The wide circulation vertebral pathologies is one of the most significant modern medical and social problems.

Establishment of psychological qualities of the person with a functional pathology of spine.

«Valuable orientations» by M. Rokich; «Firmness definitions to stresses and social adaptation» by Holmes and Rage; «Versatile scale perfectionisme by Huite and Flate; «Revealing dependence on work»; «Degree of expressiveness of neurotic bents of the person» by M.A. Kuznetsov. 100 patients with following functional infringements of spine have been surveyed. In control group have entered 30 students of medical school.

Such features of the person with a functional pathology of a backbone are established: dependence on work - 100%; socially caused perfectionism - 26% which is interpreted as the non-realised overestimated requirements of associates; primacy of individualist values; requirements for the power over associates, using own intelligence and will - 13 %, in love and favor of other people - 37%, in independence and self-sufficiency - 22 %; danger of occurrence of psychosomatic frustration - 54% (p < 0,05). Statistically significant differences between group of patients with functional pathology of spine control group are established on indicators «dependence on work» (p < 0,02), «stability to stress» (p < 0,046).

The timely psychological analysis of the person of the patient and correctly developed program of psychotherapeutic intervention promote achievement of comprehension and understanding of investigatory communication between features of its person and disease, is the concrete help to patients in overcome diseases and its negative corporal or mental displays.

An establishment of psychological characteristics of patients hypertensive illness (HI) with presence of psychological semiology, the past a course group psychocorrection therapies.

MMPI, Color test by Lusher, Technique of diagnostics of interpersonal relations by Leary, statistical methods. Patients received complex therapy. The psychotherapy was applied individual, group and associative. 90 patients with assencial hypertension have been surveyed. The age of examinees at the moment of research has made 32–48 years.

73 persons (81,1%) the internal conflict caused ancompatible of type interpersonal relations “Authoritarianism-submission”, constant struggle against accruing is hostile-aggressive feeling has been revealed, at the same time there are difficulties of self-affirmation. In 48 cases (53,3%) prevalence I octant in personal pattern positively correlates with characteristics of sthenic type of reaction according to MMPI (type 469 profiles,-/0) and color test (preference of bright color standards on the first positions, the importance of positions of 4, 2 and 3 colors). 90 persons (100%) from a surveyed contingent high points on VIII octant (11–16) have been revealed, that speaks about hyperresponsibility presence (р ≤ 0,05).

During group psychocorrection patients have seized methods of removal of an emotional pressure, intrapersonal conflicts have been resolved, at them the relation to success and failure situations has changed. Carrying out of group trainings at patients essential hypertension with use of methods of the therapy focused on the decision of problems and psychorelaxation therapy, is an effective complex of methods in correction and preventive maintenance of infringements in emotionally-strong-willed sphere.

Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) can be defined as physical symptoms that have no currently known physical pathological cause. MUPS account for one in five new consultations in primary care and for one third of new patients when neurology consultations are considered.Patients with MUPS present significant distress and impaired function and their diagnosis is sometimes hard to establish. The classification of somatoform disorders has been found to be insufficiently useful for therapeutic and scientific purposes. Some authors suggest that new classifications should attend to clinical utility, defined as (1) the extent to which a diagnosis can help clinicians understand or conceptualize a disorder in their daily work; (2) the extent to which a diagnosis can help the clinician communicate useful information to others, including practitioners, family members, patients, and administrators; (3) the extent to which the presence of a disorder helps the clinician choose effective interventions, and (4) the extent to which a disorder can predict future clinical management needs.

This review aims to discuss the management of MUPS in mental health services, attending to the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.

Pubmed Medline search on MUPS and review of recent literature.

The management of MUPS implies a multidisciplinary approach that can offer different solutions for different degrees of disorder severity and takes into account the perception of the patient about his own illness. New classifications of somatoform disorders that include comprehensible explanations about these symptoms could be helpful for patients and health professionals.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is characterized by severe fatigue associated with pain, sleep disturbance, attentional impairment and headaches. Evidence points towards a prominent role for Central Nervous System in its pathogenesis, and alterations in serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission have been described.

Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) courses with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It affects children and persists into adulthood in 50% of patients. Dopamine transporter abnormalities lead to impaired neurotransmission of catecholaminergic frontal-subcortical-cerebellar circuits.

To describe the prevalence of ADHD in a sample of CFS patients, and the clinical implications of the association.

To study the relationship between CFS and ADHD.

The initial sample consisted of 142 patients, of whom 9 were excluded because of severe psychopathology or incomplete evaluation. All the patients (age 49 ± 87; 94,7 women) received CFS diagnoses according to Fukuda criteria. ADHD was assessed with a diagnostic interview (CAADID), ADHD Rating Scale and the scale WURS, for childhood diagnose. The scales FIS-40, HAD, STAI and Pluthik Risk of Suicide (RS) were administrated.

38 patients (28,8%) were diagnosed of childhood ADHD (4 combined, 22 hyperactive-impulsive, 12 inattentive) and persisted into adulthood in 28 (21,1%; 5 combined, 4 hyperactive-impulsive, 19 inattentive). There were no differences in Fukuda criteria profile and FIS-40 between groups. ADHD patients scored higher in HAD-Anxiety (9,88 ± 4,82 vs. 12,57 ± 3,49; p = 0,007), HAD-Depression (9,69 ± 4,84 vs. 12,04 ± 4,53; p = 0,023), STAI-E (30,55 ± 14,53 vs. 38,41 ± 11,35; p = 0,012), and RS (6,13 ± 3,48 vs. 8,49 ± 3,07; p = 0,002).

ADHD is frequent in CFS patients and it is associated with more severe clinical profile.

Somatization disorder is frequently associated in epidemiologic trials with depressive, anxiety, other somatoform or substance related disorders, as well as with personality disorders. An examination of psychiatric comorbidity in patients diagnosed with somatization disorder is strongly advised due to the impact of these associated conditions over the prognosis and treatment.

To establish the incidence of psychiatric dual diagnosis in hospitalized patients with somatization disorder.

A group of 37 patients, 22 female and 15 male, mean age 45.9, were evaluated using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I (SCID-I) and Axis II (SCID-II) disorders at the admission in our department for a diagnosis of somatization disorder. All patients included in this trial were known with somatization disorder for at least one year prior to this admission.

Patients diagnosed with somatization disorder presented mostly depressive disorders (46%, n = 17), anxiety disorders (37.8%, n = 14), substance related disorders (16.2%, n = 6) and personality disorders (67.5%, n = 25). A more detailed analysis on axis I established major depressive disorder as the most frequent diagnosis (37.8%, n = 14), followed by panic disorder (27%, n = 10) and alcohol dependence (13.5%, n = 5), while on axis II the histrionic (21.6%, n = 8) and obsessive-compulsive (19%, n = 7) personality disorders were the most frequently associated conditions. A number of 21 patients presented at least three axis I and/or II simultaneous diagnosis (64.8%).

The most frequently comorbidities in somatization disorder are major depressive disorder and panic disorder on axis I, as well as histrionic and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder on axis II.

During gestation and maternal behavior, some physiological events can protect the dam and offspring, but explanations for such phenomena are partially unknown. The effects of stress during prenatal development and infancy can be studied in controlled laboratory conditions.

To determine the pre- and postnatal effects of stress on coping strategies in weanling rats subjected to the open field and forced swim tests after their dams are subjected to stress during gestation.

Rats aged 21 postnatal days (PND) were assigned to either a Control group (n = 36; offspring from intact dams during gestation) or a Prenatal stress group (n = 36; offspring from dams forced to swim during 5 min sessions on gestational days 1, 7, 14, and 19). Both groups were tested in the open field to evaluate locomotor activity and rearing. In another experiment, PND21 intact rats assigned to a Control group (n = 26) or Postnatal stress group (n = 35) were subjected to restraint stress for 6 min prior to the tests and were later evaluated in the forced swim test.

Locomotor activity (p < 0.026) and rearing (p < 0.001) were lower in the Prenatal stress group compared with the Control group. The latency to first immobility was shorter (p < 0.008), and the total immobility time was longer (p < 0.005) in the Postnatal stress group than Control group.

Stress exposure during gestation produces detectable changes during weanling, consisting of reduced exploratory activity and susceptibility to despair.

Burnout is known to be higher in doctors than in the general population and is associated with adverse patient outcomes. By identifying factors that can lead to burnout, interventions can be implemented to support the health of the workforce and improve patient care.

The aim of this study is to (1) look at whether psychiatric trainees differ from medical trainees in the work−related stress they experience and the social support they perceive, within and outside the workplace. It also aims to (2) look at whether social support can mediate the stressor-burnout relationship in trainees.

The sample consisted of 184 London based trainees. Participants were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory (strain), the Specialist Doctors’ Stress Inventory (stressors) and the House and Wells social support scale. To explore the pathways and potential mediating effect of social support within the stressor-burnout relationship structural equation modeling was applied to the data.

42% of all doctors exhibited high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Medical trainees were significantly more burnt out than psychiatric trainees (p < .01). Occupational stressors were significantly correlated with the core burnout dimensions. Family, consultant and top management support demonstrated significant correlations with burnout dimensions whereas co-worker support failed to reach significance. Direct, indirect and mediational pathways between study variables were found.

Psychological distress is still prevalent amongst our junior workforce. Medical trainees appear to exhibit more severe levels of burnout and suggestions to improve psychological wellbeing are discussed.

Musculoskeletal pain and disorders (MSDs) belong to the main health problems for occupationally active persons. Risk factors for these disorders include many working environment factors, such as: biomechanical (body posture, repetitive movements, load handling), physical (vibration, ambient temperature), organizational (working time, work-home balance) or psychosocial (work requirements, job insecurity, scope of control, feeling of support) factors.

The study aims to determine associations between psychosocial factors in the working environment and pain and MSDs.

To assess the psychosocial aspect of work (work demands, job control and social support), the Karasek questionnaire was used. Prevalence and intensity of musculoskeletal pains was assessed using NMQ and VAS. Diagnosis of MSDs was based on physical examination schedule and criteria developed by Sluiter JK. (2001). Associations of psychosocial factors in the working environment, organizations of work and demographic data with pains and MSDs were explored by logistic regression using the SPSS program.

A one-year prospective study was conducted among 725 occupationally active persons aged 20–67. Logistic analysis, taking into account interactions between demographic data (gender, age), work organization factors (daily working hours, shifts organization, type of work) and psychosocial factors (work demands, job control, social support, job insecurity) indicated that low job control, low social support and high job insecurity are the main risk factors for both pain and MSDs.

The results of the study show the necessity to implement activities that improve psychosocial working conditions into prevention programmes in order to reduce the prevalence of pain and MSDs.

Caregivers of relatives with chronic diseases has shown lower rest levels of immunoglobulin A than non-caregivers (Gallagher et al., 2008). In response to mental stress, IgA levels used to be increased in healthy population (Okamura et al. 2010). Scarce studies have been focused on immunological effects of caregiving in response to stress, and the results are controversial. To our knowledge, there are no studies stressing this field in chronically stressed populations such as caregivers of autistic offspring.

Evaluate whether caregivers present different psychosocial and immunological responses to acute stress than non-caregivers, as well as what is the role of gender in these responses.

38 caregivers of persons with autism and 35 non-caregivers were exposed to a psychosocial laboratory stress. IgA levels were measured before, during and after a set of several mental tasks, while the state of mood was evaluated before and after the stressors.

Caregivers showed blunted IgA response to stress in men and women compared with non-caregivers, although the response pattern was different for each gender. Moreover, caregivers presented worse mood (depression, anger, fatigue, vigor and total score) than non-caregivers. Moreover, psychological effects of stress are inversely associated with levels of IgA, fundamentally during the task.

Caregiving reduces IgA secretion in response to psychosocial stress, although differently in men and women. Further studies are necessary to explore other neuroendocrine factors, together with mood, that could be involved in this buffered response.

•Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-R (HTQ-R) •Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL-25) •Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist (PMLDC) •Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview - Demoralisation Scale (PERI-D)f •

N = 124. 84% Male; 93% conversant in English •Age: 20–62 years (μ = 35 yrs, SD = 10.8) •Residency Status: PR n = 32 (25%) Asylum Seeker n = 92 (75%) •Visa status: BVE (30%) BVA (23%) Student Visa (10%) •Time since application: 0 – 178 months (14.8 yrs) (μ = 31.2, SD = 48.4) •Not economic refugees. > 99% arrived by plane. • 34% without Medicare & 23% no work rights.

Multiple fold higher than the general population. -Highly traumatised population -Marginal reduction when granted protection •Inter-correlation between clinical measures à indicates pan-distress. •Clinical measures with number of rejections & time since app •Comparable number of pre-migration traumas yet difference in ‘refugee’ trauma & PTSD for AS vs. PR may reflect that current state of trauma is due to RDP ∨ perpetuating psychosocial factors •It has characteristics of many disorders but its own identity lication à weak association. -Ceiling effect of distress? -current state of trauma is due to RDP &/or perpetuating psychosocial factors •It has characteristics of many disorders but its own identity.

College students, especially freshmen, are particularly prone to stress due to the transitional nature of college life. However most of studies in this context were conducted in Western Europe and North America with only few recent studies conducted in the Arab world. This study sought to determine whether there was a difference in perceived stress levels of female medical students at Mansoura University, Egypt, and King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.

The sample consisted of first year female medical students. The self-reported questionnaire covered four categories, including 13 items, of sources of stress (stressors).Perceived stress scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to measure stress, anxiety and depression.

There is no significant difference between the two groups regarding number of stressors. However, Saudi students were more likely to cite emotional problems, excessive workload and fear of future. The most common items in Egyptian students were financial and environmental problems. Prevalence of stress and clinical anxiety was higher in the Saudi sample. Logistic regression analyses of independent predictors of high level of stress among both groups combined were Saudi nationality, larger family size, clinical depression and clinical anxiety.

Perceived stress and anxiety are frequent among Saudi students. This information could be useful in designing preventive mental health programs that should be an integral part of the routine clinical facilities caring for medical students to help them to cope with the increasing demands of medical education.

Severe stress or exposure to life threatening trauma is known to affect social functioning and quality of life.

To study well-being and anger arousal as markers of social functioning and quality of life in a group of University students exposed to a suicide bomb attack on a University in Pakistan.

To examine indicators of social functioning in order to higlight them as targets for therapeutic interventions.

Subjects were assessed after one year of exposure to a life threatening incident on University campus. Subjects completed an assessment schedule incorporating World Health Organization's Well-Being Index and Novarco Anger Inventory (25 items).

54 students completed the assessment. The mean age of the group was 24 years. All subjects had completed 14–16 years of education and were in full time education at the time of assessment. The Well Being Index Score range was 1–24 with 26 sujects scoring 13 or lower scores indicating poor quality of life. 29 subjects scored higer levels of anger arousal on 10 or more items of Novarco Anger Inventory indicating difficulties in social functioning. The overall group showed a statistically significant negative correlation between the Well-Being Index Scores and the number of Novarco Anger Inventory items scored in the two highest categories of anger arousal.

The results of the study highlight anger arousal and well-being as important markers of functioning in the aftermath of a stressful life event. The study confirms their usefulness as legitimate therapeutic targets for pharmacotherapy, psychotherapeutic, and social interventions.

Caregiving of offspring with a chronic illness is a highly stressful vital experience. Previous studies with parents of schizophrenic persons revealed that these situations increase health complaints (González-Bono et al., 2009), with the duration of caring being a relevant variable (Contell-Montaña et al., 2010). The higher age of the caregivers of schizophrenia can contribute to this health unbalance, but little is known in younger samples.

To test whether middle-aged caregivers (parents of autistic persons) present higher health disturbances than controls and to investigate the moderating role of duration of caring

Health complaints and resting levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) were measured in a sample of 38 middle-aged caregivers of autistic offspring (24 mothers/14 fathers) and 35 parents of healthy persons (17 women/18 men) of similar characteristics.

Caregivers report more immunological, muscular, genital-urinary and general health complaints than controls. Additionally, the scores of all scales and total score of Goldberg Health Questionnaire were higher in caregivers than in non caregivers. No significant differences were found in IgA levels. Among caregivers, fewer years of caring were associated with more anxiety and lower IgA levels.

Chronic stress of caregiving of autistic offspring is associated with more health complaints. The number of years after unequivocal diagnosis of autism has a moderating effect on immunological disturbances and anxiety in care givers. Further research is needed to clarify whether the interventions focused on anxiety can influence the low antibodies levels and decrease future health complaints.

No matter what age you are, if you are under stress it will affect your ability to learn, think and perform at your best. Severe stress releases chemicals in our brains and bodies that can hamper our performance and learning. So for better understanding of stress especially in the learning process, the study aimed to investigate personality characteristics, learning modes, and stress in university students.

131 students were randomly selected from three universities. Hogan-Champagne's Personal Style Inventory (PSI) based on Jungian personality types, Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI) based on Kolb’s experiential learning theory and Coudron's Stress Inventory (CSI) were used. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and T independent tests.

Analysis showed that in learning modes, there is positive correlation between concrete experience and stress. In personality characters, positive correlation between introversion and stress, negative correlation between extroversion and stress. More analysis showed that across learning modes, males use the concrete experience mode more than females, and females use the abstract conceptualization mode more than males.

In regard to introverted individuals, such individuals are quiet, diligent at working alone, and socially reserved, they make decisions somewhat independently of constraints and prodding by situations, culture, people, or things around them, and so facing stress factors interrupts their own world and reduces their function. In learning modes, people with concrete experience like new experience, rely on feeling and sensing, and generally find theoretical approaches to be unhelpful and prefer to treat each situation as a unique case. These factors cause variability in situations and circumstances and how stress comes about.

This qualitative study set out to discover and explain clinical experiences of nursing students in a psychiatric unit in an Iranian hospital.

This Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological study was carried out in a psychiatric unit of an educational hospital in Iran. Data were produced through an in-depth interview with 13 participants. Analysis rooted in the Diekelmann manner helped to interpret data and uncover frequent themes.

Four correlated themes - Anxiety, Maturation, Learning Routines and Enthusiasm were recognized in the data.

These results present exclusive insight for scheduling and applying and fitting clinical Education in Iran, especially in psychiatric units. The exploration and description of experiences of the nursing students will help nurse educators plan clinical learning opportunities in such a way that they are less stressful, thus ensuring that nursing students are equipped to use themselves as therapeutic instruments.