To introduce the application of confocal endomicroscopy during microlaryngoscopy, to enable intra-operative evaluation of human laryngeal epithelium.

A rigid endoscope was connected to the scanner head of a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II confocal laser scanning system via an adapter. The endoscope was gently placed on the surface of a vocal fold through a laryngoscope during microlaryngoscopy.

The application of confocal endomicroscopy using a rigid endoscope enabled technical improvements (i.e. improved image quality, automatic volume scan, and reduced tissue pressure due to the presence of a perforation plate with central hole at the end of the endoscope) which permitted greater sensitivity and improved handling. Confocal endomicroscopy provided good quality, in vivo, en-face images and enabled an assessment of laryngeal epithelium volume.

This method enables the surgeon to monitor epithelial changes in pre-malignant lesions. The combination of confocal endomicroscopy together with optical coherence tomography (as a complementary technique that provides optical cross-sections) should be further explored in a formal clinicopathological study.

To report a case of subdural haematoma occurring as an extremely rare and life-threatening complication of cochlear implantation, and to explore the causative association between intracranial haemorrhage and cochlear implantation surgical techniques. This association has not previously been reviewed in depth.

A three-year-old boy was diagnosed with a large subdural haematoma, one week after cochlear implantation. After emergency evacuation of the haematoma, the patient made an excellent recovery and was discharged from hospital without any neurological deficit.

Mechanisms of injury are discussed and the literature reviewed, focusing on the possible causes of intracranial haemorrhage identified after cochlear implantation. Notably, bone drilling had been used in all reported cases, and the probable causative injury had always occurred after such drilling.

The issue of bone drilling during cochlear implantation is raised, and alternative methods of implant housing suggested, in order to avoid intracranial haemorrhage.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is the most common benign neoplasm of the larynx in children. Intralesional injection of cidofovir may have some potential as an adjunctive treatment. There is no standardised protocol in the UK for the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. This study aimed to investigate the management practices of surgeons treating paediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in the UK.

A web questionnaire survey was sent by e-mail to all members of the British Association of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology.

Out of 35 respondents, 23 were at that time treating children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Nineteen respondents preferred to use a microdebrider, 12 preferred laser, and 5 preferred cold steel along with either laser or a microdebrider. Twelve surgeons used cidofovir for selected patients and 12 surgeons did not use cidofovir for any patients. Cidofovir was considered after 0–4 surgical procedures by seven respondents, after 4–6 surgical procedures by four respondents and after 6 surgical procedures by six respondents. Eleven respondents warned patients about the possible side effects of cidofovir and five gave no warning.

There was no consensus as to when it would be appropriate to use cidofovir, indicating the need for cidofovir usage guidelines.

This case report describes the endoscopic transsphenoidal management of a cholesterol granuloma situated in a technically challenging part of the petrous apex, and the associated peri- and post-operative complications that arose. The literature on diagnosis and management of petrous apex cholesterol granulomas is reviewed.

Surgical intervention was attempted on three occasions, each time via an endoscopic, transsphenoidal approach with image guidance. The procedure was abandoned on the first occasion as there was a significant risk to the carotid artery; only a small drainage ostium was created because of the proximity of the carotid artery. The second attempt, complicated by copious bleeding from the clival venous plexus, was arrested prematurely. Successful drainage was achieved at the third attempt, but recovery was complicated by tension pneumocephalus.

The transnasal route is less invasive than a lateral labyrinthine or cochlear approach, and spares cochlear and vestibular function. However, this approach is not without risk. It is important to consider the natural anatomical variance of vasculature when planning surgical intervention for a lesion situated in a technically challenging part of the petrous apex. Additional magnetic resonance venography is recommended to circumnavigate the venous plexus, thereby avoiding an unexpected breach.

This paper reports a series of patients with sporadic pinna perichondritis who presented to a district general hospital over a period of 10 years. The data examined included the causative organism, risk factors and pattern of antibiotic use.

A retrospective analysis of diagnosed cases of pinna perichondritis from 2001 to 2012 was performed. A literature review of pinna perichondritis was carried out using Pubmed with the key words ‘pinna perichondritis’, ‘pinna abscess’, ‘pinna infection’ and ‘piercing’.

Pinna perichondritis was more likely to result from chondral than lobe piercings. The majority of cases were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Most patients were not prescribed anti-pseudomonal antibiotics on presentation. This may result in persistent infection and long-term cosmetic defects.

We report a previously undescribed association between transitory stapedial myoclonus, objective tinnitus and benign fasciculation syndrome.

Case report and review of the world literature regarding stapedial myoclonus.

A 30-year-old man with a diagnosis of benign fasciculation syndrome abruptly developed severe, low-pitched tinnitus on the right side. Otoscopic examination revealed rhythmic movement of the tympanic membrane, which was synchronous with the tinnitus. No palatal spasm was noted on nasopharyngeal examination. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and pure tone audiometry were unremarkable. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of objective tinnitus due to stapedial myoclonus was made. The objective tinnitus spontaneously disappeared within 48 hours of its appearance, but in the following days the patient suffered frequent, brief episodes of objective tinnitus lasting only a few seconds.

The occurrence of stapedial myoclonus in this patient indicated the presence of an underlying motor unit hyper-excitability. This case suggests that, in some patients, stapedial myoclonus may represent the clinical expression of diffuse motor unit hyper-excitability.

To increase awareness of the presentation, diagnostic difficulties and management of endolymphatic sac tumours.

A 79-year-old man with a 6-month history of unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo, who was suspected to have an endolymphatic sac tumour on imaging, underwent successful transmastoid-translabyrinthine resection. A 53-year-old man with unilateral hearing loss and pulsatile tinnitus underwent subtotal resection of a suspected paraganglioma, which was identified histologically. Due to interval growth, gamma knife radiosurgery was performed followed by subtotal petrosectomy, at which juncture an endolymphatic sac tumour was reported.

A review of the world literature was carried out using Medline, which identified less than 150 reported cases of endolymphatic sac tumour.

Endolymphatic sac tumours are rare lesions of the petrous temporal bone. Although benign, they can be locally destructive. At present, there is no consensus regarding the management and long-term follow up of these tumours. Surgical resection is usually favoured, although treatment with radiotherapy and gamma knife surgery has also been reported.

Treatment options for large subglottic haemangioma include steroids, laser ablation, open excision, tracheostomy and, more recently, propranolol. This article aims to present the Great Ormond Street Hospital guidelines for using propranolol to treat infantile isolated subglottic haemangioma by ENT surgeons.

The vascular malformations multidisciplinary team at Great Ormond Street Hospital has developed guidelines for treating infantile haemangioma with propranolol.

The Great Ormond Street Hospital guidelines for propranolol treatment for infantile subglottic haemangioma include investigation, treatment and follow up. Propranolol is started at 1 mg/kg/day divided into three doses, increasing to 2 mg/kg/day one week later. On starting propranolol and when increasing the dose, the pulse rate and blood pressure must be checked every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours. Lesion response to treatment is assessed via serial endoscopy.

Recent reports of dramatic responses to oral propranolol in children with haemangioma and acute airway obstruction have led to increased use. We advocate caution, and have developed guidelines (including pre-treatment investigation and monitoring) to improve treatment safety. Propranolol may in time prove to be the best medical treatment for subglottic haemangioma, but at present is considered to be still under evaluation.

The objective of the current study was to compare the outcomes of rigid endoscopic procedures with those of pre-operative flexible nasoendoscopy.

A total of 253 patients who had undergone rigid endoscopic examination under anaesthesia between 6 January 2010 and 31 August 2011 were identified. Their clinical, surgical and histological records were evaluated.

A total of 213 patients had a flexible nasoendoscopic procedure performed and recorded pre-operatively, and 82 in this cohort had a specific lesion or area of concern identified. There were 21 confirmed malignant biopsy results, the majority of which were squamous cell carcinoma. No patient with a negative pre-operative endoscopy had a malignant lesion discovered on endoscopic biopsy. The sensitivity and specificity of pre-operative nasoendoscopy were 100 per cent and 66.3 per cent, respectively.

Diagnostic rigid endoscopic examination of the upper aerodigestive tract remains an important tool for excluding malignancy in high-risk patients, but is an unnecessary procedure in those low-risk patients with normal pre-operative findings.

Infants are obligate nasal breathers. Cleft palate closure may result in upper airway compromise. We describe children undergoing corrective palatal surgery who required unplanned airway support.

Tertiary referral unit.

Retrospective study (2007–2009) of 157 cleft palate procedures (70 primary procedures) in 43 patients. Exclusion criteria comprised combined cleft lip and palate, secondary palate procedure, and pre-existing airway support.

The children's mean age was 7.5 months and their mean weight 7.72 kg. Eight children were syndromic, and eight underwent pre-operative sleep studies (five positive, three negative). Post-operatively, five developed respiratory distress and four required oxygen, both events significantly associated with pre-operative obstructive sleep apnoea (p = 0.001 and 0.015, respectively). Four desaturated within 24 hours. Five required a nasopharyngeal airway. Hospital stay (mean, 4 days) was significantly associated with obstructive sleep apnoea (p = 0.002) and nasopharyngeal airway insertion (p = 0.017).

Pre-operative obstructive sleep apnoea correlated significantly with post-operative respiratory distress, supplementary oxygen requirement, nasopharyngeal airway insertion and hospital stay. We recommend pre-operative sleep investigations for all children undergoing cleft palate repair, to enable appropriate timing of the procedure.

Conductive hyperacusis in superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome occurs due to the presence of a ‘third window’ created by the dehiscence. Reversible blocking of the round window can, in theory, cause a reduction in the compression-related volume displacement, and thereby minimise symptoms of conductive hyperacusis. This study describes a technique of permeatal blocking of the round window.

The tympanomeatal flap is elevated and the round window niche is identified. The round window membrane is subsequently identified and occluded with bone wax, muscle and fascia, in three separate layers. Finally, the tympanomeatal flap is reflected, and an ear wick is inserted.

Two patients who underwent the procedure reported a reduction in symptoms. Importantly, no Tullio phenomenon was reported post-operation.

Blocking of the round window can be used to control symptoms of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome in patients who present solely with symptoms of conductive hyperacusis. This technique provides an alternative to resurfacing techniques. The procedure is simple to perform, reversible and can be undertaken as day-case surgery.

Anecdotally, infectious mononucleosis is considered a more severe infection than bacterial tonsillitis, requiring a longer hospital stay. However, there is little in the literature comparing the epidemiology of the two conditions. This study aimed to compare the epidemiology of bacterial tonsillitis and infectious mononucleosis, in particular any differences in the length of in-patient stay.

The hospital in-patient enquiry system was used to analyse patients admitted with bacterial tonsillitis and infectious mononucleosis between 1990 and 2009 inclusive.

There was a total of 3435 cases over the 20 years: 3064 with bacterial tonsillitis and 371 with infectious mononucleosis. The mean length of stay was 3.22 days for bacterial tonsillitis and 4.37 days for infectious mononucleosis. The median length of stay for each condition was compared using the Mann–Whitney U non-parametric test, and a significant difference detected (p < 0.001).

Patients with infectious mononucleosis have a significantly longer stay in hospital than those with bacterial tonsillitis.

This study aimed to assess the speed of referral, diagnosis and treatment of patients with lymphoma presenting with a neck lump, and to identify where delays are occurring that prevent UK national targets from being met.

The study entailed a retrospective survey of patients presenting with a neck lump secondary to lymphoma between 2006 and 2008 in Gloucestershire, UK.

Forty-seven of 54 patients (87 per cent) were seen within 2 weeks of referral. However, the 62-day rule, which covers the time from referral to the initiation of treatment, was met in only 32 of the 54 cases (59 per cent). There were no breaches of the 31-day target, which concerned the time from decision to treat to the initiation of treatment. Subsequent target breaches were due to longer waiting times for radiological and pathological investigations.

Radiological examinations should be ordered at the first consultation and biopsies performed as soon as possible. Establishing one-stop, rapid access clinics should improve the achievement of a maximum 62-day wait for patients with lymphoma presenting with neck lumps.

We report the case of a patient with extensive pneumocephalus extending into the lateral ventricles from a brain abscess arising from a cholesteatoma-induced defect in the skull base.

A 70-year-old man with cholesteatoma presented with right-sided otalgia, otorrhoea and progressive headaches. Computed tomography showed a tegmental defect (approximately 2 × 2 cm) at the right mastoid antrum. A T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scan showed pneumocephalus in both lateral ventricles, which was directly connected to the mastoid cavity via a brain abscess and a bone defect in the skull base. Radical mastoidectomy was performed to remove the cholesteatoma. The roof of the mastoid cavity was covered extensively with fascia and a pedicled temporalis muscle flap. One week post-operatively, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed no pneumocephalus.

Pneumocephalus arising from a cholesteatoma-induced brain abscess and extending into the lateral ventricles is an important entity, with an atypical appearance on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

We present an extremely rare case of congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins.

Case report of congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins, and a literature review, are presented.

Both cases presented to the ENT out-patient clinic, but with different clinical pictures. Both were managed surgically.

Congenital cholesteatoma presents as a whitish mass in the middle ear, with an intact tympanic membrane. It is a rare entity comprising between 3.7 and 24 per cent of total cholesteatoma cases. The key to its diagnosis is the absence of previous ear infection, ear surgery and local trauma. To our best knowledge, this paper represents the first report in the world literature of congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins.

To demonstrate that ventilation tubes can remain in situ much longer than expected, and that the materials used in the manufacturing of these tubes can degrade and cause complications. Long-term follow up and replacement of the tube is recommended.

Case report and review of the literature concerning the use of long-term ventilation tubes.

In the case reported, the ventilation tube was in place for 19 years, which resulted in chronic ear discharge. When it was removed, it was noted that the tube itself had degraded and had caused a chronic inflammatory reaction.

We recommend that the long-term use of ventilation tubes is followed up and that the tube is replaced before material degradation takes place.

Treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer includes surgery, and/or chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy. Each of these treatments results in major changes to the swallowing mechanism. Dysphagia is strongly correlated with poorer quality of life. A good understanding of outcomes is needed for well-informed treatment decisions.

This study reports on patients' swallowing outcomes following surgical and non-surgical treatments based on the results of three different swallowing tests. A total of 123 data sets were collected in out-patient clinics across two hospitals in North East England.

There were no significant differences between treatment groups for patient-reported swallowing outcomes or swallowing performance. However, patients who had undergone chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (with or without laryngectomy) had significantly more diet restrictions than other groups.

Long-term dysphagia is a common outcome of treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer. Patients treated with chemoradiotherapy and laryngectomy reported the worst overall outcomes. More longitudinal prospective research with large treatment groups is needed to investigate swallowing outcomes following different treatment methods.