Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Thanks and Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Tasks
- Introductory unit
- 1 Language standards and rules
- 2 Varieties of English
- 3 Types of grammar
- 4 Language systems and syllabuses
- 5 Forms and functions
- 6 An introduction to phonology
- 7 The consonants
- 8 The vowels
- 9 Rhythm and connected speech
- 10 Sentence stress and intonation
- 11 Word formation, spelling and word stress
- 12 Lexical meaning
- 13 Word classes and phrases
- 14 Sentence structure: the simple sentence
- 15 Sentence structure: the complex sentence
- 16 Negatives and questions
- 17 The verb phrase
- 18 Time and tense
- 19 Aspect: progressive
- 20 Aspect: perfect
- 21 Modality
- 22 Futurity
- 23 Hypothetical meaning and conditionals
- 24 The noun phrase
- 25 Determiners
- 26 Adjectives and adverbs
- 27 Prepositions and phrasal verbs
- 28 Cohesion
- 29 Texts
- 30 Conversation
- Key and commentaries
- Introductory unit
- 1 Language standards and rules
- 2 Varieties of English
- 3 Types of grammar
- 4 Language systems and syllabuses
- 5 Forms and functions
- 6 An introduction to phonology
- 7 The consonants
- 8 The vowels
- 9 Rhythm and connected speech
- 10 Sentence stress and intonation
- 11 Word formation, spelling and word stress
- 12 Lexical meaning
- 13 Word classes and phrases
- 14 Sentence structure: the simple sentence
- 15 Sentence structure: the complex sentence
- 16 Negatives and questions
- 17 The verb phrase
- 18 Time and tense
- 19 Aspect: progressive
- 20 Aspect: perfect
- 21 Modality
- 22 Futurity
- 23 Hypothetical meaning and conditionals
- 24 The noun phrase
- 25 Determiners
- 26 Adjectives and adverbs
- 27 Prepositions and phrasal verbs
- 28 Cohesion
- 29 Texts
- 30 Conversation
- References
- Index
15 - Sentence structure: the complex sentence
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 February 2023
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Thanks and Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Tasks
- Introductory unit
- 1 Language standards and rules
- 2 Varieties of English
- 3 Types of grammar
- 4 Language systems and syllabuses
- 5 Forms and functions
- 6 An introduction to phonology
- 7 The consonants
- 8 The vowels
- 9 Rhythm and connected speech
- 10 Sentence stress and intonation
- 11 Word formation, spelling and word stress
- 12 Lexical meaning
- 13 Word classes and phrases
- 14 Sentence structure: the simple sentence
- 15 Sentence structure: the complex sentence
- 16 Negatives and questions
- 17 The verb phrase
- 18 Time and tense
- 19 Aspect: progressive
- 20 Aspect: perfect
- 21 Modality
- 22 Futurity
- 23 Hypothetical meaning and conditionals
- 24 The noun phrase
- 25 Determiners
- 26 Adjectives and adverbs
- 27 Prepositions and phrasal verbs
- 28 Cohesion
- 29 Texts
- 30 Conversation
- Key and commentaries
- Introductory unit
- 1 Language standards and rules
- 2 Varieties of English
- 3 Types of grammar
- 4 Language systems and syllabuses
- 5 Forms and functions
- 6 An introduction to phonology
- 7 The consonants
- 8 The vowels
- 9 Rhythm and connected speech
- 10 Sentence stress and intonation
- 11 Word formation, spelling and word stress
- 12 Lexical meaning
- 13 Word classes and phrases
- 14 Sentence structure: the simple sentence
- 15 Sentence structure: the complex sentence
- 16 Negatives and questions
- 17 The verb phrase
- 18 Time and tense
- 19 Aspect: progressive
- 20 Aspect: perfect
- 21 Modality
- 22 Futurity
- 23 Hypothetical meaning and conditionals
- 24 The noun phrase
- 25 Determiners
- 26 Adjectives and adverbs
- 27 Prepositions and phrasal verbs
- 28 Cohesion
- 29 Texts
- 30 Conversation
- References
- Index
Summary
1 b compound: two independent clauses connected by and; the first clause is an exception to the rule that all clauses must have subjects, since the verb is in the imperative form: leave
c complex: who lived in a shoe is a dependent clause
d complex: when the pie was opened is a dependent clause
e compound
f simple
g complex: when she was bad is a dependent clause
h compound: but is a coordinating conjunction
i complex: as I was going to St Ives is a dependent clause
j simple
k compound
l complex: eating a Christmas pie is a non-finite dependent clause – for more on non-finite
clauses, see the next task.
2 a non-finite (the verb in the clause is an infinitive)
b non-finite (the verb in the clause is a present participle)
c finite
d finite
e finite
f non-finite (the verb in the clause is a present participle)
g non-finite (the verb in the clause is a past participle)
h finite
i finite
j non-finite (the verb in the clause is an infinitive)
Note that non-finite clauses often postmodify nouns: an old man clothed all in leather. They are like a reduced relative clause: an old man [who was] clothed all in leather. (See Unit 24 for more on noun postmodification.) Also, non-finite clauses often provide supplementary information about the situation in the main clause, and are separated from that clause with a comma: The maid was in the garden, hanging out the clothes. For this reason, these clauses are sometimes called supplement clauses.
3 The noun clauses and their functions are as follows:
b what’s going to happen: complement
c what the day after tomorrow is: object
d killing people: object
e what she likes; what I like: both objects
f All I did: subject; stand up to blackmail: complement
g What I’m saying: subject; we’re trying to keep this in the family: complement
h what he wants: object
i what you think: object (of know); you’re doing: object (of think)
j I steal things: object
4 a Other words that could substitute for belief include view; for clear include obvious, evident, true, inarguable, well-known, likely, probable; for believe include think, assume, suppose, argue, contend.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- About LanguageTasks for Teachers of English, pp. 267 - 271Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017