It seems that flying phobia is relatively common in general population. Studies show the lifetime prevalence rates of flying phobia in general population ranging from 2.5 to 2.9%

To ascertain in a sample of an urban general population.

The subjects in this study were participants from non-clinical, urban general population in Belgrade, Serbia. The sample consisted of 216 participants who were assessed in 2010. The assessment of the participants was done by the following instruments: Socio-demographic and flight history questionnaire and The Visual Analogue Flight Anxiety Scale.

On the Visual Analogue Flight Anxiety Scale participants mostly rated their intensity of flight anxiety on the low level. The mean value was 1.24 (SD = 1.42) and almost 2/5 of participants reported that they do not have any flight anxiety. But, 60.6% of sample reported that they have some level of flight anxiety. The statistically significant predictors of the flight anxiety were female gender and older age of the first flight. The other of socio-demographic (Age, Marrital status, Parenthood status, Education level, Employment) and flight history (History of flying, Age of first flight, Flying in the last 10 years and Traumatic experiences) variables did not emerge as possible predictors of the flight anxiety.

In this study, we have evaluated the effects of Olanzapine in treatment of panic disorder with and without agoraphobia.

Patients whit resistant panic disorder (resistant to tow SSRI agents) who came to psychiatric clinic of Ibn-e-Sina and Ghaem Hospitals-Mashhad during 2004–2005 were enrolled in this study. Low dose Olanzapine (2.5 milligram per day) was administered initially. ALL cases were evaluated by different psychiatric tests such as agoraphobic cognitions questionnaire panic attack and anticipatory anxiety scale, Hamilton depression test and general functional assessment.

In this study, 30 patients were divided into two groups of panic disorder with agoraphobia (13 cases) and panic disorder without agrophobia (17 cases). Comparing these two groups, all indexes were improved significantly by time but The frequency of panic attacks in the last week minor panic attack duration of panic attacks agoraphobic cognition scale and Hamilton depression indexes were Improved significantly especially in those cases with panic disorder and agoraphobia Although the therapeutic response according to anxiety score, total panic attacks Hamilton depression test and general functional assessment was not showed any Difference.

Olanzapine augmentation has acceptable effects in the treatment of drug resistant panic disorder with agoraphobia and therapeutic effects were more significant among patients with panic disorder without agoraphobia.

Ballrom dancing as a sport now has a great popularity in Russia, therefore it is necessary to determine features of its influence on dancer's personality.

The hypothesis of this date has the following issue: regular employment of sports dances (under the European and Latin American program) are a method of correction of anxiety 13–14 years old teenagers.

At a preliminary investigation phase we selected ten teenagers (4 boys and 6 girls), which hadn’t been engaged in any kinds cognitive activity, except school classes and having high anxiety indicators. At the basic investigation phase teenagers became members of a dance sports club and the psychological monitoring was carried out.

During our research work we applied the test of R.Cattell (form HSPQ), the test of Ch. Spiellberger. Various methods of observation, interview, and also methods of mathematical statistics, particularly factor of correlation of K. Pearson, criterion of F. Wilcoxon were used.

According to the R. Cattell test the tendency of anxiety decrease is fixed. Anxiety (scale O) was stably normalized at 80% of testees that positivly correlates with the results under the Ch. Spiellberger test results (r = 0,85). Two girls showed fluctuations of anxiety on the eve competitions.

Dancing sports develop ability to fruitful cooperation with adults and peer at teenagers, raise selfconfidence, form skills of self-organizing of their life. Reliable results on anxiety normalization are reached (p ≤ 0,005), hence, sports ballroom dances can be considered as a correction method for high by anxious teenagers.

Obsessive compulsive -disorder (OCD) is a group of highly debilitating condition characterized by intrusive troubling thoughts, repetitive, compulsive behaviours or mental rituals. According to the OMS, this is the tenth disease which produces a social incapacity. This behavior is associated with other diseases of the motor pathway as Parkinson, Tourrete, Lesh-Nyhan, PKAN, Huntington disease. A notable percentage of patients are refractory to pharmacological treatment and cognitive behaviour therapy. Increasing attention has been paid to the efficacy of DBS therapies in alleviating pharmacoresistant psychiatric disorders including OCD.

This prospective study was to determine the efficacy of DBS using multiple targets in a pharmacoresistant compulsion behavior population with heterogeneous symptoms in a multidisciplinary team.

Five patients. Patients were classified according to their prominent features as follows: contamination/cleaning, symmetry/checking, exactness/counting and forbidden thoughts. The entire surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia. Direct targeting based on sterotactic MRI without microelectrode recordings was done. A combination of two of the following targets was simultaneously implanted for all 5 patients: subthalamic nucleus, accumbens nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis, limbic globus pallidus internus.All the patients have been assessed pre-and postoperatively using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale.

Mean age at surgery was of 42.6 ± 12.68 years. Mean follow-up with DBS was of 21 ± 14.88 months.Mean preoperative Y-BOCS scores was 31.6 ± 2.70 and of 11 ± 7.97 postoperative (p = 0,057, Wilcoxon signed Rank test). Conclusion: Subthalamic nucleus and accumbens nucleus targets seem to be comparable in alleviating several subtypes of compulsions (checking, cleaning, counting) as well as obsessions.

Panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is currently classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-IV, share some clinical characteristics. Emerging evidence suggests that CO2-induced fear reactivity is associated with anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder. However, there are only very few data available about the sensitivity of patients with PTSD to carbon dioxide.

To examine the psychometric effects of CO2 on panic anxiety and PTSD symptoms in subjects with PTSD.

In 10 patients with PTSD, 10 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects and additional 8 patients with panic disorder we assessed anxiety, panic, dissociative and PTSD symptoms before and after a single vital capacity inhalation of 35% CO2.

Inhalation of a single deep breath of 35% of carbon dioxide resulted in significant panicogenic and anxiogenic effects in PTSD patients versus healthy controls, which were similar to the well known responses of patients with panic disorder. Furthermore, significant pro-dissociative effects and significant provocation of post-traumatic flashbacks and PTSD symptoms were observed in PTSD patients.

These data provide novel evidence that panic disorder and PTSD share a common hypersensitivity to CO2 and thus might belong to the same spectrum of vulnerability.

Individuals with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) have an attentional bias towards threatening information. It is not known whether this results from facilitated engagement (faster orientation) or delayed disengagement (shifting attention away) from threat. Recent research has developed a new methodology designed to modify attentional disengagement from threat.

Using this paradigm, the present study assessed the causal role of attentional disengagement from threat and its impact on worry.

Twenty-four university students scoring below 56 on the Penn-State-Worry-Questionnaire were randomly assigned to either threat disengagement training, or non-threat disengagement training. Training was assessed using threat and non-threat test-trials. All participants then completed a novel worry task, assessing tendency, ability and persistency of worry. The hypothesis was that training to disengage from threat rather than non-threat stimuli would affect tendency, ability or persistence of worry.

Accuracy and test-trial reaction-time data indicated disengagement training was successful; compared to the non-threat disengagement group, the threat disengagement group had faster reaction-times for non-threat valence test-trials, experienced marginally non-significantly more negative intrusions during active worry, and found it significantly more difficult to worry, when required to engage solely with worry without interruption in the worry task.

It is possible to manipulate attentional bias to disengage from threat information, leading to fewer negative thought intrusions during active worry and increased difficulty in engaging solely with worry, thus suggesting that impaired disengagement has a causal role in the ability to worry.

Research shows anxiety clustering within families: a greater proportion of children with anxious parents develop symptoms of anxiety than children with non-anxious parents. Anxious children often describe their parents as over-controlling and intrusive, lacking in affection and warmth, with reports of decreased parental support.

1. (1) to identify if parenting behaviors differ between anxious and non-anxious parents,

2. (2) to discuss if these differences in behaviors can contribute to transgenerational transmission of anxiety.

Identifying whether behaviour modification could reduce familial transmission rates of anxiety.

A search of OvidSP Medline, Google Scholar, and PubMed was performed, covering 1999 to 2010. Search terms used were: parenting, parents, maternal, paternal, or parental; and anxiety, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder, or phobia. 14 Papers were identified.

While most papers identified differences in parenting between anxious and control parents, the conclusions were variable. Two observed increased amounts of controlling behaviour, 5 a decrease in sensitivity, 1 witnessed exageration of behaviours, and 5 a decrease in granting of autonomy or increased protectiveness.

The most supported differences in anxious parenting are less granting of autonomy, and lower levels of sensitivity. Whilst in isolation they cannot explain how anxiety is transmitted, and appear to be reciprocally related to child anxiety and temperament, they give grounds for further research. In particular this review identifies the need to study the above behavioral components in longitudinal studies, to observe causal effects between parent behavior and child anxiety.

Most of the literature examining sleep in anxiety disorders has focused on post-traumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Few studies have examined sleep disturbances in social phobia. Yet, social phobia has a lifetime prevalence of 12%. Previous studies assessed sleep disturbances in small samples of individuals with social phobia. Most studies reported bivariate analysis, the only multivariate analysis being in non treatment-seeking individuals.

To assess insomnia severity in a population of treatment-seeking patients with social phobia and investigate correlations between insomnia, depression, general anxiety, and social anxiety.

To demonstrate that positive associations exist between anxiety, depression, and insomnia in patients with social phobia, depression contributing the most to insomnia severity.

One hundred and seventy-nine treatment-seeking individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosis of social phobia completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD-A and HAD-D) and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS).

Two-thirds of our sample had insomnia. Depression, anxiety, social anxiety, and insomnia were positively correlated. Sex, HAD-A and LSAS significantly contributed in explaining the ISI total score after accounting for age, medication use, and depression, whereas HAD-D was not a significant contributor. The model explained 33.5% of the overall variance.

Assessing sleep quality and quantity, and understanding the interactions between insomnia, anxiety and depression, is needed to improve treatment in patients with social phobia and could allow adapting cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia programs to social anxiety.

To explore the consequences of broadening DSM-IV criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) on patient's disability.

A multicentre and observational study was carried-out in outpatient psychiatric clinics in Spain between years 2007 and 2008. Naïve diagnosed patients with GAD according to DSM-IV criteria or with anxiety symptoms fulfilling broadened criteria were compared. At least 1-month of excessive or non-excessive worry along with only two of the associated symptoms listed on DSM-IV for GAD were considered as broadened GAD criteria. Socio-demographic data, medical history and functional outcome measures were recorded.

A total of 3,549 patients were systematically recruited, 12.8% excluded because not found eligible for inclusion in analysis; 1,815 in the DSM-IV group (DG) and 1,264 in the broadening criteria group (BG). Both groups were similar on their sociodemographic characteristics. Total disability score in the WHO-DAS II scale was slightly, but statistically significant, higher in DG; 41.9 (17.1) versus 38.9 (16.0) points, p < 0.05. These weak differences were observed in all of the scale domains but mainly in domains “Getting around” [34.5 (23.6) versus 29.4 (22.8), p< 0.05] and “Life activities” [55.5 (27.1) versus 52.1 (26.2), p< 0.05], since differences in the other domains, even statistically significant, were negligible.

Patients with standard DSM-IV criteria for GAD appears to show slightly, but significant, worst level of disability than subjects with broadening diagnostic GAD criteria. Life-activities and participation in society domains seems to be the functional domains most impacted by symptoms of anxiety.

The purpose of this research was to analyse the effect of adding Pregabalin (PGB) on severe symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder refractory to duloxetin in daily medical practice in Spain.

This is a post-hoc analysis of a 6-month multicentre, prospective and observational study carried out in outpatient psychiatric clinics in Spain. Men and women, above 18 years, with a diagnosis of GAD according with DSM-IV-TR criteria, pregabalin naïve and refractory to a previous course of duloxetin (3 months or more) and severe symptoms of anxiety (HAM-A ≥ 24) and depression (MADRS ≥ 35) were considered eligible for analysis.

A total of twenty-five patients [76% women, mean age; 49.3 (11.8) years, 82% with a comorbid depressive disorder] fulfilled criteria for analysis, and were previously exposed to duloxetin [mean dose: 71.7 (26.7) mg/day] for an average of 6.7 (3.7) months. Adding pregabalin [mean dose: 172.8 (75.5) mg/day], during 5.2 (1.8) months, reduced both anxiety and depressive symptoms by a mean of, respectively in HAM-A and MADRS scales, 54.1% (from 36.5 ± 4.3 pts to 16.6 ± 9.1 pts; p < 0.001, effect size: 4.63) and 52.8% (from 40.4 ± 4.6 pts to 19.0 ± 11.0 pts; p < 0.001, effect size: 4.65). As a result, the percentages of patients without symptoms of either anxiety or depression were 30% and 24%, respectively.

Despite small sample, adding pregabalin had a meaningful and significant effect on severe symptoms of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with severe GAD and concomitant depressive disorder resistant to duloxetin.

Although several risk factors for anxiety-related phenotypes have been identified, few studies have quantified the weight of each one of these factors.

The aim of this study is to quantify contributions for anxiety variance in adolescents.

Ninety-seven adolescents from a community cross-sectional study and their parents were assessed with a structured DSM-IV diagnostic interview, several psychiatric and environmental rating scales and with a nutritional evaluation. The whole evaluation protocol generates 31 constructs previously associated with anxiety-related phenotypes in the literature. These constructs were organized in a hierarchical block analysis as follows:

1. (1) socio-demographic and early life environment;

2. (2) family environment and maternal psychiatric symptomatology and temperament;

3. (3) stressfull life-events and maltreatment;

4. (4) physical health and nutrition. The Screen for Children and Adolescent Related Anxiety Disorders (SCARED) was used as outcome.

The results of our hierarchical model accounts for only 24% of the total SCARED score. Hierarchically, block one and two did not explain significantly the SCARED variability (r2 = 0.078; p = 0.011 and r2=0.106; p = 0.064/pincremental = 0.090). After the inclusion of block 3, the hierarchical model achieved statistical significance (r2 = 0.231; p = 0.001/pincremental = 0.001), with little additional explanation after the inclusion of block 4 (r2 = 0.243; p = 0.001/pincremental = 0.242).

Even after an extensive exploratory analysis we were able to explain only about one fourth of anxiety symptoms variability in adolescents. Our findings support the notion that we still have a distant comprehension of the factors that lead to anxiety in adolescents and that the major determinants of anxiety disorders in adolescence are still missing.

Disgust has been characterized as a basic emotion, with unique physiological, behavioral and cognitive features. Although emotions have been a main subject of psychopathology over the last decades, disgust has recently been labelled as a “forgotten emotion” in psychiatry. In their original work, Haidt et al. (1994) outlined 8 domains of disgust elicitors: food, animals, body products, body envelope violation, death, sex, and hygiene, and a domain of sympathetic magic. While there is some variability in people's disgust sensitivity, this emotion has a fairly recognizable set of elicitors within a given culture. The aim of this work was to examine the kinds of domains in which Spanish experience disgust.

We asked participants (students of psychology at the UNED) to describe:

1. (a) the five most disgusting experiences of their lives,

2. (b) the distress reactions experienced during these experiences,

3. (c) and to list all things that provoke reactions of disgust to him/her or to other people.

Descriptions of disgusting stimuli, objects and behaviors were conceptually classified in the following 11 domains: body products, animals, foods, envelope violations, hygiene/dirt, putrefaction, socio-moral, sex, death, disease, and marginalization/poverty. The largest of these domains were body products, animals and foods, which accounted for 64% of all descriptions. The more distressing reactions were related to body products, foods and hygiene.

We replicated the domains previously found by Haidt et al. (1994), except the area of sympathetic magic. Our data also provide support for new kinds of disgust elicitors, named socio-moral, death, and marginalization/poverty.

The theory of social support can influence the overall broad range of social networks on people to create positive experiences that people bring, the experience can feel the predictability and stability in situations of life and enhance self-worth is effective.

This study reviews the relationship between social support and social support optimal interactions with general depression, lack of arousal and anxiety felt among the students was fun.

The study sample of 293 students are Tabatabai University.

The status of students in the social protection component interactions in daily emotional support, emotional support and protect significant issue oriented issue is above average and good social support in daily emotional support component, useful daily support and protection issue higher orbit are average. Pearson correlation results show that social support and favorable interactions with the general depression, anxiety and lack of arousal feel in 0 / 05 and 0 / 01 is significant and negative relationship with one another are significant. Regression analysis showed that the spatial step feel and lack of arousal component of anxiety in social support interactions to predict depression and components of general social support will predict the optimum.

The results of this study also shows that the highest correlation between social support and lack of interaction feel is the highest correlation between social support and depression in general is good.

The theory of social support can affect the extensive networks of social communications on people generally and causes the positive experiences for people, these experiences can be effective on feeling of predictability and stability in situations of life and enhancement of self-worth.

The purpose of this study is the investigation of relationship between social support in interactions, favorable social support and general depression, anxiety arousal and lack of feeling of pleasure among students.

The statistical sample of study includes 293 students of Allame Tabatabaee University.

The status of students is above the average in social support in interactions in components of daily emotional support, problem-centered emotional support and problem -centered support and it is above the average in favorable social support in components of daily emotional support,useful daily supports and problem-centered support.the results of Pearson correlation show that: social support in favorable interactions with general depression, anxiety arousal and lack of feeling of pleasure is significant in level of 0 / 05 and 0 / 01 and have negative significant relationship together. Regression analysis indicated that the components of lack of feeling of pleasure and anxiety arousal predict social support in interactions and component of general depression predicts the favorable social support.

Also, the results of present study show that: there is the highest correlation between social support in interactions and lack of feeling of pleasure and there is the highest correlation between favorable social support and general depression.

To explore changes of Ca2+-CaM-CaMKIIα in basolateral amygdala of PTSD rats may reveal part of the pathogensis.

The SPS-method was used to set up the rat PTSD models. A total of 90 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into1d, 4d, 7d, 14d groups of SPS and normal control groups. The intracellular free calcium level in basolateral amygdala was examined by fluorescence spectrophotometer. CaM and CaMKIIα expression in basolateral amygdala were examined by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

The intracellular free calcium level reached the peak 1 day after SPS stimulation, then gradually decreased to normal level. The expression of CaM 1day after SPS is also the most and then decreased to normal level. In contrast, CaMKIIα expression showed a significant down-regulation 1day after SPS throughout and then gradually increased to normal level. This findings suggest dysfunction of Ca2+-CaM-CaMKIIα in basolateral amygdala of PTSD rats.

Thus, the trauma-induced enhanced anxiety appear to be associated with, and possibly caused by, changes of Ca2+-CaM-CaMKIIα in basolateral amygdala.

Secondary gain was defined in terms of interpersonal, and social advantage achieved by patient as outcome of the illness. It helps the Ego to incorporate the symptom(s). Secundary gain is unconcious mechanism. It shouldn’t be mixed up with malingering or factitious disorder.

45 years old male patient was hospitalized at a Clinic of Psychiatry in Tuzla complaining the memory inpairment, confusion, and weakness of right arm and leg. The patient had been hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurology few months prior to actual hospitalisation. Diagnostic procedures, including MRI of the brain were done. Despite of negative tests results the diagnosis of ischemic stroke was made. During clicical observation the diagnosis of Dissociative motor disorder was postulated.

The dissociative disorders is common in clinical practice. Existence of strong secondary gain may lead to chronicity and working and social dysfunction.