Polycoccum crespoae sp. nov. is described from thalli of Chondropsis semiviridis collected in Australia (Victoria). It has consistently 4-spored asci but differs from known 4-spored species in the size and shape of the ascospores. Attention is also drawn to another undescribed Polycoccum found on another genus of Parmeliaceae, Karoowia adhaerens, from South Africa (Cape Province).

A sterile, sorediate, corticolous, crustose lichen from Central Sweden is tentatively assigned to the genus Buellia as B. violaceofusca sp. nov. It grows on the bark of old trunks of Quercus robur in moist, dense woods dominated by that tree.

The new genus and species Kantvilasia hians (Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae) is described from leaves of Atherosperma moschatum at the margin of cool-temperate rainforest in western Tasmania. Notes are provided on characterization, distribution, habitat, associated species, the opening mechanism of campylidia and likely dispersal processes of conidia.

Cybebe was described as a monotypic genus in the Coniocybaceae distinguished from Chaenotheca by its unusual ascus ontogeny and its unpigmented spore wall. In a molecular phylogeny based on maximum parsimony analyses of their ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDXA sequences, specimens of Cybebe gracilenta formed a strongly supported group with Chaenotheca gracillima. Thisgroup in turn is also well supported as a part of Chaenotheca indicating that the features characteristic of Cybebe are indeed autapomorphic and that Cybebe gracilenta should be included in Chaenotheca.

The biological status of Chiodecton epiphyllum (Arthoniales: Roccellaceae), described as a foliicolous lichen from Papua New Guinea, is reassessed, based on additional material from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Papua New Guinea. The species is a lichenicolous fungus growing on the foliicolous lichen Coenogonium flavicans (Gyalectales: Gyalectaceae). Furthermore, its ascomatal anatomy and lichenicolous growth habit suggest placement in the related genus Plectocarpon, instead of Chiodecton. We therefore propose the new combination Plectocarpon epiphyllum [Bas.: Chiodecton epiphyllum]. The species is further lectotypified on its ascomata since parts of the original description which denote vegetative characteristics refer to the sterile thallus of the host lichen.

Coarse deadwood provides an important habitat for a suite of niche-specialist lichens in old-growth forests, for example, snags (standing dead trees) and fallen logs. Conversely, the scarcity of deadwood in managed forests is a limiting factor to lichen diversity, though cut stumps may provide an alternative habitat for deadwood species. The surface of cut stumps is an ecologically useful study system, facilitating standardized sampling with which to determine the pattern and process of deadwood succession. This study examined vegetation patterns for the surface of cut stumps at Abernethy RSPB Reserve in northern Scotland. We demonstrate the interrelationship between key topographic, management and edaphic factors during a successional process of terrestrialization. Consequently, we recommend that deadwood diversity might be maximized by 1) creating managed plots with varying degrees of canopy openness for sites with different levels of topographic exposure, and 2) providing cut stumps at different heights within plots, to ensure that during a rotational period the process of terrestrialization operates at different speeds among individual microhabitats. The study examined successional processes on cut stumps using two recently accessible and powerful statistical methods: 1) nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR), and 2) multivariate regression trees (MRT). The principles on which these techniques are based are becoming the preferred statistical framework with which to provide robust interpretation of field-sampled data; they are unconstrained by prior assumptions as to the form of a species' niche response, and are data-led models evaluated based on cross-validated performance, thereby avoiding the complication of multiple hypothesis tests.

A second fascicle of a lichen exsiccata containing species of Caliciales has been issued; 25 species from Europe and North America are included. Some remarks on their taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution are given here. Calicium queenslandiae (F. Wilson) Tibell, Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell, Chaenothecopsis vainioana (Nádv.) Tibell and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell are discussed in some detail. Distributional records of interest are given for Calicium queenslandiae, Chaenothecopsis nana, C. subpusilla (Vainio) Tibell, C. vainoiana, C. viridialba (Krempelh.) A. Schmidt and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum.

Spirographa vinosa Holien & Triebel is described from boreal spruce forest of Norway. It is lichenicolous on different species of Ochrolechia and Pertusaria. Within the genus S. vinosa is characterized by its 8-spored asci, up to 5-septate ascospores with obtuse ends and its apothecial pigments causing aeruginose and purplish reactions with KOH.

Iberian records of Buellia triseptata A. Nordin are presented. This corticolous and lignicolous species was recently described from North America. A description based on the Iberian material is given, together with notes on ecology and distribution. Specimens belonging to B. triseptata were previously reported as B. disciformis, B. lauricassiae, B. pharcidia and B. triphragmia. The main distinguishing features between these taxa and B. triseptata are pointed out, and background to the misapplied names is given. Illustrations of the ascospores of B. triseptata and B. lauricassiae are presented. A distribution map of B. triseptata in the Iberian Peninsula is also provided.

Caloplaca fuscorufa H. Magn. is a poorly known species that for a long time was known only from a single locality in Jämtland, northern Sweden, where it was collected in 1910. It has been suggested to be synonymous with C. crenularia (With.) J. R. Laundon, but has also been confused with C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. We have compared the isotype of C. fuscorufa and material collected in Sweden, Norway and Svalbard, with presumably related species, using morphology, anatomy and chemistry as well as molecular data. The results show that C. fuscorufa is a distinct species, differing from C. crenularia mainly in its somewhat larger spores with wider septa, different colour of the apothecia and a more northern distribution. It differs from C. exsecuta mainly in its chemistry and smaller spores with smaller septa. Caloplaca crenularia is shown to have a more southern distribution in Sweden than previously understood. Chemical data and a molecular analysis based on ITS data show that C. fuscorufa is related to C. crenularia and C. ammiospila, but clearly separated from these species.

Four new species of lichenized fungi from northern Argentina are described and illustrated: Coenogonium albomarginatum Michlig & L. I. Ferraro, C. brasiliense L. I. Ferraro & Michlig, C. flavovirens L. I. Ferraro & Michlig, and C. verrucosum Michlig & L. I. Ferraro. In addition, C. isidiatum (G. Thor & Vězda) Lücking et al., C. magdalenae Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lizano, C. persistens (Malme) Lücking et al., C. pusillum (Mont.) Lücking et al., and C. weberi (Vězda) Lücking et al. are recorded for the first time from South America. The known distribution of 24 species of this lichen genus is extended. A revision of the genus in Argentina and Paraguay is also presented.

Evernia prunastri thalli were homogenized and separated into algaland fungal-rich fractions. The former was shown to contain most β-l,4-glucanase (cellulase) activity. The significance of this localization in field material is discussed.

The type specimens of Synarthonia bicolor and S. stigmatidialis were examined, leading the authors to revise their descriptions as well as the generic description. Also, two new species of Synarthonia, viz. S. psoromica and S. sikkimensis are described from India. Synarthonia psoromica, collected from the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, is characterized by immersed synascomata and the presence of psoromic acid. Synarthonia sikkimensis, collected from Sikkim-Himalaya, is characterized by the sorediate thallus with a rhizomorph-like prothallus. These distinguishing characters are observed for the first time in Synarthonia. After considering the protologue of the recently described S. sarcographoides, a comprehensive account of this genus is made. In addition, a world key to all known species of Synarthonia is provided.

Schistophoron indicum, a new lichen species, is described from India. It is characterized by lirellate mazaediate ascomata and dark brown, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, bilocular to tetralocular-submuriform, smooth-walled, small ascospores.