This is a sequel to the author's (Phatarfod [9]) paper in which an analogue of Wald's Fundamental Identity (F.I.) for random variables defined on a Markov chain with a finite number of states was derived. From it the sampling properties of sequential tests of simple hypotheses about the parameters occurring in the transition probabilities were obtained. In this paper we consider the case of continuous Markovian variables. We restrict our attention to the practically important case of a Normal Markov sequence X0,X1,X2,… such that the Yr being independent normal variables with mean zero and variance σ2.

A. H. Clifford [1], [2] has shown that all finite dimensional representations of a completely 0-simple semigroup S over a field Φ.phi; can be obtained as extensions of those of its maximal subgroups and has given a method for constructing all such representations. This representation theory depends strongly on the fact the representations under consideration are finite dimensional and is not adequate to deal with the infinite dimensional case or with representations over arbitrary rings. In order to determine the structure of the (contracted) algebra Φ(S) of S modulo its radical, one has to consider representations which are not finite dimensional or over fields; c.f. ‘6’. Hence Clifford's theory does not suffice for this purpose.

A large number of results are available on the lattice of subvarieties of the variety of metabelian groups. When considering metabelian p-groups (for odd p), the immediate division is between groups of nilpotency class less than p, and those of class at least p. The first case was dealt with in some detail in [1], and this paper extends the results to the next interesting cases, classes p and p + 1. The main results are stated in Theorems 2 and 4, which give the basis laws for certain varieties, and 3 and 5, which assert the existence of specific generating groups for these varieties, and hence their non-trivial existence. The notation, and the essential parts of the logic, are as in [1]; for the purposes of this paper, the following modification of Lemma 1.1 of [1], and also the ring-of-integer operations used in its proof, are together dubbed the ‘Stirling manipulation’:

The purpose of this paper is to derive asymptotic relations giving the error of a Gauss type quadrature, applied to analytic functions, in terms of certain coefficients in the orthogonal expansion of the integrand. The Fourier expansions of the integrand we consider here are those in terms of the Legendre and the Chebyshev polynomials. In Section 3 we obtain the error of the Gauss-Legendre quadrature expressed in terms of the Legendre-Fourier coefficients of the integrand. In Section 4 the errors of Gauss-Legendre, Lobatto and Radau quadrature formulas are obtained, for large n, expressed in terms of the Chebyshev-Fourier coefficients of the integrand. In deriving these estimates we have used complex variable methods restricting ourselves to the class of analytic integrands; this allows us to obtain simple contour integral representations for the errors of these quadratures for large values of n. However, the form of the estimates obtained indicate that these are applicable to a much wider class of functions.

It is well known (e.g. Stone [1]) that the Stone-Weierstrass approximation theorem can be used to prove the completeness of various systems of orthogonal polynomials, e.g. Chebyshev polynomials. In this paper, Stone's theorem is used to prove a more general completeness theorem, which includes as special cases Plancherel's theorem, the corresponding theorem for Hankel transforms, the completeness of various polynomial systems, and certain expansions in Jacobian elliptic functions. The essential feature common to all these systems is a certain algebraic structure — if S is an appropriate vector space spanned by orthogonal functions, then the algebra A generated by S is contained in the closure of S in a suitable norm.

A semigroup S is called regular if a ∈ aSa for every element a in S. The elementary properties of regular semigroups may be found in A. H. Clifford and G. B. Preston [1]. A semigroup S is called orthodox if S is regular and if the idempotents of S form a subsemigroup of S.

This paper is a continuation of [1]1 We shall use the same notations as those in [1]. Let F(X) ∈ R[X], X = (X1, …, Xn), be a polynomial of degree d > 0 and h(x) ∈ SP(Rn), i.e. h(x) is the sum of a polynomial and a Schwartz funtion. We shall consider Dirichlet series of the type where NF = {x∈Rn: F(x) = 0}. We proved, in [1], that Z(h, F, s) is regular for σ > (n+p)/d and possesses the analytic continuation to the whole s-plane when Fd(x) (the highest homogeneous part of F(X)) ≠ 0 for x ≠ 0. In this paper, we shall say the following.

Let Γ denote the modular group, that is, the free product of a group of order 2 and a group of order 3. Morris Newman investigates in [2] the factor-groups of Γ and calls them Γ-groups for short; thus a group is a Γ-group if and only if it has a generating set consisting of an element of order dividing 2 and an element of order dividing 3. Newman's interest centres on finite simple Γ-groups. He proves that the linear fractional groups LF(2,p) for primes p are Γ -groups, and poses the problem of deciding which of the alternating groups enjoy this property.

In this paper first we prove the uniqueness theorem for an integral transform whose kernel is H-function. Later on we establish a new and interesting theorem concerning this transform and a generalized Laplace transform whose kernel is Meijer's G-function.

Let G be a commutative lattice ordered group. Theorem 1 gives necessary and sufficient conditions under which a⊥ with a∈G is a maximal l-ideal. A wide family of, l-groups G having the property that the orthogonal complement of each atom is a maximal l-ideal is described. Conditionally σ-complete and hence conditionally complete vector lattices belong to the family.It follows immediately that if a is an atom in a conditionally complete vector lattice then a⊥ is a maximal vector lattice ideal. This theorem has been proved in [7] by Yamamuro. Theorem 2 generalizes another result contained in [7]. Namely we prove that if M is a closed maximal l-ideal of an archimedean l-group G then there exists an atom a ∈ G such that M = a⊥.

In a paper [1] of the same title Barnes considered the problem of finding an upper bound for the infimum m+(f) of the non-negative values1 of an indefinite quadratic form f in n variables, of given determinant det(f) ≠ 0 and of signature s. In particular it was announced (and later proved — see [2]) that m+(f) ≦ (16/5)+ for ternary quadratic forms of determinant 1 and signature — 1. A simple consequence of this result is that m+(f) ≦ (256/135)+ for quaternary quadratic forms of determinant — 1 and signature — 2.

An operator acting on a Banach space is said to be unicellular if its lattice of invariant subspaces is totally ordered by inclusion. Each weighted shift on a sequence space has a natural totally ordered set of invariant subspaces, and is unicellular if these are its only invariant subspaces.

Let n1 < n2 < … be the sequence of positive integers whose base b representations involve the digit t ≦ b —1 at most d—1 times. B. D. Craven [2] shows that Σi1/ni converges by giving an upper bound for this sum as a function of b and d.

Let S be a pseudo-metric space with pseudo-metric d. Then for each nonempty A ⊆ S, x ∈ cl (A) if and only if d(x, A) = 0, and d(x, y) = d(y, x) for all x, y ∈S. Thus, if d(x, y) = 0, then x∈cl({Y}) by the first requirement and Y∈cl({x}) by the second requirement. It is natural then to expect that if a topological space S is to be pseudo-metrizable, it should at least satisfy the requirement:

Let F be an algebraic number field, and S a subgroup of the general linear group GL(n, F). We shall call S a U-group if S satisfies the condition (U): Every x ∈ S is a matrix all of whose eigenvalues are algebraic integers. (This is equivalent to either of the following conditions: a) the eigenvalues of each matrix (x are all units as algebraic numbers; b) the characteristic polynomial for x has all its coefficients integers in F. In particular, then, every group of matrices with entries in the integers of F is a U-group.

Eshelby et al. [1] and Stroh [2] have developed the theory of anisotropic elasticity for a three dimensional state of stress in which the stress is independent of one of the Cartesian coordinates. Various problems involving dislocations in an infinite anisotropic medium are solved in the first paper, while Stroh considers dislocation problems as well as determining the stresses round a crack subjected to an arbitrary non-uniform applied stress. In this note, which follows their treatment, we consider the problem of determining the stresses produced by the indentation of the plane surface of an anisotropic half space by a rigid punch. Problems of this type have been solved by Green and Zerna [3], Lekhnitskii [4], Brilla [5], Gallin [6] and Milne-Thomson [7] but if we take Cartesian coordinates x1, x2, x3 and let the stress be independent of x3, then these authors all assume the x1x2 plane to be one of elastic symmetry. The solution presented in this paper does not require this assumption so that it has a more general application than has been the case with previous solutions to problems of this type. The first part of the analysis given here is for general anisotropy, but in order to obtain a solution to the punch problem by the method of this paper, it is necessary to consider only a particular class of anisotropic materials. The indentation of such materials by a circular block is discussed in section 4 and the results are used in section 5 to examine the case when the circular block is on a transversely isotropic half space.

We say a matrix H of order 4t is Hadamard if each entry is 1 or — 1, and the inner product of any two rows is zero. We shall consider only Hadamard matrices in normal form with the first row consisting solely of 1 while any two of the remaining rows have the property that hik = hjk = 1, hik = –hjk = 1, —hik = hjk = 1, and –hik = –hjk = 1 each occur t times. We can induce a further normalization by choosing the second row of H to have the first 2t entries 1 and the last 2t entries — 1, and this will be the standard form we consider. We now call the submatrix obtained by deleting the first two rows of H and the first It columns. H therefore is of dimension 4t — 2 x 2t. We prove the following theorem:

Lattices of congruences are studied in section II.6 of Cohn [2]. Papers [5] and [6] by Munn deal with lattices of congruences on semigroups and conditions under which these lattices are modular. In [4] Lallement shows that the lattice of congruences on a completely 0-simple semigroup is semimodular, giving an alternative proof of the result, due to Preston [7], that the lattice of congruences on a completely 0-simple semigroup satisfies a certain chain condition which is a natural extension to arbitrary lattices of the Jordan-Dedekind chain condition for finite lattices.

In a fully ordered (f.o.) ring with identity, the set of all bounded elements as defined below might be an Archimedian subring. Most of the examples of f.o. rings constructed in literature having the bounded set as Archimedian subring are polynomial rings. For example I[x], R[x] etc., where I is the ring of integers and R is the field of rationals, with lexicographic ordering. Now we ask whether a f.o. ring with identity, with the set of bounded elements as Archimedian subring can be a polynomial ring over an Archimedian subring. This is answered affirmatively in Theorem 1. It is proved in Theorem 3 that f.o. rings with identity and with every positive element a large element, belong to the above class. The problem then arises as to when the set of all bounded elements, called a weak Archimedian sub- ring in [2], becomes an Archimedian subring. This problem is completely solved in Theorem 2. The concept of weak Archimedian rings is found to be useful by the author in characterizing some f.o. rings as algebraic algebras in [3].

If H is a subgroup of a group G we shall say that G is H-residually finite if for every element g in G, outside H, there is a subgroup of finite index in G, containing H and still avoiding g. (Then, according to the usual definition, G is residually finite if it is E-residually finite, where E is the identity subgroup). Definitions of other terms used below may be found in § 2 or in [6].