter summarises the key findings of the study. It highlights the main legal challenges that an agenda of protection of animals during warfare faces. It then formulates recommendations for addressing these challenges with a view to strengthening and developing the legal framework.